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| {{About|the general software replacement for laboratory notebooks|other uses of the term "electronic laboratory notebook," "electronic lab notebook," or "ELN"|ELN}}<br />
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| [[File:AGBell Notebook.jpg|right|thumb|280px|Alexander Graham Bell's unpublished lab notebook, well before the invention of the ELN]]An '''electronic laboratory notebook''' (also known as '''electronic lab notebook''' or '''ELN''') is a [[software]] program or package designed to replace more traditional paper-based [[laboratory notebook]]s, which have for centuries been used by academic and industry researchers to document the procedures and results of experiments. ELNs in general are used by researchers to document, store, retrieve, and share fully electronic [[laboratory]] data and information—usually research-based—"in ways that meet all legal, regulatory, technical, and scientific requirements."<ref name="ZallTheNasc01">{{cite journal |title=The nascent paperless laboratory |journal=Chemical Innovation |author=Zall, M. |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=14–21 |year=2001 |url=http://pubsapp.acs.org/subscribe/archive/ci/31/i02/html/02zall.html}}</ref> A well-designed ELN is also meant to act as legal documentation as well as scientific documentation, and it may be used in a court of law as evidence. Similar to an inventor's notebook, the lab notebook is also often referred to in patent prosecution and intellectual property litigation. Modern electronic lab notebooks have the advantage of being easier to search and share, better supporting collaboration among many users, and being more secure than their paper counterparts. However, the transition from paper-based laboratory notebooks to electronic versions can present a number of challenges to organizations, particularly in regards to researchers rejecting their use as being too time-consuming to learn, too difficult to use, and insufficient to meeting their needs.
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| ==History of the ELN==
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| While some credit Dr. Keith Caserta with the concept of an electronic version of the laboratory notebook<ref name="EarlyELN">{{cite journal |title=Meeting Program Division of Chemical Education |journal=Chemical Information Bulletin |editor=Matthews, M. |volume=45 |issue=3 |page=64 |year=1993 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5647/m1/48/}}</ref>, it's likely that others had similar early ideas on how to integrate computing into the process of laboratory note taking.<ref name="ELNLifeArch">{{cite web |url=http://web.me.com/evildrbob/Site/My_ELN_Life/My_ELN_Life.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110515133816/http://web.me.com/evildrbob/Site/My_ELN_Life/My_ELN_Life.html |title=My ELN Life |author=Rumpf, W. |publisher=Wolfgang Rumpf, Ph.D |archivedate=15 May 2011 |accessdate=08 March 2024}}</ref> Significant discussion concerning the transition from a pen-and-paper laboratory notebook to an electronic format was already in full swing in the early 1990s. During the 206th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in August of 1993, an entire day of the conference was dedicated to talking about "electronic notebooks" and ELNs.<ref name="MMattChemEd">{{cite journal |title=Meeting Program Division of Chemical Education |journal=Chemical Information Bulletin |editor=Matthews, M. |volume=45 |issue=3 |page=46 |year=1993 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5647/m1/48/}}</ref> "A tetherless electronic equivalent of the paper notebook would be welcomed by the working scientist," noted Virginia Polytechnic Institute's Dr. Raymond E. Dessy for the conference.<ref name="EarlyELN" /> Dessy had in the mid-1980s begun postulating on the idea of an electronic notebook, and by 1994 he provided one of the first working examples of an ELN.<ref name="BormanELNRev">{{cite journal |url=https://pubs.acs.org/toc/cenear/72/21 |title=Electronic Laboratory Notebooks May Revolutionize Research Record Keeping |journal=Chemical Engineering News |author=Borman, S. |volume=72 |issue=21 |pages=10–20 |year=1994 |doi=10.1021/cen-v072n021.p010}}</ref>
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| By 1997, a special interest group called the Collaborative Electronic Notebook Systems Association (CENSA) formed. Supported by 11 major pharmaceutical and chemical companies, the consortium worked with scientific software and hardware vendors to facilitate the creation of an ELN that met the technical and regulatory needs of its members.<ref name="LysakowskiTgeCikkav97">{{cite journal |title=The Collaborative Electronic Notebook Systems Consortium |journal=Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society |author=Lysakowski, R. |volume=6 |pages=2659–2661 |year=1997 |doi=10.1109/IEMBS.1997.756879}}</ref> The consortium at that time envisioned a collaborative ELN that "teams of scientists worldwide can use to reliably capture, manage, securely share, and permanently archive and retrieve all common data and records generated by research and development and testing labs."<ref name="ChandlerDocument97">{{cite book |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1m24k447#page-40 |title=Documenting the Biotechnology Industry in the San Francisco Bay Area |author=Chandler, R.L. |publisher=University of California - San Diego Libraries |page=40 |year=1997 |accessdate=21 March 2020}}</ref> That same year development of an enterprise-wide ELN at Kodak's research facilities in England was in full swing. The Kodak ELN was "implemented as a collection of Lotus Notes databases and applications," making it arguably one of the first enterprise ELN solutions in use at the time.<ref name="McLaughlinImpact99">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 11: The Wired Laboratory |title=Impact of Advances in Computing and Communications Technologies on Chemical Science and Technology: Report of a Workshop |author=McLaughlin, D.R. |publisher=National Academy Press |year=1999 |pages=164 |isbn=0309065771 |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/9591/chapter/15#164}}</ref>
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| In 1998 one of the first web-based versions of an ELN was introduced in the form of the University of Oregon's Virtual Notebook Environment (ViNE), "a platform-independent, web-based interface designed to support a range of scientific activities across distributed, heterogeneous computing platforms."<ref name="SkidmoreAProto98">{{cite journal |title=A Prototype Notebook-Based Environment for Computational Tools Computational Tools |journal=Proceedings of the 1998 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing |author=Skidmore, J.L.; Sottile, M.J.; Cuny, J.E.; Malony, A.D. |year=1998 |pages=22 |doi=10.1109/SC.1998.10031}}</ref> This innovation would go on to inspire vendors in the 2000s to develop web-based thin-client ELNs for laboratories everywhere. Yet it likely wasn't until the [[Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act]] (ESIGN) in June 2000 that the true legal implications of what a fully electronic laboratory notebook would have on the industry. If an ELN were to be responsible for providing validation during the patent processes and be valid for other types of [[audit]]s, a mechanism for authenticating the origin of the ideas would be necessary. The ESIGN act meant that electronic records could be authenticated and [[Electronic signature|digital signatures]] made legally binding, lending further relevancy to ELNs. Instead of searching through notebooks and piles of documents, printing material, and submitting thousands of pages for an FDA audit, ELN users could suddenly collate and submit electronic records, saving time and headaches.<ref name="ZallTheNasc01" />
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| Enthusiasm for ELNs began to pick up again in the early 2000s, with a strong case for further data integration into ELNs being made at the CENSA-supported International Quality & Productivity Center (IQPC) conference in London during September 2004. During that conference the push for stronger [[data integration]] was made, with the base premise that "ELNs would improve corporate strategy by allowing information to be used more intelligently with the help of decision-support software."<ref name="ReesHowTo04">{{cite web |url=https://www.scientific-computing.com/feature/how-capture-data-share |title=How to capture data to share |author=Rees, P. |work=Scientific Computing World |publisher=Europa Science |date=01 November 2004 |accessdate=08 March 2024}}</ref> By early 2007, industry-specific ELNs were pushing growth in the market: ''Scientific Computing World'' estimated 83 percent of related organizations declaring interest in ELNs, with 43 percent of those organizations seriously considering an evaluation or purchase.<ref name="SciCompWorld1">{{cite web |url=https://www.scientific-computing.com/feature/state-eln-market |author=Elliot, M.H. |title=The state of the ELN Market |work=Scientific Computing World |publisher=Europa Science |date=01 December 2006 |accessdate=08 March 2024}}</ref>
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| Despite the beginnings of an economic downturn in the late 2000s, Atrium Research later estimated that the ELN's market potential was around $1.7 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atriumresearch.com/html/PR/pr060109.htm |title=Atrium Research Announces Fourth Edition of Landmark Report on Electronic Laboratory Notebooks |publisher=Atrium Research |date=02 June 2009 |accessdate=04 May 2011}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref name="LFinderAtrium07">{{cite web |url=http://www.limsfinder.com/BlogDetail.aspx?id=32062_0_3_0_C |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908031324/http://www.limsfinder.com/BlogDetail.aspx?id=32062_0_3_0_C |title=Atrium Research Announces the Third Edition of Landmark Report on Electronic Laboratory Notebooks |work=LIMSfinder.org |date=07 May 2007 |archivedate=08 September 2007 |accessdate=21 March 2020}}</ref> During this time, scientists and academics—traditionally slow to adopt technological change—were gradually warming up to the benefits of an ELN. Academics in particular realized the problems the high turnover postdoc rate created in research laboratories. Postdocs would depart from the university, leaving [[PI]]s and directors scratching their heads on where the data ended up. ELNs changed that, allowing much more persistent data that can be found and referenced even after a postdoc departs.<ref name="DanceDigital10">{{cite journal |title=Digital Upgrade: How to choose your lab's next electronic lab notebook |journal=The Scientist |author=Dance, A. |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=71 |year=2010 |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/digital-upgrade-43342}}</ref>
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| The movement towards ELN integration into other laboratory functions during the 2000s eventually led to the blurring of what an ELN actually is. In early 2007, ''Scientific Computing World'' reported that the definition of an ELN varied among scientists, with 35 percent of them stating they were "clear about the difference between a [[[laboratory information management system]] (LIMS)] and an ELN."<ref name="SciCompWorld1" /> Today, it's possible to see in some vendors' offerings the formerly distinct entity that was an ELN to now be completely integrated into a LIMS. {{As of|2024}}, ELNs can be found as standalone solutions or as integrated modules of some other software like a LIMS, running as locally installed software or in the [[Cloud computing|cloud]] under the [[software as a service]] model.
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| As modern laboratory research has increasingly incorporated more digital sources of data and information from instruments and other sources, labs conducting laboratory notebook-assisted research today—in both academic and industrial environments—have had to necessarily look at old paper notebook formats as antiquated and incompatible with modern research methods and increasingly digitalized workflows.<ref name="NussbeckTheLab14">{{cite journal |last=Nussbeck |first=Sara Y |last2=Weil |first2=Philipp |last3=Menzel |first3=Julia |last4=Marzec |first4=Bartlomiej |last5=Lorberg |first5=Kai |last6=Schwappach |first6=Blanche |year=2014 |title=The laboratory notebook in the 21 st century: The electronic laboratory notebook would enhance good scientific practice and increase research productivity |url=https://www.embopress.org/doi/10.15252/embr.201338358 |journal=EMBO reports |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=631–634 |doi=10.15252/embr.201338358 |issn=1469-221X |pmc=PMC4197872 |pmid=24833749}}</ref><ref name="DirnaglAPocket16">{{cite journal |last=Dirnagl |first=Ulrich |last2=Przesdzing |first2=Ingo |date=2016-01-04 |title=A pocket guide to electronic laboratory notebooks in the academic life sciences |url=https://f1000research.com/articles/5-2/v1 |journal=F1000Research |language=en |volume=5 |pages=2 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.7628.1 |issn=2046-1402 |pmc=PMC4722687 |pmid=26835004}}</ref> With this greater need for an ELN, the ELN market was predicted in 2022 by Verified Market Research to reach nearly $795 million by 2028, below Atrium's late 2000s predictions but gaining ground again, with "the increasing need for data stored electronically ... imposing an assertive impact factor on the market."<ref name="VMSGlobal22">{{cite web |url=https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/electronic-lab-notebook-eln-market/ |title=Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) Market Size And Forecast |publisher=Verified Market Research |date=May 2022 |accessdate=08 March 2024}}</ref> However, as ELNs have become more complex, often taking on additional functionality found in other laboratory systems like the LIMS, there has come with it a greater chance of overall cost and complexity of use increasing, in turn negatively impacting overall adoption of the ELN by laboratorians.<ref name="DirnaglAPocket16" /> As such, complex modern ELNs have needed to be more intuitive, easy-to-learn, and well-documented in order to better ensure full adoption.<ref name="HigginsConsider22">{{Cite journal |last=Higgins |first=Stuart G. |last2=Nogiwa-Valdez |first2=Akemi A. |last3=Stevens |first3=Molly M. |date=2022-02 |title=Considerations for implementing electronic laboratory notebooks in an academic research environment |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-021-00645-8 |journal=Nature Protocols |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=179–189 |doi=10.1038/s41596-021-00645-8 |issn=1754-2189}}</ref>
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| ==Regulations and legal aspects==
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| ELNs used for research or development in regulated clinical industries, such as medical devices or pharmaceuticals, are expected to comply with U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) regulations like [[21 CFR Part 11]], which address matters of software validation, [[data integrity]], [[data retention]], [[audit trail]]s, signed records, and secured access to data.<ref name="21CFR11">{{cite web |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=11&showFR=1 |title=CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 11 Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=22 December 2023 |accessdate=08 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="RDEditorsAQuick12">{{cite web |url=https://www.rdworldonline.com/a-quick-guide-to-eln-regulatory-requirements/ |title=A Quick Guide to ELN Regulatory Requirements |author=R&D Editors |work=R&D World |date=10 May 2012 |accessdate=08 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="LFWhite20">{{cite web |url=https://labfolder.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Labfolder-CFR21-Part11-Whitepaper.docx-2.pdf |format=PDF |title=Whitepaper: FDA's 21 CFR Part 11 |publisher=Labforward GmbH |date=January 2020 |accessdate=08 March 2024}}</ref> Additionally, record keeping requirements of laboratory-related standards such as [[ISO/IEC 17025]] and [[ISO 15189]] place additional pressure on ELN vendors to supply functionality that helps ELN users better comply to accreditation to those standards.<ref name="HigginsConsider22" /> Regulations similar to 21 CFR Part 11 in other countries, such as Europe's Annex 11 and Japan's PFSB 040122, will also require similar demands from ELN.<ref name="RDEditorsAQuick12" /> However just because an ELN is electronic doesn't automatically make it secure and compliant with standards and regulations, putting the onus on adopters of the technology to validate the ELN to what it's purported to do.
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| In addition to regulatory compliance, R&D organizations of all types using paper or electronic laboratory notebooks are concerned with the explicit protection of the data and information found in those notebooks, as well as in any other documents or electronic systems.<ref name="DeptaKnowledge15">{{Cite journal |last=Depta |first=Ryszard |date=2015 |title=Knowledge management in R&D centres, in the field of biomedicine, using contemporary information and communication technology and the methodology of continuous improvement |url=https://doi.org/10.14611/minib.17.03.2015.10 |journal=Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=55–102 |doi=10.14611/minib.17.03.2015.10}}</ref> From prototypes of new products and technologies to proprietary recipes and more, protection of intellectual property for maintaining patentability and market share are important to organizations, and any ELNs containing such material must be designed with this in mind. Ensuring access to information on a "need to know" basis based upon role, security level, or location is useful toward legally protecting data and information in an ELN. Traceability and provenance mechanisms such as [[audit trail]]s and [[electronic signature]]s—which combined link an individual to one or more time-stamped actions—allow organizations employing ELNs to determine cases of unauthorized access, data and information destruction, and compromising of [[data integrity]]. Long-term archiving of records and authentication information is also an important aspect of ELNs and protecting data and information.<ref name="HigginsConsider22" /><ref name="DeptaKnowledge15" /><ref name="FlintonProving11">{{cite web |url=https://www.labmanager.com/proving-ownership-18567 |title=Proving Ownership |author=Flinton, R.P. |work=Lab Manager |date=05 June 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="BirdLab13">{{Cite journal |last=Bird |first=Colin L. |last2=Willoughby |first2=Cerys |last3=Frey |first3=Jeremy G. |date=2013 |title=Laboratory notebooks in the digital era: the role of ELNs in record keeping for chemistry and other sciences |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c3cs60122f |journal=Chemical Society Reviews |language=en |volume=42 |issue=20 |pages=8157 |doi=10.1039/c3cs60122f |issn=0306-0012}}</ref>
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| ==Modern features of an ELN==
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| ELNs are generally divided into two categories<ref name="SciCompWorld1" />:
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| *A "specific" ELN contains features designed to work within specific applications, scientific instrumentation, or data types.
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| *A cross-disciplinary or "generic" ELN is designed to support access to all data and information that needs to be recorded in a lab notebook.
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| Among these two general categories are ELNs that capture two particular markets: individual researchers and group research teams. ELNs can be tailored to one or both types of markets, with both groups and individuals benefiting from the ELN's inherent ability to add structure to research records. Groups utilizing an ELN typically require two additional abilities: to share research data and communicate about their research.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.researchspace.com/electronic-lab-notebook/blog/lab/?tag=record |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929193010/http://www.researchspace.com/electronic-lab-notebook/blog/lab/?tag=record |title=Are electronic lab notebooks for individuals or groups? |author=Macneil, R. |work=The electronic lab notebook blog |publisher=ResearchSpace/Axiope |date=11 November 2010 |archivedate=29 September 2017 |accessdate=21 March 2020}}</ref>
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| Modern features include, but are not limited to<ref name="NussbeckTheLab14" /><ref name="DirnaglAPocket16" /><ref name="HigginsConsider22" /><ref name="LoveluckFind20">{{Cite web |last=Loveluck, J. |date=08 October 2020 |title=Finding the Right Electronic Lab Notebook with the Corey Lab |work=Harvard Research Data Management |url=https://datamanagement.hms.harvard.edu/news/finding-right-electronic-lab-notebook-corey-lab |publisher=Harvard Medical School |accessdate=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="PlassUsing23">{{Cite journal |last=Plass |first=Fabian |last2=Englisch |first2=Silvan |last3=Apeleo Zubiri |first3=Benjamin |last4=Pflug |first4=Lukas |last5=Spiecker |first5=Erdmann |last6=Stingl |first6=Michael |date=2023-11-22 |title=Using OpenBIS as Virtual Research Environment: An ELN-LIMS Open-Source Database Tool as a Framework within the CRC 1411 Design of Particulate Products |url=https://account.datascience.codata.org/index.php/up-j-dsj/article/view/1500 |journal=Data Science Journal |volume=22 |pages=44 |doi=10.5334/dsj-2023-044 |issn=1683-1470}}</ref><ref name="KanzaElect17">{{Cite journal |last=Kanza |first=Samantha |last2=Willoughby |first2=Cerys |last3=Gibbins |first3=Nicholas |last4=Whitby |first4=Richard |last5=Frey |first5=Jeremy Graham |last6=Erjavec |first6=Jana |last7=Zupančič |first7=Klemen |last8=Hren |first8=Matjaž |last9=Kovač |first9=Katarina |date=2017-12 |title=Electronic lab notebooks: can they replace paper? |url=https://jcheminf.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13321-017-0221-3 |journal=Journal of Cheminformatics |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.1186/s13321-017-0221-3 |issn=1758-2946 |pmc=PMC5443717 |pmid=29086051}}</ref><ref name="KnippenbergBest18">{{Cite web |last=Knippenberg, R. |title=Best Practices for Electronic Laboratory Notebook Implementation in R&D Labs |work=Astrix Insights |url=https://astrixinc.com/best-practices-for-electronic-laboratory-notebook-implementation-in-rd-labs/ |publisher=Astrix, Inc |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208184311/https://astrixinc.com/best-practices-for-electronic-laboratory-notebook-implementation-in-rd-labs/ |archivedate=08 December 2023 |date=30 June 2018 |accessdate=05 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="CoveyElectronic19">{{cite web |url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/markus-library/uploads/www.rockefeller.edu/sites/207/2019/05/Electronic-Notebooks-CCTS.pdf |format=PDF |title=Electronic Lab Notebooks: From paper to screen, keeping track of your research |author=Covey, M.; Goto, R.; Ceglia, I. |publisher=Rita and Frits Markus Library, Rockefeller University |date=May 2019 |accessdate=05 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Argento |first=Nicolas |date=2020-03-04 |title=Institutional ELN/LIMS deployment: Highly customizable ELN/LIMS platform as a cornerstone of digital transformation for life sciences research institutes |url=https://www.embopress.org/doi/10.15252/embr.201949862 |journal=EMBO reports |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=e49862 |doi=10.15252/embr.201949862 |issn=1469-221X |pmc=PMC7054672 |pmid=32129000}}</ref>:
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| *direct real-time recording of data and information in various (standard) formats like text, images, tables, chromatograms, and raw data files;
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| *robust support for tagging, searching, and reusing data, information, files, etc.;
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| *support for standard vocabularies and [[metadata]] schemes, including semantic enrichment schemes<ref name="PASemantic24">{{cite web |url=https://www.pistoiaalliance.org/projects/current-projects/semantic-enrichment-of-eln-data/ |title=Semantic Enrichment of Electronic Lab Notebook Data |author=Prior, D. |publisher=Pistoia Alliance |date=21 January 2024 |accessdate=06 March 2024}}</ref>;
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| *lending of structure to data and information through the use of preformatted or customizable templates with drag-and-drop support;
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| *flexible creation of links between records, including reference managers and other notebooks;
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| *group, project, and experiment management;
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| *import and export functionality, particularly in standard, portable file formats;
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| *storage of fully searchable records in a secure database format, with automatic backup;
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| *inclusion of messaging and commenting functionality for better collaboration;
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| *inclusion of safety data, including flags for dangerous chemicals;
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| *data integrity and security tools like electronic signatures, time-stamped audit logs, controlled access levels, version control, automated import of instrument data, and archiving capabilities;
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| *generation of secure forms that accept laboratory data input real-time via a computing device and/or laboratory equipment (i.e., integration);
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| *accommodation of a scheduling option for routine procedures such as equipment qualification and study-related timelines;
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| *support for standard chemical, genetic, and other molecular libraries, visualization, and nomenclature formats, e.g., LaTeX; and
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| *inventory management of instruments, reagents, samples, etc.
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| ==ELN vendors==
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| See the [[ELN vendor]] page for a list of ELN vendors past and present.
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| ==Further reading==
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| * {{cite journal |title=Electronic lab notebooks: Can they replace paper? |journal=Journal of Cheminformatics |author=Kanza, S.; Willoughby, C.; Gibbins, N. et al. |volume=9 |pages=31 |year=2017 |doi=10.1186/s13321-017-0221-3 |pmc=PMC5443717}}
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| <!---Place all category tags here-->
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| [[Category:Laboratory informatics]]
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| [[Category:Software systems]]
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