Difference between revisions of "Chromatography"

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Set of [[laboratory]] techniques for the separation of mixtures involving passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase which separates the [[analyte]] to be measured from other molecules in the mixture based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases.
'''Chromatography''' is a continuously evolving scientific discipline or field "studying the formation, change, movement, and separation of multiple concentration zones of chemical compounds ([[Analyte|analytes]] or particles) of the studied sample in a flow of mobile phase relative to selective influence of one or a number of solid/liquid stationary phases or sorbents."<ref name="ChromSciDiscov">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pKKoOCsytBMC |chapter=Chapter 1: Chromatography - A New Discipline of Science |title=Chromatography: A Science of Discovery |author=Wixom, Robert L. (ed); Gehrke, Charles W. (ed.); Berezkin, Viktor G.; Janak, Jaroslav |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |pages=1–13 |isbn=1118060296}}</ref>
 
Chromatography has numerous methods associated with, dependent on the process-specific movement and type of mobile phase<ref name="ChromSciDiscov" />:
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="700"
|-
  ! colspan="3"| Methods of chromatography
|-
  ! style="color:brown; background-color:#ffffee;"| Mobility or equilibria
  ! style="color:brown; background-color:#ffffee;"| Phase
  ! style="color:brown; background-color:#ffffee;"| Chromatography type
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''→'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Liquid
  | style="background-color:white;" | Tswett, paper, thin-layer
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''→'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Gas
  | style="background-color:white;" | [[Gas chromatography|Gas]]
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''→'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Supercritical medium
  | style="background-color:white;" | [[Supercritical fluid chromatography|Supercritical fluid]]
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''→'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Electrical flow
  | style="background-color:white;" | Electro
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''↔'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Sorbent liquid
  | style="background-color:white;" | Hypersorption, countercurrent, denuder
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''↓↑'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Adsorption
  | style="background-color:white;" | Liquid-solid ([[Gel permeation chromatography|gel]]), gas-solid, supercritical fluid-solid
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''↓↑'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Chemisorption
  | style="background-color:white;" | [[Ion chromatography|Ion exchange]], affinity, complex-forming
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''↓↑'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Absorption (partition)
  | style="background-color:white;" | Liquid-liquid, gas-liquid
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''↓↑'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Physical field
  | style="background-color:white;" | Field-flow fractionation
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''Equilibrium (isotherm)'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Techniques, channel
  | style="background-color:white;" | Hyphenated mode
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''Linear'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Zone, column
  | style="background-color:white;" | One-dimensional
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''Non-linear'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Frontal, slot
  | style="background-color:white;" | Multidimensional
|-
  | style="text-align:center;" |'''Non-linear'''
  | style="background-color:white;" | Displacement, flat bed
  | style="background-color:white;" | Combined with spectral methods
|-
|}
('''Note''': Arrows in the table indicate the movement of the analyte-containing mobile phase.)
 


== See also ==
== See also ==
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* [[Supercritical fluid chromatography]]
* [[Supercritical fluid chromatography]]
* [[Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography]]
* [[Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography]]
== References ==
<references />
<!---Place all category tags here-->
[[Category:Chromatography]]

Revision as of 19:33, 14 October 2013

Chromatography is a continuously evolving scientific discipline or field "studying the formation, change, movement, and separation of multiple concentration zones of chemical compounds (analytes or particles) of the studied sample in a flow of mobile phase relative to selective influence of one or a number of solid/liquid stationary phases or sorbents."[1]

Chromatography has numerous methods associated with, dependent on the process-specific movement and type of mobile phase[1]:

Methods of chromatography
Mobility or equilibria Phase Chromatography type
→ Liquid Tswett, paper, thin-layer
→ Gas Gas
→ Supercritical medium Supercritical fluid
→ Electrical flow Electro
↔ Sorbent liquid Hypersorption, countercurrent, denuder
↓↑ Adsorption Liquid-solid (gel), gas-solid, supercritical fluid-solid
↓↑ Chemisorption Ion exchange, affinity, complex-forming
↓↑ Absorption (partition) Liquid-liquid, gas-liquid
↓↑ Physical field Field-flow fractionation
Equilibrium (isotherm) Techniques, channel Hyphenated mode
Linear Zone, column One-dimensional
Non-linear Frontal, slot Multidimensional
Non-linear Displacement, flat bed Combined with spectral methods

(Note: Arrows in the table indicate the movement of the analyte-containing mobile phase.)


See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wixom, Robert L. (ed); Gehrke, Charles W. (ed.); Berezkin, Viktor G.; Janak, Jaroslav (2011). "Chapter 1: Chromatography - A New Discipline of Science". Chromatography: A Science of Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–13. ISBN 1118060296. http://books.google.com/books?id=pKKoOCsytBMC. 
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