Difference between revisions of "Journal:Costs of mandatory cannabis testing in California"
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==Abstract== | ==Abstract== | ||
Every batch of [[wikipedia:Cannabis|cannabis]] sold legally in California must be tested for more than 100 contaminants. These contaminants include 66 pesticides, for 21 of which the state's tolerance is zero. For many other substances, tolerance levels are much lower than those allowed for food products in California. This article reviews the state's testing [[Regulatory compliance|regulations] in context—including maximum allowable tolerance levels—and uses primary data collected from California's major cannabis testing [[Laboratory|laboratories]] and several cannabis testing equipment manufacturers, as well as a variety of expert opinions, to estimate the cost per pound of testing under the state's framework. We also estimate the cost of collecting [[Sample (material)|samples]], which depends on the distance between cannabis distributors and laboratories. We find that, if a batch fails mandatory tests, the value of cannabis that must be destroyed accounts for a large share of total testing costs, more than the cost of the tests that laboratories perform. Findings from this article will help readers understand the effects of California's testing regime on the price of legal cannabis in the state, and understand how testing may add value to products that have passed a series of tests that aim to validate their safety. | Every batch of [[wikipedia:Cannabis|cannabis]] sold legally in California must be tested for more than 100 contaminants. These contaminants include 66 pesticides, for 21 of which the state's tolerance is zero. For many other substances, tolerance levels are much lower than those allowed for food products in California. This article reviews the state's testing [[Regulatory compliance|regulations] in context—including maximum allowable tolerance levels—and uses primary data collected from California's major cannabis testing [[Laboratory|laboratories]] and several cannabis testing equipment manufacturers, as well as a variety of expert opinions, to estimate the cost per pound of testing under the state's framework. We also estimate the cost of collecting [[Sample (material)|samples]], which depends on the distance between cannabis distributors and laboratories. We find that, if a batch fails mandatory tests, the value of cannabis that must be destroyed accounts for a large share of total testing costs, more than the cost of the tests that laboratories perform. Findings from this article will help readers understand the effects of California's testing regime on the price of legal cannabis in the state, and understand how testing may add value to products that have passed a series of tests that aim to validate their safety. | ||
==Introduction== | |||
Since California's [[wikipedia:1996 California Proposition 215|Compassionate Use Act of 1996]], [[wikipedia:Cannabis|cannabis]] has been legally available—under state but not federal law—to those with medical permission. Until 2018, however, no statewide regulations governed the production, manufacturing, and sale of cannabis. Prior to development and enforcement of statewide regulations, there were no testing requirements for chemicals used during cannabis cultivation and processing, including [[wikipedia:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[wikipedia:Fertilizer|fertilizers]], or [[wikipedia:Solvent|solvents]].<ref name="LindseyMedical12">{{cite web |url=https://www.canorml.org/prop/CRB_Pesticides_on_Medical_Marijuana_Report.pdf |format=PDF |title=Medical Marijuana Cultivation and Policy Gaps |author=Lindsey, T.D. |publisher=California Research Bureau |date=10 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="StoneCanna14">{{cite journal |title=Cannabis, pesticides and conflicting laws: The dilemma for legalized States and implications for public health |journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |author=Stone, D. |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=284–8 |year=2014 |doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.015 |pmid=24859075}}</ref> Residues were common in the legal cannabis supply; a 2017 investigation found that 93% of 44 samples collected from 15 cannabis retailers in California contained pesticide residues.<ref name="GroverPest17">{{cite web |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/I-Team-Marijuana-Pot-Pesticide-California-414536763.html |title=Pesticides and Pot: What's California Smoking? |author=Grover, J.; Glasser, M. |work=NBC4 Los Angeles |date=22 February 2017}}</ref> Some studies of data from the unregulated period suggest a relationship between cannabis consumption and exposure to [[wikipedia:Heavy metals|heavy metals]]<ref name="MoirAComp08">{{cite journal |title=A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions |journal=Chemical Research in Toxicology |author=Moir, D.; Rickert, W.S.; Levasseur, G. et al. |volume-21 |issue=2 |pages=494–502 |year=2008 |doi=10.1021/tx700275p |pmid=18062674}}</ref><ref name="SinganiManure12">{{cite journal |title=Manure Application and Cannabis Cultivation Influence on Speciation of Lead and Cadmium by Selective Sequential Extraction |journal=Soil and Sediment Contamination |author=Singani, A.A.S.; Ahmadi, P. |volume-21 |issue=3 |pages=305–21 |year=2012 |doi=10.1080/15320383.2012.664186}}</ref>, while others demonstrate that potentially harmful [[wikipedia:Microorganism|microorganisms]] may colonize the flowers of the ''Cannabis'' plant.<ref name="McLarenCanna08">{{cite journal |title=Cannabis potency and contamination: A review of the literature |journal=Addiction |author=McLaren, J.; Swift, W.; Dillon, P. et al. |volume=103 |issue=7 |pages=1100–9 |year=2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02230.x |pmid=18494838}}</ref><ref name="McPartlandContam02">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 30: Contaminants and Adulterants in Herbal Cannabis |title=Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential |author=McPartland, J.M. |editor=Grotenhermen, F.; Russo, E. |publisher=The Haworth Press |pages=337–344 |year=2002 |isbn=9780789015082}}</ref><ref name="McPartlandContam17">{{cite book |chapter=Contaminants of Concern in Cannabis: Microbes, Heavy Metals and Pesticides |title=''Cannabis sativa'' L. - Botany and Biotechnology |author=McPartland, J.M., McKernan, K.J. |editor=Chandra, S.; Lata, H.; ElSohly, M. |publisher=Springer |pages=457–74 |year=2017 |isbn=9783319545646}}</ref><ref name="RuchlemerInhaled15">{{cite journal |title=Inhaled medicinal cannabis and the immunocompromised patient |journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |author=Ruchlemer, R.; Amit-Kohn, M.; Raveh, D. et al. |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=819-22 |year=2015 |doi=10.1007/s00520-014-2429-3 |pmid=25216851}}</ref> A 2017 study raised concerns that in immunocompromised patients, use of cannabis contaminated with [[wikipedia:Pathogen|pathogens]] may directly affect the respiratory system, especially when cannabis products are inhaled.<ref name="ThompsonAMicro">{{cite journal |title=A microbiome assessment of medical marijuana |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |author=Thompson, G.R. 3rd; Tuscano, J.M.; Dennis, M. et al. |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=269-270 |year=2017 |doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.001 |pmid=27956269}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. Otherwise, in accordance with the NoDerivatives portion of the original license, nothing else has been changed. | This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. In the original, references appear alphabetically; here they appear in order of appearance, by wiki design. Otherwise, in accordance with the NoDerivatives portion of the original license, nothing else has been changed. | ||
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Revision as of 20:01, 16 September 2019
| Full article title | Costs of mandatory cannabis testing in California |
|---|---|
| Journal | California Agriculture |
| Author(s) | Valdes-Donoso, Pablo; Sumner, Daniel A.; Goldstein, Robin |
| Author affiliation(s) | University of California Agricultural Issues Center, UC Davis |
| Primary contact | Email: pvaldesdonoso at ucdavis dot edu |
| Year published | 2019 |
| Volume and issue | 73(3) |
| Page(s) | 154–60 |
| DOI | 10.3733/ca.2019a0014 |
| ISSN | 0008-0845 |
| Distribution license | Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International |
| Website | http://calag.ucanr.edu/archive/?article=ca.2019a0014 |
| Download | http://calag.ucanr.edu/archive/?type=pdf&article=ca.2019a0014 (PDF) |
Abstract
Every batch of cannabis sold legally in California must be tested for more than 100 contaminants. These contaminants include 66 pesticides, for 21 of which the state's tolerance is zero. For many other substances, tolerance levels are much lower than those allowed for food products in California. This article reviews the state's testing [[Regulatory compliance|regulations] in context—including maximum allowable tolerance levels—and uses primary data collected from California's major cannabis testing laboratories and several cannabis testing equipment manufacturers, as well as a variety of expert opinions, to estimate the cost per pound of testing under the state's framework. We also estimate the cost of collecting samples, which depends on the distance between cannabis distributors and laboratories. We find that, if a batch fails mandatory tests, the value of cannabis that must be destroyed accounts for a large share of total testing costs, more than the cost of the tests that laboratories perform. Findings from this article will help readers understand the effects of California's testing regime on the price of legal cannabis in the state, and understand how testing may add value to products that have passed a series of tests that aim to validate their safety.
Introduction
Since California's Compassionate Use Act of 1996, cannabis has been legally available—under state but not federal law—to those with medical permission. Until 2018, however, no statewide regulations governed the production, manufacturing, and sale of cannabis. Prior to development and enforcement of statewide regulations, there were no testing requirements for chemicals used during cannabis cultivation and processing, including pesticides, fertilizers, or solvents.[1][2] Residues were common in the legal cannabis supply; a 2017 investigation found that 93% of 44 samples collected from 15 cannabis retailers in California contained pesticide residues.[3] Some studies of data from the unregulated period suggest a relationship between cannabis consumption and exposure to heavy metals[4][5], while others demonstrate that potentially harmful microorganisms may colonize the flowers of the Cannabis plant.[6][7][8][9] A 2017 study raised concerns that in immunocompromised patients, use of cannabis contaminated with pathogens may directly affect the respiratory system, especially when cannabis products are inhaled.[10]
References
- ↑ Lindsey, T.D. (10 April 2012). "Medical Marijuana Cultivation and Policy Gaps" (PDF). California Research Bureau. https://www.canorml.org/prop/CRB_Pesticides_on_Medical_Marijuana_Report.pdf.
- ↑ Stone, D. (2014). "Cannabis, pesticides and conflicting laws: The dilemma for legalized States and implications for public health". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 69 (3): 284–8. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.015. PMID 24859075.
- ↑ Grover, J.; Glasser, M. (22 February 2017). "Pesticides and Pot: What's California Smoking?". NBC4 Los Angeles. https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/I-Team-Marijuana-Pot-Pesticide-California-414536763.html.
- ↑ Moir, D.; Rickert, W.S.; Levasseur, G. et al. (2008). "A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions". Chemical Research in Toxicology (2): 494–502. doi:10.1021/tx700275p. PMID 18062674.
- ↑ Singani, A.A.S.; Ahmadi, P. (2012). "Manure Application and Cannabis Cultivation Influence on Speciation of Lead and Cadmium by Selective Sequential Extraction". Soil and Sediment Contamination (3): 305–21. doi:10.1080/15320383.2012.664186.
- ↑ McLaren, J.; Swift, W.; Dillon, P. et al. (2008). "Cannabis potency and contamination: A review of the literature". Addiction 103 (7): 1100–9. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02230.x. PMID 18494838.
- ↑ McPartland, J.M. (2002). "Chapter 30: Contaminants and Adulterants in Herbal Cannabis". In Grotenhermen, F.; Russo, E.. Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential. The Haworth Press. pp. 337–344. ISBN 9780789015082.
- ↑ McPartland, J.M., McKernan, K.J. (2017). "Contaminants of Concern in Cannabis: Microbes, Heavy Metals and Pesticides". In Chandra, S.; Lata, H.; ElSohly, M.. Cannabis sativa L. - Botany and Biotechnology. Springer. pp. 457–74. ISBN 9783319545646.
- ↑ Ruchlemer, R.; Amit-Kohn, M.; Raveh, D. et al. (2015). "Inhaled medicinal cannabis and the immunocompromised patient". Supportive Care in Cancer 23 (3): 819-22. doi:10.1007/s00520-014-2429-3. PMID 25216851.
- ↑ Thompson, G.R. 3rd; Tuscano, J.M.; Dennis, M. et al. (2017). "A microbiome assessment of medical marijuana". Clinical Microbiology and Infection 23 (4): 269-270. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.001. PMID 27956269.
Notes
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. In the original, references appear alphabetically; here they appear in order of appearance, by wiki design. Otherwise, in accordance with the NoDerivatives portion of the original license, nothing else has been changed.
