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Approximately 10 to 15 percent of cases of what we call the "common cold" are associated with an endemic coronavirus, of which are two distinct groups: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43.<ref name="WatTheCommon04">{{cite journal |title=The common cold: A review of the literature |journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine |author=Wat, D. |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=79–88 |year=2004 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2004.01.006 |pmid=15172021}}</ref> Disease symptoms associated with these coronaviruses—typically in the form of respiratory infection and the symptoms that come with it—by themselves are typically mild<ref name="LoeffelholzLab20" />, and laboratory testing isn't necessarily indicated for those immunocompetent individuals capable of self-limiting.<ref name="BabadyMulti18">{{cite journal |title=Multicenter Evaluation of the ePlex Respiratory Pathogen Panel for the Detection of Viral and Bacterial Respiratory Tract Pathogens in Nasopharyngeal Swabs |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |author=Babady, N.E.; England, M.R.; Jurcic Smith, K.L. et al. |volume=56 |issue=2 |at=e01658-17 |year=2018 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01658-17 |pmid=29212701 |pmc=PMC5786739}}</ref> However, symptom overlap with pharyngitis and bronchitis, as well as the complication of pharyngitis and sinusitis also potentially having bacterial origin, can complicate clinical diagnosis. Additionally, as more antivirals that target a specific virus are created, and as concerns of unnecessarily using antibiotics to treat viral diseases grows<ref name="JenisonRapid16">{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/30/antibiotic-resistance-molecular-diagnostics/ |title=Rapid lab tests can help reduce antibiotic resistance |author=Jenison, R. |work=STAT |date=30 November 2016 |accessdate=03 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="RoyRapid18">{{cite web |url=https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20180926/rapid-test-for-viral-infections-reduces-unnecessary-antibiotic-prescribing |title=Rapid test for viral infections reduces unnecessary antibiotic prescribing |author=Roy, K. |work=Healio |date=26 September 2018 |accessdate=06 September 2021}}</ref>, laboratory methods of respiratory virus diagnosis—particularly for those who are immunocompromised—have value.<ref name="WatTheCommon04" /><ref name="BabadyMulti18" />
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RT-PCR, a molecular method, has been used for well over a decade for detecting coronaviruses.<ref name="WatTheCommon04" /><ref name="MahonyDetect08">{{cite journal |title=Detection of Respiratory Viruses by Molecular Methods |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |author=Mahoney, J.B. |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=716–47 |year=2008 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00037-07 |pmid=18854489 |pmc=PMC2570148}}</ref> However, as molecular methods of analysis have expanded over the years, more rapid solutions for testing have been developed. For example, the GenMark ePlex rapid multiplex molecular diagnostics instrument and the ePlex Respiratory Pathogen Panel were evaluated in a multicenter trial by Babady ''et al.'' in 2017.<ref name="BabadyMulti18" /> The panel is capable of testing for the presence of 15 viral types—including the -229E, -OC43, and two other coronaviruses—and two bacterial types in nasopharyngeal swab specimens, with results in typically less than two hours.<ref name="BabadyMulti18" /> The cost associated with these sorts of tests, compared to their benefits, likely limits ubiquitous use at the first sign of a cold<ref name="BabadyMulti18" />, but as molecular diagnostic technologies become more compact and easy-to-use, testing for infection by endemic human coronaviruses may become slightly more commonplace. However, as the authors point out, with no treatment for these endemic coronaviruses, any additional utility beyond diagnosing an illness as viral rather than bacterial would primarily be found in epidemiological studies of the associated genotyping data.<ref name="BabadyMulti18" />
==''Introduction to Quality and Quality Management Systems''==
{{ombox
| type      = content
| style    = width: 500px;
| text      = This book should not be considered complete until this message box has been removed. This is a work in progress.
}}
The goal of this short volume is to act as an introduction to the quality management system. It collects several articles related to quality, quality management, and associated systems.


==References==
;1. What is quality?
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
:''Key terms''
:[[Quality (business)|Quality]]
:[[Quality assurance]]
:[[Quality control]]
:''The rest''
:[[Data quality]]
:[[Information quality]]
:[[Nonconformity (quality)|Nonconformity]]
:[[Service quality]]
;2. Processes and improvement
:[[Business process]]
:[[Process capability]]
:[[Risk management]]
:[[Workflow]]
;3. Mechanisms for quality
:[[Acceptance testing]]
:[[Conformance testing]]
:[[Clinical quality management system]]
:[[Continual improvement process]]
:[[Corrective and preventive action]]
:[[Good manufacturing practice]]
:[[Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987]]
:[[Quality management]]
:[[Quality management system]]
:[[Total quality management]]
;4. Quality standards
:[[ISO 9000]]
:[[ISO 13485]]
:[[ISO 14000|ISO 14001]]
:[[ISO 15189]]
:[[ISO/IEC 17025]]
:[[ISO/TS 16949]]
;5. Quality in software
:[[Software quality]]
:[[Software quality assurance]]
:[[Software quality management]]
 
<!--Place all category tags here-->

Latest revision as of 19:46, 9 February 2022

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Introduction to Quality and Quality Management Systems

This book should not be considered complete until this message box has been removed. This is a work in progress.

The goal of this short volume is to act as an introduction to the quality management system. It collects several articles related to quality, quality management, and associated systems.

1. What is quality?
Key terms
Quality
Quality assurance
Quality control
The rest
Data quality
Information quality
Nonconformity
Service quality
2. Processes and improvement
Business process
Process capability
Risk management
Workflow
3. Mechanisms for quality
Acceptance testing
Conformance testing
Clinical quality management system
Continual improvement process
Corrective and preventive action
Good manufacturing practice
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987
Quality management
Quality management system
Total quality management
4. Quality standards
ISO 9000
ISO 13485
ISO 14001
ISO 15189
ISO/IEC 17025
ISO/TS 16949
5. Quality in software
Software quality
Software quality assurance
Software quality management


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