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==Sandbox begins below==
==Sandbox begins below==
This last section of the guide provides closing thoughts to tie together what was previously discussed. It also provides a directory of cannabis testing, standards, etc. resources for readers wanting to learn more.
<div align="center">-----Return to [[LII:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States|the beginning]] of this guide-----</div>
__TOC__
==5. Final thoughts==
This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of — and speculation on — a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a Schedule I drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis, including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of cultivation and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.
Despite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers — whether on their own or with the help of others internationally — are learning more about the cannabinoid and its interaction with terpenes, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about marijuana consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.
Many factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research in the future; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and hemp-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is "as advertised." Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.
==6. Resources==
===Key reading===
* {{cite web |url=https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf |format=PDF |title=Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs |author=Association of Public Health Laboratories |pages=35 |date=May 2016}}
* {{cite journal |title=''Cannabis sativa'': The plant of the thousand and one molecules |journal=Frontiers in Plant Medicine |author=Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. |volume=7 |pages=19 |year=2016 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2016.00019 |pmid=26870049 |pmc=PMC4740396}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/read-inform/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016 |title=The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing |author=Cassiday, L. |work=INFORM |publisher=American Oil Chemists' Society |date=October 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/big-marijuana-1.pdf |format=PDF |title=Worry about bad marijuana — not Big Marijuana |author=Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. |publisher=The Brookings Institution |pages=18 |date=June 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/bootleggers.pdf |format=PDF |title=Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization |author=Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. |publisher=The Brookings Institution |pages=22 |date=June 2016}}
===Reference material===
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/bookstore/state-legislatures-magazine/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx |title=Marijuana Deep Dive |author=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=2016}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/marijuanainfo |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20170117133745/https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/marijuanainfo |title=Marijuana Resource Center |author=Office of National Drug Control Policy |archivedate=17 January 2017}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ |title=The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis |author=Thomas, B.F.; ElSohly, M.A. |editor=Thomas, B.F |publisher=Elsevier |pages=132 |year=2016 |isbn=9780128046708}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/cannabis/en/ |title=The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use |author=World Health Organization |editor=Hall, W.; Renström, M.; Poznyak, V |publisher=World Health Organization |pages=95 |year=2016 |isbn=978921510240}}
====Law and regulation====
* {{cite web |url=http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000881 |title=28 Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits |work=ProCon.org |date=28 December 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/home-cannabis-cultivation-laws-a-state-by-state-guide |title=Home Cannabis Cultivation Laws: A State-by-State Guide |work=Leafly - Cannabis 101 |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc}}
* {{cite web |url=http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-laws-and-regulations/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html |title=Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning |work=FindLaw |publisher=Thomson Reuters}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx |title=State Medical Marijuana Laws |author=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=09 November 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/industry/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations |title=Leafly’s State-by-State Guide to Medical Cannabis Testing Regulations |author=Rough, Lisa |work=Leafly - Industry |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc}}
====Publications and blogs====
* ''[http://www.liebertpub.com/overview/cannabis-and-cannabinoid-research/633/ Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research]''
* ''[https://www.cannabisindustryjournal.com/ Cannabis Industry Journal]''
* ''[http://mjbizdaily.com/ Marijuana Business Daily]''
* ''[https://www.medicaljane.com/ MedicalJane]''
* ''[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7570_supp/index.html Nature Outlook: Cannabis]''
* ''[http://www.beyondthc.com/ O’Shaughnessy’s]''
* ''[http://terpenesandtesting.com/ Terpenes and Testing Magazine]''
* ''[http://www.thompsoncoburn.com/insights/blogs/tracking-cannabis Tracking Cannabis]'' - Thomas Coburn LLP
====Standards and guidance====
* {{cite web |url=https://www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/D37.htm |title=Committee D37 on Cannabis (Pending approval from the ASTM Board of Directors, April 26, 2017) |publisher=ASTM International |date=01 March 2017}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ucm2006955.htm |title=Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM) |publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration |date=07 June 2015 |accessdate=14 February 2017}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/UCM272693.pdf |format=PDF |title=Analysis of Foods for As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) |publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition |date=25 April 2011}}
* {{cite web |url=https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/methods/rammethods/web/html/ram12b.html |title=Residue Analytical Methods (RAM) |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |date=20 February 2016 |accessdate=14 February 2017}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/quality/medical-marijuana/lab-protocols/finished-mmj/final-revised-mdph-mmj-mips-protocol.pdf |format=PDF |title=Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries |author=Bureau of Health Care Safety and Quality |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Public Health |pages=25 |date=05 February 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf |format=PDF |title=Recommendations for Regulators – Cannabis Operations |author=Cannabis Committee, AHPA |publisher=American Herbal Products Association |date=02 February 2016}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.herbal-ahp.org/order_online.htm |title=''Cannabis Inflorescence'': ''Cannabis'' spp. |publisher=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia |editor=Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al. |year=2014 |isbn=1929425333}}
====Accreditation and certification====
* {{cite web |url=http://patientfocusedcertification.org/ |title=Patient Focused Certification |author=Americans for Safe Access Foundation}}
* {{cite web |url=http://certified-kind.com/ |title=Certified Kind: Certification for Responsibly Grown Cannabis |author=Certified Kind, LLC}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cleangreencert.org/ |title=Clean Green Certified |author=Clean Green Certified}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.theemeraldtest.com/ |title=The Emerald Test |author=Emerald Scientific, LLC}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.pjlabs.com/accreditation-programs/medical-marijuana-testing |title=Accreditation Programs: Medical Marijuana Testing |author=Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc}}
====Testing====
* {{cite web |url=https://www.a2la.org/appsweb/cannabis_testing.cfm |title=Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation |author=American Association of Laboratory Accreditation}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf |format=PDF |title=Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs |author=Association of Public Health Laboratories |pages=35 |date=May 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://lcb.wa.gov/publications/Marijuana/BOTEC%20reports/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf |format=PDF |title=Testing ''Cannabis'' for Contaminants |author=Daley, P.; Lampach, D.; Sguerra, S. |publisher=BOTEC Analysis Corp |date=12 September 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/ST-NAR-40-Ebook.pdf |format=PDF |title=Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products |author=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |date=September 2009}} (Note year; still provides historical perspective)
* {{cite web |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/STNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf |format=PDF |title=Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in seized materials |author=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |date=June 2013}}
'''New York State Department of Health''':
* {{cite web |url=https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/359205661/MML-303-01.pdf |format=PDF |title=Measurement of Mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS, NYS DOH MML-303  |author=Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry |publisher=New York State Department of Health |pages=43 |date=18 November 2015}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/576578963/MML-300-01.pdf |format=PDF |title=Measurement of Phytocannabinoids using HPLC-PDA, NYS DOH MML-300 |author=Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry |publisher=New York State Department of Health |pages=34 |date=03 November 2015}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/1495494332/MML-301-01.pdf |format=PDF |title=Medical marijuana sample preparation protocols for potency analysis, NYS DOH MML-301 |author=Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry |publisher=New York State Department of Health |pages=13 |date=03 November 2015}}
* For all other methods documents, see [https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap/medical-marijuana https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap/medical-marijuana].
===Scientific conferences and trade shows===
* {{cite web |url=http://2017.canntencon.com/ |title=Cann10 |publisher=Paragon Israel}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.cannabisbusinesssummit.com/oakland-2017/ |title=Cannabis Business Summit and Expo |publisher=National Cannabis Industry Association}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cannabisscienceconference.com/ |title=Cannabis Science Conference |publisher=jCanna, Inc}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.canna-tech.co/ |title=CannaTech |publisher=iCAN Israel Cannabis}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.theemeraldconference.com/ |title=Emerald Conference |publisher=Emerald Scientific, LLC}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.csupueblo.edu/institute-of-cannabis-research/2017-conference/ |title=Institute of Cannabis Research Conference |publisher=Colorado State University - Pueblo}}
* {{cite web |url=http://internationalcbc.com/ |title=International Cannabis Business Conference |publisher=International Conferences Group, LLC}}
* {{cite web |url=https://mjbizconference.com/ |title=Marijuana Business Conference & Expo |publisher=Anne Holland Ventures, Inc}}
* {{cite web |url=http://patientsoutoftime.org/2017-national-clinical-conference-on-cannabis-therapeutics/ |title=National Clinical Conference on Cannabis Therapeutics |publisher=Patients Out of Time}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.compassionatecertificationcenters.com/conference-overview/ |title=World Medical Marijuana Business Conference & Expo |publisher=Present Syndikos LLC}}
===Associations, organizations, and interest groups===
* [http://www.agriculturalgenomics.org/ Agricultural Genomics Foundation]
* [http://americancannabisnursesassociation.org/ American Cannabis Nurses Association]
* [http://dchas.org/cann/ American Chemical Society, Cannabis Chemistry Subdivision]
* [https://www.aocs.org/ American Oil Chemists Society]
* [http://www.safeaccessnow.org/ Americans for Safe Access]
* [http://www.cacannabislabs.com/ Association of Commercial Cannabis Laboratories]
* [http://www.australiancannabisindustry.org/ Australian Cannabis Industry Association]
* [http://www.chascience.com/ Cannabis Horticultural Association]
* [http://cannabissafetyinstitute.org/ Cannabis Safety Institute]
* [https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/organization/workgroups-interest-groups-consortia/cannabis-science-interest-csi-group Cannabis Science Interest (CSI) Group], part of the National Institute on Drug Abuse
* [http://cannabisandsocialpolicy.org/ Center for the Study of Cannabis and Social Policy]
* [http://www.cocannabischamber.com/ Colorado Cannabis Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://dfcr.org/ Doctors for Cannabis Regulation]
* [http://www.focusstandards.org Foundation of Cannabis Unified Standards]
* [https://www.growforvets.org/ Grow for Vets]
* [https://www.cannabis-med.org/ International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines]
* [http://icrs.co/ International Cannabinoid Research Society]
* [https://icci.science/en International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute]
* [http://www.minoritycannabis.org/ Minority Cannabis Business Association]
* [http://www.maps.org/ Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies]
* [http://thecannabisindustry.org/ National Cannabis Industry Association]
* [http://www.nvcla.org/ Nevada Coalition Laboratory Association for Public Safety]
* [http://norml.org/ NORML]
* [http://patientsoutoftime.org/ Patients Out of Time]
* [https://www.pamcs.org/ Pennsylvania Medical Cannabis Society]
* [https://www.projectcbd.org/ Project CBD]
* [https://learnaboutsam.org/ Smart Approaches to Marijuana]
* [http://cannabisclinicians.org/ Society of Cannabis Clinicians]
* [https://themedicalcannabisinstitute.org/ The Medical Cannabis Institute]
* [http://www.vetscp.org/ Veterans Cannabis Project]
* [http://womengrow.com/ Women Grow]
===Testing labs and pricing info===
The prevalence of testing laboratories in any given state depends on a few factors: legalization status, state laws regarding testing, and strictness of regulations. Labs typically appear as stand-alone, third-party entities. Though not common, some testing laboratories are located within dispensaries (e.g., Champlain Valley Dispensary in Vermont<ref name="CVDOurQuality">{{cite web |url=http://www.cvdvt.org/products/quality-commitment/ |title=Our Quality Commitment |publisher=Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc |accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>) and treatment centers (e.g., Sanctuary ATC in New Hampshire.<ref name="SATCAnalysis">{{cite web |url=http://www.sanctuaryatc.org/laboratory-analysis-nh.php |title=New Hampshire Therapeutic Cannabis Laboratory Analysis — Therapeutic Uses |publisher=Sanctuary ATC |accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>).
The following are known active cannabis testing labs (those currently in the licensing process are not included):
'''Alaska'''
* [http://www.canntest.com/ Canntest] ($70–$230, single and package tests)
* [http://steephill.com/alaska Steep Hill Alaska] (Pricing not public)
'''Arizona''':
* [http://www.arizonaanalytical.com/ Arizona Analytical] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.c4lab.com/ C4 Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.deltaverdelaboratory.com/ Delta Verde Laboratory] (Pricing not public)
* [http://desertvalleytesting.com/ Desert Valley Testing] ($15–$360, single and package tests)
'''Arkansas''':
* Laboratory testing requirements being drafted
'''California''':
* [http://anresco.com/ Anresco Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
* [http://budgenius.com Bud Genius] ($50/sample)
* [https://www.cannalysislabs.com/ Cannalysis] (Pricing not public)
* [http://csalabs.com/ Cannasafe Analytics] ($79–$159, single and package tests; monthly plan also available)
* [https://coastalanalytical.com/ Coastal Analytical] ($77–$249, single and package tests)
* [http://www.cblabstesting.com/ CS Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.cwanalytical.com/ CW Analytical] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.eviolabs.com/ EVIO Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [https://www.flowertesting.com/ Flower Potency Testing] ($65–80/test type)
* [http://greenherbanalytics.com/ GreenHerb Analytics] (Pricing not public)
* [http://greenstyleconsulting.com/ Green Style Analytics] ($55–$295, single and package tests)
* [http://www.harrenslab.com/ Harrens Lab] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.sdpharmlabs.com PharmLabs] ($40–$569, single and package tests)
* [http://pureanalytics.net/ Pure Analytics] (Pricing not public)
* [http://sclabs.com SC Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [https://www.sequoia-labs.com Sequoia Analytical Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://steephill.com/california Steep Hill California] (Pricing not public)
* [http://thewercshop.com The Werc Shop] (Pricing not public)
'''Colorado''':
* [http://agricorlabs.com/ Agricor Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
* [https://www.aurum-labs.com/ Aurum Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://bonafideslab.com/ Bonafides Laboratory] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.cmtlaboratory.com/ CMT Laboratories] ($15–$120, depending on test type)
* [http://gobianalytical.net/ Gobi Labs] ($30–$120, depending on test type)
* [https://greenlabsolutionscompany.com/ Green Lab Solutions Company] (Pricing not public)
* [http://greenhilllab.com/ GreenHill Laboratories] ($45–$120, depending on test type)
* [http://www.nordicanalytic.com Nordic Analytical Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
* [http://phytatech.com/ PhytaTech CO] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.rm3.us/ Rm3 Labs] ($35–$237, single and package tests)
* Shilo Labs (Licensed<ref name="COLGovMLab16">{{cite web |url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/MLab%2007012016%20%20%20this%20one%20.pdf |format=PDF |title=MLab 07012016 this one |publisher=State of Colorado |date=01 July 2016 |accessdate=14 March 2017}}</ref> but no website)
* [http://www.teqanalyticallabs.com/ TEQ Analytical Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
* [https://goodlabcolorado.com/ The Good Lab] (Pricing not public)
'''Connecticut''':
* [http://altascilabs.com/ AltaSci Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
'''Delaware''':
* [http://www.agrolab.us/ Agrolab Organics] (State-contracted<ref name="FloodState16">{{cite web |url=http://www.capegazette.com/article/state-contracts-medical-marijuana-tester/120159 |title=State contracts medical marijuana tester |author=Flood, C. |work=Cape Gazette |date=15 November 2016 |accessdate=02 March 2017}}</ref>)
'''District of Columbia''':
* Steep Hill plans on expanding to here.
'''Florida''':
* Cannabis Testing Lab Florida, LLC (Active but no website?)
* [http://www.marijinc.com/ MariJ Pharmaceuticals, Inc.] (Mobile lab; pricing not public)
* [http://www.moderncanna.com/ Modern Canna Science (MCS)] (Pricing not public)
'''Hawaii''':
* [http://www.hitestmedicallabs.com/ HI Test Medical Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.hipharmlabs.com/ PharmLabs Hawaii] ($50–$775, single and package tests)
* [http://steephill.com/hawaii Steep Hill Hawaii] (Pricing not public)
'''Illinois''':
* [http://www.actlaboratoriesinc.com/ ACT Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.gracelabinc.com/ Grace Analytical Laboratory, Inc.] ([https://www.agr.state.il.us/medical-cannabis-pilot-program/ Approved by state], but not advertised on website)
* [http://www.lkpurelabs.com/ LK Pure Labs] (Pricing not public)
'''Maine''':
* [http://www.proverdelabs.com/ ProVerde Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.testedlabs.com/ Tested Labs] ($25–35/sample)
'''Maryland''':
* [http://steephill.com/maryland Steep Hill Maryland] (Pricing not public; plans on expanding here)
'''Massachusetts''':
* [http://mcrlabs.com/ MCR Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.proverdelabs.com/ ProVerde Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
'''Michigan''':
* [http://www.actlaboratoriesinc.com/ ACT Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.greatlakeslabservices.com/ Great Lakes Lab Services] (Pricing not public)
* [https://www.ironlaboratories.com/ Iron Laboratories] ($40–$430, single and package tests w/o membership; cheaper with)
* [http://micannalabs.com/ MI Canna Labs] ($60–$100/test package)
* [https://www.psilabs.org/ PSI Labs] ($30–$85, single and package tests)
* [http://www.steadfastlab.com/ Steadfast] ($25–$90/test)
* [http://mispott.com/ The Spott] ($40–$90/test w/o membership; cheaper with, and can access package test prices)
* [http://www.truenorthlaboratory.com/ True North Laboratory] ($30–$120, depending on test type)
* [http://upgclabs.com/ UPGC Labs] ($35/sample for potency testing)
'''Minnesota''':
* Not clear; independent labs must be approved by Commissioner of Health.<ref name="KlarqvistMinnesota16">{{cite web |url=http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/MCTRA.pdf |format=PDF |title=Minnesota’s Medical Cannabis Therapeutic Research Act |author=Klarqvist, E. |publisher=Minnesota House of Representatives |date=August 2016 |accessdate=02 March 2017}}</ref> Two labs — Aspen Research and Legend Technical Services — were approved to do testing in 2015, but neither lists those services on their website.<ref name="MDHPublic16">{{cite web |url=https://www.leg.state.mn.us/docs/2016/other/160894.pdf |format=PDF |title=Public Health Laboratory Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2015 |publisher=Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory |date=2016 |accessdate=14 March 2017}}</ref>
'''Montana''':
* [http://www.buboanalytics.com/ Bubo Analytics] (Pricing not public)
* [http://cannabanalysis.com/ Cannabanalysis Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
* [http://fidimt.com/ Fidelity Diagnostics] (Pricing not public)
* [https://montanabiotech.com/ Montana BioTech] (From $60)
'''Nevada''':
* [http://www.374labs.com/ 374 Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://csalabs.com/ Cannasafe Analytics] ($79–$159, single and package tests; monthly plan also available)
* [http://certifiedaglab.com/ Certified AgLab] (Pricing not public)
* [http://dblabslv.com/ DB Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://digipath.com/ Digipath] (Pricing not public)
* [http://g3labsllc.com/ G3 Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://mmlabtesting.com/ MM Lab] (Pricing not public)
* [https://www.newheightslaboratory.com/ New Heights Laboratory] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.nvcann.com/ NV Cann Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.rsrlabs.com/ RSR Analytical Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
* [https://www.testlablasvegas.com/ Test Lab Las Vegas] (Pricing not public]
'''New Hampshire''':
* The state mandates testing, but it's not clear which independent laboratories are approved to do so.
'''New Jersey''':
* Cannabis testing is performed by the Department of Health and Senior Services.<ref name="HSS_NJAC8-64">{{cite web |url=http://www.state.nj.us/health/medicalmarijuana/documents/final_rules.pdf |format=PDF |title=Medicinal Marijuana Program Rules |publisher=New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services |date=23 November 2011 |accessdate=02 March 2017}}</ref>
'''New Mexico''':
* [http://www.scientificbasesolutions.com/ Scientific Base Solutions] (Pricing not public]
* [http://steephill.com/new-mexico Steep Hill New Mexico] (Pricing not public)
'''New York''':
* "The Department's Wadsworth Center Laboratory will perform initial testing and analysis of final medical marijuana products until independent laboratories receive certification from the New York State Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP)."<ref name="NYSFAQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/medical_marijuana/faq.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions |work=New York State Medical Marijuana Program |publisher=New York State Department of Health |date=March 2016 |accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>
'''North Dakota''':
* The state mandates that its compassion centers must test cannabis in-house or have it done by a contracted facility, though it's not clear what labs are performing such testing.<ref name="NDPetitionMMJ">{{cite web |url=https://vip.sos.nd.gov/pdfs/Measures%20Info/2016%20General/Measure%205.pdf |format=PDF |title=Initiated Constitutional Amendment No. 5 |publisher=North Dakota Secretary of State |date=2016 |accessdate=02 March 2017}}</ref>
'''Ohio''':
* Licensing requirements for testing labs will become clearer in September 2017.<ref name="OMMCPTesting">{{cite web |url=http://www.medicalmarijuana.ohio.gov/testing |title=Testing: Frequently Asked Questions |work=Ohio Medical Marijuana Control Program |publisher=State of Ohio |accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>
'''Oregon'''
* Anova Laboratory (Licensed<ref name="KTVZ_OLCC16">{{cite web |url=http://www.ktvz.com/news/olcc-oks-26-recreational-pot-licenses-3-are-in-bend/101328364 |title=OLCC OKs 26 recreational pot licenses, 4 in Bend |work=News Channel 21 KTVZ |publisher=NPG of Oregon, Inc |date=30 September 2016 |accessdate=14 March 2017}}</ref> but no website)
* [http://cascadia-labs.com/ Cascadia Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [https://chemhistory.com/ ChemHistory] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.easternoregonanalytical.com/ Eastern Oregon Analytical] ($50–$230, single and package tests)
* [http://www.eviolabs.com/ EVIO Labs] (Pricing not public; also see [http://www.kenevirresearch.com/ Kenevir Research], [http://oregonanalyticalservices.com/ Oregon Analytical Services], and [http://www.ghalabs.com/ GreenHaus Analytical Labs])
* [http://www.greenleaflab.org/ Green Leaf Lab] ($50–$355, single and package tests)
* [https://www.ironlaboratories.com/ Iron Laboratories] ($40–430, single and package tests w/o membership; cheaper with)
* [http://www.juniperanalyticsllc.com/ Juniper Analytics] ($50–$325, single and package tests)
* [https://lightscale.com/ Lightscale Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://mrxlabs.com/ MRX Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://oganalytical.com/ Oregon Growers Analytical] (Pricing not public)
* [http://phlabsoregon.com/ pH Labs] (($60–$375, single and package tests)
* [http://www.phylosbioscience.com/ Phylos Bioscience] ($15–$295; sexing and genotyping only)
* [http://pixislabs.com/ Pixis Labs] (Licensed<ref name="KTVZ_OLCC16" /> but doesn't list service on website)
* [http://www.rosecitylabs.com Rose City Laboratories] ($25–$360, single and package tests)
* [http://spartananalytics.com/ Spartan Analytics] ($50–$325, single and package tests)
* [http://www.synpestlab.com/ Synergistic Pesticide Lab] (Licensed<ref name="KTVZ_OLCC16" /> but doesn't list service on website)
'''Pennsylvania''':
* Steep Hill plans on expanding to here. Laboratory testing rules will become clearer later in 2017.<ref name="SchmittPA16">{{cite web |url=https://www.pamcs.org/pa-health-department-asks-public-input-medical-pot-rules/ |title=Pa. Health Department asks public for input on medical pot rules |author=Schmitt, B. |publisher=Pennsylvania Medical Cannabis Society |date=09 November 2016 |accessdate=02 March 2017}}</ref>
'''Rhode Island''':
* [http://www.bpanalytical.com/ Baseline Precision Analytical] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.ecltesting.com/ East Coast Laboratories] (Pricing not public)
'''Vermont''':
* The Department of Public Safety "may require laboratory testing of cannabis produced by a registered dispensary. The Department may specify the testing methodology. The registered dispensary shall bear the costs of any testing required by the Department."<ref name="DPSRulesReg15">{{cite web |url=http://vcic.vermont.gov/sites/vcic/files/files/marijuana-registry/MR-Rules-Regulating-Cannabis-for-Symptom-Relief.pdf |format=PDF |title=Rules Regulating Cannabis for Symptom Relief |publisher=Vermont Department of Public Safety |date=30 November 2015 |accessdate=02 March 2017}}</ref>
'''Washington''':
* [http://analytical360.com/ Analytical 360] ($70–$120, single and package tests)
* [http://www.anateklabs.com/ Anatek Labs] (Pricing for cannabis QA testing not clear)
* [http://www.cannalyticsqc.com/ Cannalytics QC] ($35–$70/test)
* [http://csalabs.com/ Cannasafe Analytics] ($79–$159, single and package tests; monthly plan also available)
* [http://conflabs.com/ Confidence Analytics] ($40–$250, single and package tests)
* [http://www.dragonlaboratory.com/ Dragon Analytical Laboratory] ($25–$1600, single and package tests)
* [http://www.greengrowerlabs.com/ Green Grower Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://www.herbalanalytics.com/ Herbal Analytics] ($15–$70/test; contact for test package pricing)
* [http://integritylabsolympia.com/ Integrity Labs] ($40–$295, single and package tests)
* [http://www.medicinecreekanalytics.com/ Medicine Creek Analytics] ($20–$100, single and package tests)
* [http://www.peakanalyticslab.com/ Peak Analytics] ($50–$75/test)
* [http://sclabs.com SC Labs] (Pricing not public)
* [http://steephill.com/washington Steep Hill Washington] (Pricing not public)
* [http://thewercshop.com The Werc Shop] (Pricing not public)
* [http://traceanalytics.com/ Trace Analytics] ($40–$350, single and package tests)
* [http://tnwlab.com/ True Northwest] (Pricing not public)
====Support services====
The following entities are known to provide consulting and support services of various types to cannabis testing labs (as well as cultivators, dispensaries, etc.):
* [http://www.3ccannabis.com/ 3C Consulting]
* [http://www.americancannabisconsulting.com/ American Cannabis Company]
* [http://c3analytical.com/ C3 Labs]
* [http://cannabisconsultantsfl.com/ Cannabis Business Services (of Florida)]
* [http://www.candri.org/ Cannabis Dispute Resolution Institute]
* [http://michigan-marijuana-lawyer.com/ Cannabis Legal Group]
* [http://www.carbonblueconsulting.com/ Carbon Blue Consulting]
* [https://www.hypur.com/ Hypur]
* [http://www.phytoscienceinstitute.com/ Phytoscience Institute]
* [http://www.phytosciences.com/ PhytoSciences Consultants]
* [http://signoto.com/ Signoto] (Canada)
* [http://steephilllab.com/consulting/ Steep Hill Halent]
* [http://www.vitalescientific.com/services/cannabis/ Vitale Scientific Associates]
===Testing hardware and supplies vendors===
* [http://www.buchi.com/en/ BÜCHI Labortechnik AG]
* [http://www.emeraldscientific.com/ Emerald Scientific, LLC]
* [http://www.fritsch-international.com/ Fritsch GmbH]
* [http://gentechscientific.com/cannabis-testing/index.php GenTech Scientific]
* [https://us.lgcstandards.com/US/en LGC Standards]
* [http://www.orangephotonics.com/ Orange Photonics, Inc.]
* [http://www.restek.com/Landing-Pages/Medical-Marijuana Restek Corporation]
* [http://sageanalytics.com/ Sage Analytics]
* [http://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/industry/industry_cannabistesting.cfm Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc.]
* [http://www.spexcertiprep.com/products/cannabis SPEX CertiPrep]
* [http://www.srigc.com/ SRI Instruments]
* [http://vicam.com/ VICAM]
===Software vendors===
====Cannabis-oriented LIMS====
* [http://www.atlab.com/industries/medical-marijuana Accelerated Technology Laboratories, Inc. - Various]
* [[Bika LIMS|Bika Lab Systems (Pty) Ltd. - Bika LIMS]]
* [[CannaSys, Inc.|CannaSys, Inc. - CannaLIMS]]
* [[Guardian Data Systems, LLC|Guardian Data Systems, LLC - ROAR Cannabis Lab Software]]
* [[lablynxwiki:LabLynx LIMS - Cannabis|LabLynx, Inc. - LabLynx LIMS]]
* [[PharmLabs, LLC|PharmLabs, LLC - PharmWare]]
* [[TheraCann International Benchmark Corporation|TheraCann International Corporation - TheraCannSYSTEM]]
====CDMS====
See the [[CDMS vendor]] page.
====Seed-to-sale====
This is a representative sample of solutions and not a directory of all available solutions:
* [https://www.biotrack.com/government-seed-to-sale-tracking/ Bio-Tech Medical Software, Inc. - BioTrackTHC]
* [http://www.chetu.com/agriculture/seed-to-sale.php Chetu, Inc. - Custom software solutions]
* [http://www.traceweed.com/ Dauntless Software, Inc. - TraceWeed]
* [http://viridiansciences.com/ Far-From-Groove'N, Inc. dba Viridian Sciences - Viridian Sciences]
* [https://www.metrc.com/the-system Franwell, Inc. - Metrc]
* [https://mmjmenu.com/ Ghost Management Group, LLC - MMJMenu]
* [https://www.greenbits.com/ Green Bits, Inc. - Green Bits]
* [http://growone.com/ Grow One Software (US), LLC - Grow One]
* [http://kind.financial/agrisoft-seed-to-sale-software/ KindManage, LLC - Agrisoft]
* [https://www.motagistics.com/ Motagistics, LLC - 4S]
* [https://www.proteus420.com/ Proteus Business Solutions, Inc. - PROTEUS420]
* [http://www.webjoint.com/ Pyrotree, Inc. - WebJoint]
* [http://theracanncorp.com/our-products-2/theracannsystem/ TheraCann International Corporation – TheraCannSYSTEM]
* [https://weedtraqr.com/ WeedTraQR, LLC - WeedTraQR]
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==Citation information for this chapter==
'''Chapters''': 5. Final thoughts and 6. Resources
'''Title''': ''Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States''
'''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas
'''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]
'''Publication date''': November 2018
<!--Place all category tags here-->

Revision as of 18:44, 16 November 2018

This is sublevel2 of my sandbox, where I play with features and test MediaWiki code. If you wish to leave a comment for me, please see my discussion page instead.

Sandbox begins below

This last section of the guide provides closing thoughts to tie together what was previously discussed. It also provides a directory of cannabis testing, standards, etc. resources for readers wanting to learn more.

-----Return to the beginning of this guide-----


5. Final thoughts

This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of — and speculation on — a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a Schedule I drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis, including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of cultivation and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.

Despite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers — whether on their own or with the help of others internationally — are learning more about the cannabinoid and its interaction with terpenes, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about marijuana consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.

Many factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research in the future; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and hemp-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is "as advertised." Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.

6. Resources

Key reading






Reference material





Law and regulation






Publications and blogs


Standards and guidance








Accreditation and certification






Testing




(Note year; still provides historical perspective)


New York State Department of Health:





Scientific conferences and trade shows











Associations, organizations, and interest groups


Testing labs and pricing info

The prevalence of testing laboratories in any given state depends on a few factors: legalization status, state laws regarding testing, and strictness of regulations. Labs typically appear as stand-alone, third-party entities. Though not common, some testing laboratories are located within dispensaries (e.g., Champlain Valley Dispensary in Vermont[1]) and treatment centers (e.g., Sanctuary ATC in New Hampshire.[2]).

The following are known active cannabis testing labs (those currently in the licensing process are not included):

Alaska


Arizona:


Arkansas:

  • Laboratory testing requirements being drafted


California:


Colorado:


Connecticut:


Delaware:


District of Columbia:

  • Steep Hill plans on expanding to here.


Florida:


Hawaii:


Illinois:


Maine:


Maryland:


Massachusetts:


Michigan:


Minnesota:

  • Not clear; independent labs must be approved by Commissioner of Health.[5] Two labs — Aspen Research and Legend Technical Services — were approved to do testing in 2015, but neither lists those services on their website.[6]


Montana:


Nevada:


New Hampshire:

  • The state mandates testing, but it's not clear which independent laboratories are approved to do so.


New Jersey:

  • Cannabis testing is performed by the Department of Health and Senior Services.[7]


New Mexico:


New York:

  • "The Department's Wadsworth Center Laboratory will perform initial testing and analysis of final medical marijuana products until independent laboratories receive certification from the New York State Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP)."[8]


North Dakota:

  • The state mandates that its compassion centers must test cannabis in-house or have it done by a contracted facility, though it's not clear what labs are performing such testing.[9]


Ohio:

  • Licensing requirements for testing labs will become clearer in September 2017.[10]


Oregon


Pennsylvania:

  • Steep Hill plans on expanding to here. Laboratory testing rules will become clearer later in 2017.[12]


Rhode Island:


Vermont:

  • The Department of Public Safety "may require laboratory testing of cannabis produced by a registered dispensary. The Department may specify the testing methodology. The registered dispensary shall bear the costs of any testing required by the Department."[13]


Washington:

Support services

The following entities are known to provide consulting and support services of various types to cannabis testing labs (as well as cultivators, dispensaries, etc.):

Testing hardware and supplies vendors


Software vendors

Cannabis-oriented LIMS

CDMS

See the CDMS vendor page.

Seed-to-sale

This is a representative sample of solutions and not a directory of all available solutions:

References

  1. ↑ "Our Quality Commitment". Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc. http://www.cvdvt.org/products/quality-commitment/. Retrieved 24 February 2017. 
  2. ↑ "New Hampshire Therapeutic Cannabis Laboratory Analysis — Therapeutic Uses". Sanctuary ATC. http://www.sanctuaryatc.org/laboratory-analysis-nh.php. Retrieved 24 February 2017. 
  3. ↑ "MLab 07012016 this one" (PDF). State of Colorado. 1 July 2016. https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/MLab%2007012016%20%20%20this%20one%20.pdf. Retrieved 14 March 2017. 
  4. ↑ Flood, C. (15 November 2016). "State contracts medical marijuana tester". Cape Gazette. http://www.capegazette.com/article/state-contracts-medical-marijuana-tester/120159. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 
  5. ↑ Klarqvist, E. (August 2016). "Minnesota’s Medical Cannabis Therapeutic Research Act" (PDF). Minnesota House of Representatives. http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/MCTRA.pdf. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 
  6. ↑ "Public Health Laboratory Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2015" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory. 2016. https://www.leg.state.mn.us/docs/2016/other/160894.pdf. Retrieved 14 March 2017. 
  7. ↑ "Medicinal Marijuana Program Rules" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. 23 November 2011. http://www.state.nj.us/health/medicalmarijuana/documents/final_rules.pdf. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 
  8. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". New York State Medical Marijuana Program. New York State Department of Health. March 2016. https://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/medical_marijuana/faq.htm. Retrieved 24 February 2017. 
  9. ↑ "Initiated Constitutional Amendment No. 5" (PDF). North Dakota Secretary of State. 2016. https://vip.sos.nd.gov/pdfs/Measures%20Info/2016%20General/Measure%205.pdf. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 
  10. ↑ "Testing: Frequently Asked Questions". Ohio Medical Marijuana Control Program. State of Ohio. http://www.medicalmarijuana.ohio.gov/testing. Retrieved 24 February 2017. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "OLCC OKs 26 recreational pot licenses, 4 in Bend". News Channel 21 KTVZ. NPG of Oregon, Inc. 30 September 2016. http://www.ktvz.com/news/olcc-oks-26-recreational-pot-licenses-3-are-in-bend/101328364. Retrieved 14 March 2017. 
  12. ↑ Schmitt, B. (9 November 2016). "Pa. Health Department asks public for input on medical pot rules". Pennsylvania Medical Cannabis Society. https://www.pamcs.org/pa-health-department-asks-public-input-medical-pot-rules/. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 
  13. ↑ "Rules Regulating Cannabis for Symptom Relief" (PDF). Vermont Department of Public Safety. 30 November 2015. http://vcic.vermont.gov/sites/vcic/files/files/marijuana-registry/MR-Rules-Regulating-Cannabis-for-Symptom-Relief.pdf. Retrieved 02 March 2017. 

Citation information for this chapter

Chapters: 5. Final thoughts and 6. Resources

Title: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States

Author for citation: Shawn E. Douglas

License for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

Publication date: November 2018


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