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==5. Final thoughts==
==5. Final thoughts==
This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of — and speculation on — a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a Schedule I drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis, including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of cultivation and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.
This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of—and speculation on—a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a Schedule I drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis (in the U.S.), including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of cultivation and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.


Despite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers — whether on their own or with the help of others internationally — are learning more about the cannabinoid and its interaction with terpenes, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about marijuana consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.
Despite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers—whether on their own or with the help of others internationally—are learning more about the various cannabinoids and their interaction with terpenes, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about marijuana consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.


Many factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research in the future; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and hemp-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is "as advertised." Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.
Many factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and hemp-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is "as advertised." Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.


==6. Resources==
==6. Resources==
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* {{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/big-marijuana-1.pdf |format=PDF |title=Worry about bad marijuana — not Big Marijuana |author=Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. |publisher=The Brookings Institution |pages=18 |date=June 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/big-marijuana-1.pdf |format=PDF |title=Worry about bad marijuana — not Big Marijuana |author=Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. |publisher=The Brookings Institution |pages=18 |date=June 2016}}
* {{cite journal |title=Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis |journal=Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research |author=Piomelli, D.; Weiss, S.; Boyd, G. et al. |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=108-16 |year=2018 |doi=10.1089/can.2018.29011.rtl |pmid=29789812 |pmc=PMC5931647}}


* {{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/bootleggers.pdf |format=PDF |title=Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization |author=Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. |publisher=The Brookings Institution |pages=22 |date=June 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/bootleggers.pdf |format=PDF |title=Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization |author=Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. |publisher=The Brookings Institution |pages=22 |date=June 2016}}




===Reference material===
===Reference material===
* {{cite journal |title=Phytochemistry of ''Cannabis sativa'' L. |journal=Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products |author=ElSohly, M.A.; Radwan, M.M.; Gul, W. et al. |volume=103 |pages=1–36 |year=2017 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_1 |pmid=28120229}}
* {{cite web |url=http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/reports/2017/health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids.aspx |title=The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research |author=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=The National Academies Press |pages=440 |doi=10.17226/24625 |date=12 January 2017}}


* {{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/bookstore/state-legislatures-magazine/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx |title=Marijuana Deep Dive |author=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/bookstore/state-legislatures-magazine/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx |title=Marijuana Deep Dive |author=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=2016}}
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====Law and regulation====
====Law and regulation====


* {{cite web |url=http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000881 |title=28 Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits |work=ProCon.org |date=28 December 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000881 |title=33 Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits |work=ProCon.org |date=13 November 2018}}


* {{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/home-cannabis-cultivation-laws-a-state-by-state-guide |title=Home Cannabis Cultivation Laws: A State-by-State Guide |work=Leafly - Cannabis 101 |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/home-cannabis-cultivation-laws-a-state-by-state-guide |title=Home Cannabis Cultivation Laws: A State-by-State Guide |work=Leafly - Cannabis 101 |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc |date=29 September 2017}}


* {{cite web |url=http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-laws-and-regulations/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html |title=Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning |work=FindLaw |publisher=Thomson Reuters}}
* {{cite web |url=https://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-laws-and-regulations/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html |title=Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning |work=FindLaw |publisher=Thomson Reuters}}


* {{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx |title=State Medical Marijuana Laws |author=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=09 November 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx |title=State Medical Marijuana Laws |author=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=08 November 2018}}


* {{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/industry/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations |title=Leafly’s State-by-State Guide to Medical Cannabis Testing Regulations |author=Rough, Lisa |work=Leafly - Industry |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/industry/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations |title=Leafly’s State-by-State Guide to Cannabis Testing Regulations |author=Rough, Lisa |work=Leafly - Industry |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc |date=24 August 2017}}




====Publications and blogs====
====Publications and blogs====


* ''[http://www.liebertpub.com/overview/cannabis-and-cannabinoid-research/633/ Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research]''
* ''[http://home.liebertpub.com/publications/cannabis-and-cannabinoid-research/633/ Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research]''
* ''[https://www.cannabisindustryjournal.com/ Cannabis Industry Journal]''
* ''[https://cannabisindustryjournal.com/ Cannabis Industry Journal]''
* ''[http://mjbizdaily.com/ Marijuana Business Daily]''
* ''[http://www.cannabissciencetech.com/ Cannabis Science and Technology]]''
* ''[http://cannabisscienceblog.com/ Cannabis Science Blog]]''
* ''[https://mjbizdaily.com/ Marijuana Business Daily]''
* ''[https://www.medicaljane.com/ MedicalJane]''
* ''[https://www.medicaljane.com/ MedicalJane]''
* ''[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7570_supp/index.html Nature Outlook: Cannabis]''
* ''[https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7570_supp/index.html Nature Outlook: Cannabis]''
* ''[http://www.beyondthc.com/ O’Shaughnessy’s]''
* ''[https://beyondthc.com/ O’Shaughnessy’s]''
* ''[http://terpenesandtesting.com/ Terpenes and Testing Magazine]''
* ''[http://terpenesandtesting.com/ Terpenes and Testing Magazine]''
* ''[http://www.thompsoncoburn.com/insights/blogs/tracking-cannabis Tracking Cannabis]'' - Thomas Coburn LLP
* ''[https://www.thompsoncoburn.com/insights/blogs/tracking-cannabis Tracking Cannabis]'' - Thomas Coburn LLP




====Standards and guidance====
====Standards and guidance====


* {{cite web |url=https://www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/D37.htm |title=Committee D37 on Cannabis (Pending approval from the ASTM Board of Directors, April 26, 2017) |publisher=ASTM International |date=01 March 2017}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/D37.htm |title=Committee D37 on Cannabis |publisher=ASTM International}} (See each [https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/SUBCOMMIT/D37.htm sub-committee] for proposed and approved standards)


* {{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ucm2006955.htm |title=Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM) |publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration |date=07 June 2015 |accessdate=14 February 2017}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ucm2006955.htm |title=Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM) |publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration |date=19 September 2018}}


* {{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/UCM272693.pdf |format=PDF |title=Analysis of Foods for As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) |publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition |date=25 April 2011}}
* {{cite web |url=https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/methods/rammethods/web/html/ram12b.html |title=Residue Analytical Methods (RAM) |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |date=20 February 2016}}


* {{cite web |url=https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/methods/rammethods/web/html/ram12b.html |title=Residue Analytical Methods (RAM) |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |date=20 February 2016 |accessdate=14 February 2017}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/11/pu/final-revised-mdph-mmj-mips-protocol.pdf |format=PDF |title=Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries |author=Bureau of Health Care Safety and Quality |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Public Health |pages=25 |date=05 February 2016}}


* {{cite web |url=http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/quality/medical-marijuana/lab-protocols/finished-mmj/final-revised-mdph-mmj-mips-protocol.pdf |format=PDF |title=Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries |author=Bureau of Health Care Safety and Quality |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Public Health |pages=25 |date=05 February 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf |format=PDF |title=Recommendations for Regulators – Cannabis Operations |author=Cannabis Committee, AHPA |publisher=American Herbal Products Association |date=05 February 2016}}


* {{cite web |url=http://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf |format=PDF |title=Recommendations for Regulators – Cannabis Operations |author=Cannabis Committee, AHPA |publisher=American Herbal Products Association |date=02 February 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/foodscienceresearch/laboratorymethods/ucm377005.pdf |format=PDF |title=Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, and Other Elements in Food Using Microwave Assisted Digestion |publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration |author=Gray, P.J.; Mindak, W.R.; Cheng, J. |date=March 2015}}


* {{cite book |url=http://www.herbal-ahp.org/order_online.htm |title=''Cannabis Inflorescence'': ''Cannabis'' spp. |publisher=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia |editor=Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al. |year=2014 |isbn=1929425333}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.herbal-ahp.org/order_online.htm |title=''Cannabis Inflorescence'': ''Cannabis'' spp. |publisher=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia |editor=Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al. |year=2014 |isbn=1929425333}}
Line 88: Line 97:
====Accreditation and certification====
====Accreditation and certification====


* {{cite web |url=http://patientfocusedcertification.org/ |title=Patient Focused Certification |author=Americans for Safe Access Foundation}}
* {{cite web |url=https://safeaccess2.org/patientfocusedcertification// |title=Patient Focused Certification |author=Americans for Safe Access Foundation}}


* {{cite web |url=http://certified-kind.com/ |title=Certified Kind: Certification for Responsibly Grown Cannabis |author=Certified Kind, LLC}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.certified-kind.com/ |title=Certified Kind: Certification for Responsibly Grown Cannabis |author=Certified Kind, LLC}}


* {{cite web |url=https://www.cleangreencert.org/ |title=Clean Green Certified |author=Clean Green Certified}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cleangreencert.org/ |title=Clean Green Certified |author=Clean Green Certified}}

Revision as of 00:23, 27 November 2018

This is sublevel2 of my sandbox, where I play with features and test MediaWiki code. If you wish to leave a comment for me, please see my discussion page instead.

Sandbox begins below

This last section of the guide provides closing thoughts to tie together what was previously discussed. It also provides a directory of cannabis testing, standards, etc. resources for readers wanting to learn more.

-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----


5. Final thoughts

This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of—and speculation on—a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a Schedule I drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis (in the U.S.), including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of cultivation and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.

Despite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers—whether on their own or with the help of others internationally—are learning more about the various cannabinoids and their interaction with terpenes, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about marijuana consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.

Many factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and hemp-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is "as advertised." Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.

6. Resources

Key reading








Reference material







Law and regulation






Publications and blogs


Standards and guidance

(See each sub-committee for proposed and approved standards)







Accreditation and certification






Testing




(Note year; still provides historical perspective)


New York State Department of Health:





Scientific conferences and trade shows











Associations, organizations, and interest groups


Testing labs and pricing info

The prevalence of testing laboratories in any given state depends on a few factors: legalization status, state laws regarding testing, and strictness of regulations. Labs typically appear as stand-alone, third-party entities. Though not common, some testing laboratories are located within dispensaries (e.g., Champlain Valley Dispensary in Vermont[1]) and treatment centers (e.g., Sanctuary ATC in New Hampshire.[2]).

The following are known active cannabis testing labs (those currently in the licensing process are not included):

Alaska


Arizona:


Arkansas:

  • Laboratory testing requirements being drafted


California:


Colorado:


Connecticut:


Delaware:


District of Columbia:

  • Steep Hill plans on expanding to here.


Florida:


Hawaii:


Illinois:


Maine:


Maryland:


Massachusetts:


Michigan:


Minnesota:

  • Not clear; independent labs must be approved by Commissioner of Health.[5] Two labs — Aspen Research and Legend Technical Services — were approved to do testing in 2015, but neither lists those services on their website.[6]


Montana:


Nevada:


New Hampshire:

  • The state mandates testing, but it's not clear which independent laboratories are approved to do so.


New Jersey:

  • Cannabis testing is performed by the Department of Health and Senior Services.[7]


New Mexico:


New York:

  • "The Department's Wadsworth Center Laboratory will perform initial testing and analysis of final medical marijuana products until independent laboratories receive certification from the New York State Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP)."[8]


North Dakota:

  • The state mandates that its compassion centers must test cannabis in-house or have it done by a contracted facility, though it's not clear what labs are performing such testing.[9]


Ohio:

  • Licensing requirements for testing labs will become clearer in September 2017.[10]


Oregon


Pennsylvania:

  • Steep Hill plans on expanding to here. Laboratory testing rules will become clearer later in 2017.[12]


Rhode Island:


Vermont:

  • The Department of Public Safety "may require laboratory testing of cannabis produced by a registered dispensary. The Department may specify the testing methodology. The registered dispensary shall bear the costs of any testing required by the Department."[13]


Washington:

Support services

The following entities are known to provide consulting and support services of various types to cannabis testing labs (as well as cultivators, dispensaries, etc.):

Testing hardware and supplies vendors

Software vendors

Cannabis-oriented LIMS

CDMS

See the CDMS vendor page.

Seed-to-sale

This is a representative sample of solutions and not a directory of all available solutions:

References

  1. ↑ "Our Quality Commitment". Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc. http://www.cvdvt.org/products/quality-commitment/. Retrieved 24 February 2017. 
  2. ↑ "New Hampshire Therapeutic Cannabis Laboratory Analysis — Therapeutic Uses". Sanctuary ATC. http://www.sanctuaryatc.org/laboratory-analysis-nh.php. Retrieved 24 February 2017. 
  3. ↑ "MLab 07012016 this one" (PDF). State of Colorado. 1 July 2016. https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/MLab%2007012016%20%20%20this%20one%20.pdf. Retrieved 14 March 2017. 
  4. ↑ Flood, C. (15 November 2016). "State contracts medical marijuana tester". Cape Gazette. http://www.capegazette.com/article/state-contracts-medical-marijuana-tester/120159. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 
  5. ↑ Klarqvist, E. (August 2016). "Minnesota’s Medical Cannabis Therapeutic Research Act" (PDF). Minnesota House of Representatives. http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/MCTRA.pdf. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 
  6. ↑ "Public Health Laboratory Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2015" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory. 2016. https://www.leg.state.mn.us/docs/2016/other/160894.pdf. Retrieved 14 March 2017. 
  7. ↑ "Medicinal Marijuana Program Rules" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. 23 November 2011. http://www.state.nj.us/health/medicalmarijuana/documents/final_rules.pdf. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 
  8. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". New York State Medical Marijuana Program. New York State Department of Health. March 2016. https://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/medical_marijuana/faq.htm. Retrieved 24 February 2017. 
  9. ↑ "Initiated Constitutional Amendment No. 5" (PDF). North Dakota Secretary of State. 2016. https://vip.sos.nd.gov/pdfs/Measures%20Info/2016%20General/Measure%205.pdf. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 
  10. ↑ "Testing: Frequently Asked Questions". Ohio Medical Marijuana Control Program. State of Ohio. http://www.medicalmarijuana.ohio.gov/testing. Retrieved 24 February 2017. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "OLCC OKs 26 recreational pot licenses, 4 in Bend". News Channel 21 KTVZ. NPG of Oregon, Inc. 30 September 2016. http://www.ktvz.com/news/olcc-oks-26-recreational-pot-licenses-3-are-in-bend/101328364. Retrieved 14 March 2017. 
  12. ↑ Schmitt, B. (9 November 2016). "Pa. Health Department asks public for input on medical pot rules". Pennsylvania Medical Cannabis Society. https://www.pamcs.org/pa-health-department-asks-public-input-medical-pot-rules/. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 
  13. ↑ "Rules Regulating Cannabis for Symptom Relief" (PDF). Vermont Department of Public Safety. 30 November 2015. http://vcic.vermont.gov/sites/vcic/files/files/marijuana-registry/MR-Rules-Regulating-Cannabis-for-Symptom-Relief.pdf. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 

Citation information for this chapter

Chapters: 5. Final thoughts and 6. Resources

Title: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States

Author for citation: Shawn E. Douglas

License for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

Publication date: November 2018


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