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| <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div> | | <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div> |
| [[File:Gamry Instruments Lab.jpg|right|350px]]
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| '''Title''': ''What role does interoperability and systems integration play in the laboratory, and why is this important to address?''
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| '''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas
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| '''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]
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| '''Publication date''': February 2024
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| ==Introduction==
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| When one hears the word "interoperability" in the laboratory context, the clinical setting is usually thought of. However, interoperability and system integration is important to more than clinical diagnostic and research laboratories; most any modern electronic-based laboratory can benefit from addressing it. This becomes increasingly true as more information management solutions emerge, and as more data and information silos (and their proper management) become more apparent and vital to positive organizational outcomes. Initiatives such as Industry 4.0 further complicate this situation, particularly for manufacturing-based laboratories.
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| This brief article will address interoperability and integration within the scope of the laboratory, using a few real-world examples to highlight the "why" of approaching it and "how" it is being approached.
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| ==Interoperability and systems integration==
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| In order to answer this question, we first must define the concept of "interoperability," of which integration of other informatics systems is just one component. Interoperability is defined by the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) as “the ability of different information systems, devices and applications (‘systems’) to access, exchange, integrate and cooperatively use data in a coordinated manner, within and across organizational, regional and national boundaries” to, in the case of a [[laboratory]], ensure timely, portable, and accurate analytical results (the "deliverable" of most laboratories).<ref name="”HIMSSInterop20”">{{cite web |url=https://www.himss.org/resources/interoperability-healthcare |title=Interoperability in Healthcare |author=Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society |publisher=Healthcare Information and Management Systems |date=2024 |accessdate=27 February 2024}}</ref> While HIMSS' definition is focused on the clinical realm, their definition is robust enough that it, at least in part, can be applied to laboratory-based organizations serving most industries.
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| Note that the HIMSS definition includes integration as only one part of the overall interoperability equation, also highlighting the importance of access, exchange, and cooperative use of data and information. However, for the purpose of this brief article, integration of laboratory instruments and systems is considered a critical enabler of the other three aspects and is thus highlighted next to the concept of interoperability. Yet while recognizing the importance of interoperability and integration to the modern laboratory, this article will also note that achieving that is challenging.<ref>{{Citation |last=Benson |first=Tim |last2=Grieve |first2=Grahame |date=2021 |title=Why Interoperability Is Hard |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-56883-2_2 |work=Principles of Health Interoperability |language=en |publisher=Springer International Publishing |place=Cham |pages=21–40 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-56883-2_2 |isbn=978-3-030-56882-5 |accessdate=2024-02-28}}</ref><ref name="CoitoAMiddle20">{{Cite journal |last=Coito |first=Tiago |last2=Martins |first2=Miguel S.E. |last3=Viegas |first3=Joaquim L. |last4=Firme |first4=Bernardo |last5=Figueiredo |first5=João |last6=Vieira |first6=Susana M. |last7=Sousa |first7=João M.C. |date=2020-12 |title=A Middleware Platform for Intelligent Automation: An Industrial Prototype Implementation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166361520305637 |journal=Computers in Industry |language=en |volume=123 |pages=103329 |doi=10.1016/j.compind.2020.103329}}</ref> These challenges are discussed in the next two sections, while also addressing why it's still important to address interoperability and integration despite these challenges, and providing a few examples of how those challenges are being addressed by stakeholders.
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| ==The why of laboratory interoperability and integration==
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| Why should labs focus on interoperability and systems integration? Let's look at a few example industries.
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| '''1. Clinical diagnostic and research labs''': In the realm of clinical laboratories, improving interoperability among clinical informatics systems is recognized as an important step towards improving health outcomes.<ref name="KunImprov08">{{cite journal |title=Improving outcomes with interoperable EHRs and secure global health information infrastructure |journal=Studies in Health Technology and Informatics |author=Kun, L.; Coatrieux, G.; Quantin, C. et al. |volume=137 |pages=68–79 |year=2008 |pmid=18560070 |doi=10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353759}}</ref><ref name="GCHIImproving">{{cite web |url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/rdcms-himss/files/production/public/Improving-Patient-Carethrough-Interoperability.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913205610/http://s3.amazonaws.com/rdcms-himss/files/production/public/Improving-Patient-Carethrough-Interoperability.pdf |format=PDF |title=Improving Patient Care through Interoperability |author=Global Center for Health Innovation |publisher=Global Center for Health Innovation |date=n.d. |archivedate=13 September 2021 |accessdate=27 February 2024}}</ref> The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine had much to say on this topic in their 2015 publication ''Improving Diagnosis in Health Care''<ref name="NASEMImprov15">{{cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21794/chapter/7 |chapter=Chapter 5: Technology and Tools in the Diagnostic Process |title=Improving Diagnosis in Health Care |author=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=The National Academies Press |pages=217–62 |year=2015 |doi=10.17226/21794 |isbn=9780309377720}}</ref>:
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| <blockquote>Improved interoperability across different health care organizations—as well as across laboratory and [[radiology information system]]s—is critical to improving the diagnostic process. Challenges to interoperability include the inconsistent and slow adoption of standards, particularly among organizations that are not subject to EHR certification programs, as well as a lack of incentives, including a business model that generates revenue for health IT vendors via fees associated with transmitting and receiving data.</blockquote>
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| In particular, the National Academies discussed an additional concern, one that still causes issues today: interfaces between [[electronic health record]]s (EHR) and the laboratory and other clinical information systems that feed medical diagnostic information into the EHRs. In particular, they found "the interface between EHRs and laboratory and radiology information systems typically has limited clinical information, and the lack of sufficiently detailed information makes it difficult for a pathologist or radiologist to determine the proper context for interpreting findings or to decide whether diagnostic testing is appropriate."<ref name="NASEMImprov15" /> EHR integration was also a problem at the peak of the [[COVID-19]] [[pandemic]]. In early April 2020, a report from ''Nature'' revealed that academic research laboratories wanting to assist with COVID-19 testing efforts had at times been stymied by the incompatibility between academic informatics systems and hospital EHRs. Not only were hospitals using EHRs of differing types, but many of those EHRs were not designed to talk to other EHRs, let alone to academic and research laboratories' informatics systems. Combine this with strict account procedures and the costs of developing interfaces on-the-fly, more than a few medical systems turned away the offer of help from academic and research labs during the height of the pandemic.<ref name="MaxmenThousands20">{{cite journal |title=Thousands of coronavirus tests are going unused in US labs |journal=Nature |author=Maxmen, A. |volume=580 |issue=7803 |pages=312–13 |year=2020 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-01068-3 |pmid=32273619}}</ref> Had there been greater systems integration across these two essentially disparate lab types, it's possible even more academic laboratories with the necessary testing equipment could have assisted with running patient-based clinical testing.
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| While this constitutes an extreme example, it's possible that a push for improved interoperability across the systems used in commercial clinical diagnostic labs and academic clinical research labs could have other benefits, for example with improving the state of interdisciplinary research, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellah |first=Md Motasim |date=2017-11-28 |title=The Emergence of Interdisciplinary Research in Cancer Diagnostics |url=https://medcraveonline.com/JNMR/the-emergence-of-interdisciplinary-research-in-cancer-diagnostics.html |journal=Journal of Nanomedicine Research |volume=6 |issue=3 |doi=10.15406/jnmr.2017.06.00161}}</ref> A similar case can be made for clinical diagnostic systems and academic researchers seeking to conduct translational research using de-identified clinical patient data found in EHRs.<ref name="ZhangSemantic19">{{cite journal |title=Semantic integration of clinical laboratory tests from electronic health records for deep phenotyping and biomarker discovery |journal=npj Digital Medicine |author=Zhang, X.A.; Yates, A.; Vasilevsky, N. et al. |volume=2 |at=32 |year=2019 |doi=10.1038/s41746-019-0110-4 |pmid=31119199 |pmc=PMC6527418}}</ref> However, haphazardly throwing technology at dynamic, real-time scheduling won't work, particularly in part due to how integration problems can quickly emerge.
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| '''2. Pharmaceutical manufacturing quality control labs''': In the realm of manufacturing, laboratories play an important role in ensuring the safety and quality of produced goods, as well as participating in their development and optimization. As the emergence of Industry 4.0 in manufacturing pushes the industry and its associated laboratories towards improvements in interoperability, integration, and data and information availability, new, more complex solutions become necessary.<ref name="SousaAnInter22">{{cite web |url=https://hdl.handle.net/1822/78715 |title=An interoperable framework for industrial IoT systems integration towards Zero-Defect Manufacturing |author=Ribeiro de Sousa, J.P. |publisher=University of Minho |date=12 May 2022 |accessdate=28 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beregi |first=Richárd |last2=Pedone |first2=Gianfranco |last3=Háy |first3=Borbála |last4=Váncza |first4=József |date=2021-08-18 |title=Manufacturing Execution System Integration through the Standardization of a Common Service Model for Cyber-Physical Production Systems |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/16/7581 |journal=Applied Sciences |language=en |volume=11 |issue=16 |pages=7581 |doi=10.3390/app11167581 |issn=2076-3417}}</ref> Here we'll use a 2020 article published in ''Computers in Industry'' as an example, where Coito ''et al.'' present their [[middleware]] platform for intelligent automation, as applied to the [[quality control]] (QC) laboratories of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.<ref name="CoitoAMiddle20" /> The authors note that in these labs, "every drug must be sampled and tested to ensure it meets all safety and quality requirements," and that due to the "dynamic scheduling problems" inherent to the labs' six major activities (i.e., "system preparation, system suitability, sample preparation, analytical run, data processing, and review"), how laboratory personnel and equipment is managed and optimized in real-time is essential.<ref name="CoitoAMiddle20" /> The authors not that "the current level of data integration required to develop an intelligent automation system in real-time settings can be very complex, having to fetch data from many different sources while dealing with poor data quality." This makes a focus on interoperability essential and itself a difficult challenge to solve. Their middleware automation solution incorporated "two different industrial identification solutions to demonstrate the interoperability of the system," with a strong focus on the OPC Unified Architecture (UA) information modelling framework as a more future-proof solution to addressing interoperability for both legacy devices and future devices.<ref name="CoitoAMiddle20" /> The end result or "why" of their approach is that the increasingly complex pharmaceutical QC lab benefits from improved interoperability and integration through the optimization of resource utilization, material preparation, and workflow throughput and efficiency.<ref name="CoitoAMiddle20" />
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| ==The how of laboratory interoperability and integration==
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| While there are viable options for labs (including [[laboratory information system]]s [LIS] and [[laboratory information management system]]s [LIMS] capable of extensive instrument and data system integration), the "how" of interoperability and integration in today's labs remains challenging. A 2019 article in the American Association for Clinical Chemistry's ''CLN Stat'' addressed remaining roadblocks, including lack of standards development, data quality issues, clinical data matching, lack of incentivizing health IT optimization, text-based reporting formats, differences in terminology, and HL7 messaging issues. They add that proposals from the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services include possible fixes such as standardized [[application programming interface]]s (API). They also note that middleware may pick up the slack in connecting more laboratory devices, rather than depending on the LIS to handle all the interfacing.<ref name="AACCStrength19">{{cite web |url=https://www.myadlm.org/cln/cln-stat/2019/february/21/strengthening-the-chain-of-interoperability |title=Strengthening the Chain of Interoperability |author=American Association for Clinical Chemistry |work=CLN Stat |date=21 February 2019 |accessdate=27 February 2024}}</ref>
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| While there's a focus on clinical laboratories with the above, some of the same interoperability and integration challenges (and solutions, e.g., middleware) apply to labs serving other industries. Additional challenges have also been stated, as with the work of Coito ''et al.''<ref name="CoitoAMiddle20" />:
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| <blockquote>The current level of data integration required to develop an intelligent automation system in real-time settings can be very complex, having to fetch data from many different sources while dealing with poor data quality ... Among the challenges in the development of intelligent automation solutions we consider features such as: interoperability, as the capacity of one system to be seamlessly integrated with others; responsiveness, as the ability to acquire information, analyze and deliver insights immediately; digitalization, as the process of converting information into the digital format, including digital twins and simulation models used to simulate and analyze the behavior of complex systems; traceability, tracking resources and products over their entire life-cycle; decentralization, related to decision and where it is made, through the use of DSSs; flexibility, to ensure the integration of new modules or the adaptation of the existing ones when there are changes in the requirements; security, regarding intellectual property and fail safe mechanisms; interface, as the way information is visualized and communicated; scalability, as the capacity of maintain the level of performance under an increasing workload; and finally, the data characteristics we are dealing with...</blockquote>
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| Finally, the implementation of [[HL7]]- and other standard-based interfaces in LIS, LIMS, and middleware solutions historically has been expensive for many vendors to implement<ref name="John3504HL7_11">{{cite web |url=https://community.spiceworks.com/topic/175107-hl7-interface-cost-and-maintenance |title=HL7 Interface cost and maintenance |author=John3504 |work=Spiceworks |date=07 December 2011 |accessdate=27 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="MLOStaffInterf12">{{cite web |url=https://www.mlo-online.com/home/article/13004490/interfacing-the-lis |title=Interfacing the LIS |author=MLO Staff |work=Medical Laboratory Observer |date=01 August 2012 |accessdate=28 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="DuckworthITIn">{{cite web |url=https://www.laboratorynetwork.com/doc/it-in-the-lab-the-instrument-interface-revisi-0002 |title=IT in the Lab: The Instrument Interface... Revisited |author=Duckworth, J. |work=Laboratory Network |accessdate=28 February 2024}}</ref>, with that cost being passed down to the buyer of the informatics solution. However, there are also costs associated with not having robust electronic connectivity and integration within the laboratory, such as experiencing more pre-analytical errors, missing information, and claims submission delays, as well as greater operating costs and less reliable analytical results.<ref name="DopTheImp20">{{cite web |url=https://www.mlo-online.com/management/reimbursement/article/21203124/the-impact-of-connectivity-on-a-labs-bottom-line |title=The impact of connectivity on a lab’s bottom line |author=Dop, M.; Flamant, P. |work=Medical Laboratory Observer |date=22 December 2020 |accessdate=28 February 2024}}</ref> As such, the lab will still want to seek out one or more electronic solutions that are capable of integrating instruments and other software systems.
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| The "why" of the importance of improved interoperability and systems integration is "because without it, the lab is exposed to more risks and stands to be less efficient and accurate with its operations. The "how" of implementing improved interoperability and systems integration will vary from lab to lab, but the lab must nonetheless make careful consideration of its data, data standards, systems, workflows, inefficiencies, and risks in the scope of not addressing the matter. For one lab, this may mean a configurable or customized middleware solution to handle tens of instruments and software systems, and for another it may mean the acquisition of a LIMS with robust instrument and software integration tools to better integrate two or three instruments and another software system (like a [[chromatography data system]] [CDS] or [[manufacturing execution system]] [MES]). At the core of that "how" is the idea of standardization as a means towards interoperability<ref name="PIAInter23">{{cite web |url=https://pharmacyinformaticsacademy.com/2023/03/14/interoperability-and-standards/ |title=Interoperability and Standards |work=Pharmacy Informatics Academy |date=14 March 2023 |accessdate=28 February 2024}}</ref>, and the lab will need to examine what standardization means for not only laboratory workflows but also the information and data produced, and how it is all integrated.
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| ==Conclusion==
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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