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Title: What types of testing occur within a materials testing laboratory?

Author for citation: Shawn E. Douglas

License for content: [* https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]

Publication date: November 2023

Materials testing: The basics

Materials science and its associated tests are largely considered a part of the applied science branch of sciences, as the study and testing of the properties of materials are put to use in the manufacture and construction of a wide variety of items. Testing methodologies can be divided into physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological property testing, with each test falling under the category of destructive or non-destructive. Testing of a material may involve one or more of these methodologies, and occasionally all of them may be used as part of a comprehensive analytical approach towards a material.[1][2]

Material testing may happen under the umbrella of materials discovery and research, or materials quality/suitability testing. In the case of the former, computational methods may initially be used to search through existing materials databases, as well as virtually develop new material models for potential real-life development, before any actual real-world materials testing begins. In the case of the latter, the material is already discovered or created, and materials testing occurs to verify that its properties are suitable or of sufficient quality for their intended purpose. Technological systems such as laboratory information management systems (LIMS) may be used in both cases to better manage the associated data and information coming from their materials science activities.

Materials testing is as diverse as the available material types and industrial applications of those material types. Material testing domains include:

  • Aerospace
  • Automotive
  • Carbon
  • Coatings, linings, and sealants
  • Construction and engineering
  • Insulation, foam, and composites
  • Lubricants and thickeners
  • Medical devices
  • Metals
  • Packaging and labeling
  • Paints and oils
  • Paper
  • Polymers and plastics
  • Raw materials
  • Reference materials
  • Rubbers
  • Electronics and energy devices
  • Textiles
  • Wood

Optimally, materials testing is performed by a laboratory that is accredited to a relevant set of standards and test methods, making materials testing more standardized and reliable, in turn adding confidence to any items made or constructed from those tested materials.

Materials testing types

As noted prior, the diversity in materials testing methods is immense. As such, it's difficult to address all of them in an FAQ. That said, this article will provide examples of destructive and non-destructive test methods across the four property testing categories: physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological. (Note that in a few cases, a test might be destructive or non-destructive, depending on the particulars, for example as found with hardness, thickness, and crimp (length) testing, which are physical tests.[3][4][5][6] However, also note that physical tests aren't commonly destructive.) Real-world examples from materials testing laboratories accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 are used to exemplify the broad set of test methods in use.

Physical

A physical property of a material represents the actual physical, inconstant state of the material, with its own set of measurable and observable properties, separate from the material's chemical composition, mechanical, and biological properties.[7]

Non-destructive physical tests include[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]:

  • visual testing
  • magnetic particle testing
  • resonant ultrasound testing
  • color tolerance and difference
  • specular gloss
  • solar reflectance index
  • apparent density
  • water vapor transmission
  • ultrasonic defect testing
  • thermogravimetric analysis
  • infrared thermography
  • airflow resistance

Tests that can be both destructive and non-destructive physical tests include[3][4][5][6]:

  • hardness
  • dry film and other coating thickness
  • yarn crimp percentage (length)


Mechanical

A mechanical property of a material represents the functional, inconstant state of the material, particularly in how it reacts when a load is applied to it. Measuring mechanical properties gives a better idea of the materials realistic service life or performance under mechanical stresses.[7] Mechanical testing is often destructive in nature.

Destructive mechanical tests include[7][11][15][16][17]:

  • scratch adhesion testing
  • flattening testing
  • flaring testing
  • burst strength
  • tear strength
  • peel strength
  • bend testing
  • tensile bond testing
  • concentrated impact
  • compressive resistance
  • abrasion resistance


Chemical

Spectroscopy Wet chemistry

Non-destructive chemical tests include:

Fire and flammability (Destructive)

Biological

Biological (raw materials)

Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ Shen, Ya; Peng, Bin; Yang, Yan; Ma, Jingzhi; Haapasalo, Markus (1 May 2015). [* https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/etp.12076 "What do different tests tell about the mechanical and biological properties of bioceramic materials?"] (in en). Endodontic Topics 32 (1): 47–85. doi:10.1111/etp.12076. ISSN 1601-1538.
  2. ↑ Kang, Tae-Yun; Choi, Ji-Won; Seo, Kyoung-Jin; Kim, Kwang-Mahn; Kwon, Jae-Sung (30 March 2021). [* https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/7/1693 "Physical, Chemical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Four Different Commercial Root-End Filling Materials: A Comparative Study"] (in en). Materials 14 (7): 1693. doi:10.3390/ma14071693. ISSN 1996-1944. PMC PMC8036496. PMID 33808262.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bennett, M. (8 December 2022). "Michael Talks Metal Video 112: Hardness Testing". Michlin Metals, Inc. https://www.michlinmetals.com/hardness-testing-destructive-and-non-destructive-testing-ndt/. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cohen, C. (5 February 2019). "Dry Film Thickness Measurement On Non-Metal Substrates". BYK-Gardner Laboratories Blog. BYK-Gardner USA. https://gardnerlaboratories.com/tag/destructive-film-thickness-tests/. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Haider, F I; Suryanto; Ani, M H; Mahmood, M H (1 January 2018). "A comparison between destructive and non-destructive techniques in determining coating thickness". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 290: 012020. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/290/1/012020. ISSN 1757-8981. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/290/1/012020. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Baby, Ruksana; Mathur, Kavita; DenHartog, Emiel (2 November 2022), Jeon, Han-Yong, ed., "Non-destructive Characterizations of Natural Yarns and Fabrics" (in en), Natural Fiber (IntechOpen), doi:10.5772/intechopen.102587, ISBN 978-1-80355-213-2, https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/80883. Retrieved 2023-11-01 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Miranda, G.M. (14 February 2019). "What is the Difference Between a Physical Property and a Mechanical Property?". AZO Materials. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17626. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  8. ↑ "Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Product Assurance Services, Inc" (PDF). ANAB. 2 November 2021. https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Product-Assurance-Services-Inc-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-02-2021_1635864735.pdf. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  9. ↑ "Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Charter Coating Service (2000) Ltd" (PDF). ANAB. 7 November 2022. https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Charter-Coating-Service-2000-Ltd-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-07-2022_1667841835.pdf. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  10. ↑ "Scope of Accreditation - R&D Services, Inc" (PDF). International Accreditation Service, Inc. 29 August 2022. https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-566-Cert-New.pdf. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Industrial Testing Laboratory Services" (PDF). A2LA. 1 June 2022. https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=90975A9E-26BB-4DCC-921A-9786F504539D. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  12. ↑ Zoppi, L. (6 January 2020). "An Introduction to Thermal Testing". AZO Materials. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=18848. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  13. ↑ Shirazi, A.; Karbhari, V.M. (2013), "Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: application of thermography for defect detection in rehabilitated structures" (in en), Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of Polymer Matrix Composites (Elsevier): 515–541, doi:10.1533/9780857093554.4.515, ISBN 978-0-85709-344-8, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780857093448500191. Retrieved 2023-11-01 
  14. ↑ "Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Blachford Incorporated" (PDF). ANAB. 21 June 2023. https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Blachford-Incorporated-dba-Blachford-Acoustics-Laboratory-Cert-and-Scope-File-06-21-2023_1687370807.pdf. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  15. ↑ "Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Vartest Laboratories, Inc" (PDF). A2LA. 31 October 2023. https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  16. ↑ Praul, M. (27 June 2017). "Tensile Bond Tester, ACI 503.1R, ASTM C1583". U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/tensile.cfm. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
  17. ↑ "Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Packaging Compliance Labs, LLC" (PDF). A2LA. 19 June 2023. https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=390CCBB1-6EC1-41BE-B573-2BE1CE5F8812. Retrieved 01 November 2023. 
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