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Toxicology is a multidisciplinary study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms, and tangentially the diagnosis and treatment of exposures to those chemical substances. Toxicologists determine how plants, animals, and bacterial organisms are affected by agricultural chemicals, industrial chemicals, metals, vapors and gases, naturally occurring toxins, and drugs, typically caused by the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of those substances.<ref name="EatonGeneral10">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzCAKsa2CpMC&pg=PA1 |chapter=Chapter 1.01 General Overview of Toxicology |title=Comprehensive Toxicology |author=Eaton, D.L.; Gallagher, E.P. |editor=McQueen, C.A. |publisher=Elsevier |edition=2nd |pages=1–46 |year=2010 |isbn=9780080468686}}</ref> Like other fields, many subspecialties are associated with toxicology, including<ref name="EatonGeneral10" />:
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* analytical toxicology, for identifying toxicants;
==''Introduction to Quality and Quality Management Systems''==
* biomedical toxicology, for identifying how toxicants cause disease;
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* environmental toxicology, for evaluating the effects of environmental chemicals and contaminants;
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* forensic toxicology, for evaluating how toxicants and other chemicals caused death;
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* molecular toxicology, for the application of molecular biology to toxicity;
| text      = This book should not be considered complete until this message box has been removed. This is a work in progress.
* occupational toxicology, for evaluating the effects of chemical exposure in the workplace; and
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* regulatory toxicology, for applying mechanistic information from toxicology to regulations and standards development.
The goal of this short volume is to act as an introduction to the quality management system. It collects several articles related to quality, quality management, and associated systems.


Similar to a medical laboratory, a toxicology laboratory may focus on diagnostics or research. Test types may vary based on the focus. For example, toxicity testing on research animals may involve testing for acute toxicity, subacute toxicity, short-term subchronic toxicity, long-term chronic toxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, mutagenicity assays, irritation, allergic reaction, inhalation, and immunotoxicity.<ref name="EatonGeneral10" /> However, diagnostic testing will involve testing for drugs of abuse, poisons, and heavy metals, or other toxicants. Pharmacogenetic testing may also be performed to develop dosing regiments for a specific drug.<ref name="ARUPClin19">{{cite web |url=https://arupconsult.com/content/clinical-toxicology-testing |title=Clinical Toxicology Testing |work=ARUP Consult |publisher=ARUP Laboratories |date=June 2021 |accessdate=18 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="SofronescuPurpose18">{{cite web |url=https://www.aacc.org/cln/articles/2018/december/purpose-driven-toxicology-services-the-key-to-financial-success-and-client-confidence |title=Purpose-driven Toxicology Services: The Key to Financial Success and Client Confidence |author=Sofronescu, A.G. |work=Clinical Laboratory News |publisher=American Association for Clinical Chemistry |date=01 December 2018 |accessdate=18 November 2021}}</ref>
;1. What is quality?
:''Key terms''
:[[Quality (business)|Quality]]
:[[Quality assurance]]
:[[Quality control]]
:''The rest''
:[[Data quality]]
:[[Information quality]]
:[[Nonconformity (quality)|Nonconformity]]
:[[Service quality]]
;2. Processes and improvement
:[[Business process]]
:[[Process capability]]
:[[Risk management]]
:[[Workflow]]
;3. Mechanisms for quality
:[[Acceptance testing]]
:[[Conformance testing]]
:[[Clinical quality management system]]
:[[Continual improvement process]]
:[[Corrective and preventive action]]
:[[Good manufacturing practice]]
:[[Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987]]
:[[Quality management]]
:[[Quality management system]]
:[[Total quality management]]
;4. Quality standards
:[[ISO 9000]]
:[[ISO 13485]]
:[[ISO 14000|ISO 14001]]
:[[ISO 15189]]
:[[ISO/IEC 17025]]
:[[ISO/TS 16949]]
;5. Quality in software
:[[Software quality]]
:[[Software quality assurance]]
:[[Software quality management]]


Toxicology laboratories in unique settings such as emergency departments of hospitals require extra consideration. For example, while toxicology testing in the emergency department is normal in regards to supporting and validating clinical findings, the testing must also take into account the legal ramifications of test results. Those results may be used in court cases, requiring strict chain-of-custody, full documentation, methodologies, and quality control results to be maintained. Additional specimens may be required by government bodies for their own testing, and as such the lab may want to add additional specimen collection to its official workflow. Additionally, personnel may need to become familiar with testimony procedures if required to testify in a criminal court case.<ref name="MagnaniClinical12">{{cite book |url=http://webapps.cap.org/apps/docs/store/PUB220_Toxicol_Sample.pdf |format=PDF |chapter=Chapter 2: Supporting the Emergency Department |title=Clinical Toxicology Testing: A Guide for Laboratory Professionals |author=Magnani, B.; Kwong, T.C. |editor=Magnani, B.; Bissell, M.G.; Kwong, T.C.; Wu, A.H.B. |publisher=College of American Pathologists |pages=7–14 |year=2012 |isbn=9780983706816}}</ref>
<!--Place all category tags here-->
 
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

Latest revision as of 19:46, 9 February 2022

Introduction to Quality and Quality Management Systems
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Introduction to Quality and Quality Management Systems

This book should not be considered complete until this message box has been removed. This is a work in progress.

The goal of this short volume is to act as an introduction to the quality management system. It collects several articles related to quality, quality management, and associated systems.

1. What is quality?
Key terms
Quality
Quality assurance
Quality control
The rest
Data quality
Information quality
Nonconformity
Service quality
2. Processes and improvement
Business process
Process capability
Risk management
Workflow
3. Mechanisms for quality
Acceptance testing
Conformance testing
Clinical quality management system
Continual improvement process
Corrective and preventive action
Good manufacturing practice
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987
Quality management
Quality management system
Total quality management
4. Quality standards
ISO 9000
ISO 13485
ISO 14001
ISO 15189
ISO/IEC 17025
ISO/TS 16949
5. Quality in software
Software quality
Software quality assurance
Software quality management


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