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| <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div>
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| [[File:Gamma Laboratory (06410614) (8163844294).jpg|right|450px]]
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| '''Title''': ''What are the key elements of a LIMS for materials testing?''
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| '''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas
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| '''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]
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| '''Publication date''': January 2024
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| ==Introduction==
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| [[Materials science|Materials testing]] inherently has multiple complexities that can challenge the [[laboratory]] and its efficient operation. Carbons, plastics, polymers, rubbers, foams, composites, metals, ceramics, wood, textiles, electronics, coatings, and more may be researched, analyzed, and/or manufactured in the materials testing world, in turn requiring a multitude of standardized test methods to gauge the physical, mechanical, chemical, and even biological characteristics of a material. Additionally, materials testing data and information can come in multiple formats, nomenclatures, and hierarchies, adding additional complexity. This requires well-designed [[laboratory informatics]] solutions like [[laboratory information management system]]s (LIMS) to better manage these and other challenges in the lab. However, a basic one-size-fits-all LIMS likely won't work.
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| This brief topical article will examine the informatics needs of the materials testing lab, including a base set of LIMS functionality (i.e., system requirements) that is critical to fulfilling the information management and workflow requirements of this type of lab. Additional unique requirements will also be briefly discussed.
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| '''Note''': Any citation leading to a software vendor's site is not to be considered a recommendation for that vendor. The citation should however still stand as a representational example of what vendors are implementing in their systems.
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| ==Base LIMS requirements for materials labs==
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| Like other labs, materials testing labs increasingly require an informatics solution that meets all or most of its workflow requirements. These requirements are often driven by [[LIMS FAQ:What types of testing occur within a materials testing laboratory?|standardized test methods]], in turn driven by [[LIMS FAQ:What standards and regulations affect a materials testing laboratory?|regulations and accreditation requirements]]. This requires a pre-configured and future-configurable solution that enables materials testing personnel to quickly select and use standardized test methods and forms, and make the changes they need to those methods and forms if those changes make sense within the overall data structure of the LIMS.
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| What follows is a list of fundamental LIMS functionality important to most any materials testing laboratory, with a majority of that functionality found in many vendor software solutions.<ref name="LWuniLIME">{{cite web |url=https://www.lims.wien/lime.php?ID=5 |title=uniLIME Factsheet |publisher=Advanced Technical Software |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="AHPLabInfo">{{cite web |url=https://www.ahp-gmbh.de/?GO=caq_qpr_lims.htm |title=Laboratory Information System |publisher=AHP GmbH |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="BatalyseMind">{{cite web |url=https://www.batalyse.com/modules/mind/ |title=Mind |publisher=Batalyse GmbH |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="ExevisionMaterials">{{cite web |url=https://www.exevision.com/lims2 |title=Materials Management / LIMS |publisher=ExeVision, Inc |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="LyonsLLMS">{{cite web |url=https://www.lyonsinfo.com/llms-Laboratory-Management-System |title=LLMS – Lyons Laboratory Management System - LIMS for Material, Textile & Apparel testing |publisher= Lyons Information Systems, Inc |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="MZSolutions">{{cite web |url=https://www.materials.zone/solutions |title=Solutions |publisher=Materials Zone Ltd |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="PITestsOnMat">{{cite web |url=https://www.polinfo.it/en/product_cat/tests-on-materials/ |title=Tests on Materials |publisher=Polisystem Informatica Srl |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="QBenchMaterial">{{cite web |url=https://qbench.com/qbench-lims-for-physical-mechanical-and-material-testing-labs |title=LIMS for Physical, Mechanical, and Material Testing Labs |publisher=QBench, Inc |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="WSLIMSforAdvMat">{{cite web |url=https://www.wavefrontsoftware.com/lims-for-advanced-material-manufacturing/ |title=LIMS For Advanced Materials Manufacturing Laboratories |publisher=Wavefront Software, Inc |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="BassettiMaterials">{{cite web |url=https://www.bassetti-group.com/teexma-teexma-for-materials-data-data-base-analysis-environmental-environmental-compliance-smart-material/?lang=en |title=TEEXMA for Materials |publisher=Bassetti France SAS |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="CaesarSix22">{{cite journal |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/0910135f4fb88e682692cb4277545001/ |title=6 Trends That Make a Modern Laboratory Effective |journal=Quality Magazine |author=Caesar, D. |volume=61 |issue=12 |year=2022 |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=Gretchen |last2=Ragland |first2=Jared |last3=Trautt |first3=Zachary |last4=Lau |first4=June |last5=Plante |first5=Raymond |last6=Taillon |first6=Joshua |last7=Creuziger |first7=Adam |last8=Becker |first8=Chandler |last9=Bennett |first9=Joseph |last10=Blonder |first10=Niksa |last11=Borsuk |first11=Lisa |date=2022-04-11 |title=A roadmap for LIMS at NIST Material Measurement Laboratory |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/TechnicalNotes/NIST.TN.2216.pdf |place=Gaithersburg, MD |pages=NIST TN 2216 |doi=10.6028/nist.tn.2216}}</ref><ref name="MeegodaLab08">{{Cite web |last=Meegoda, J.N.; Tang, C. |date=April 2008 |title=FHWA-NJ-2004-010 Laboratory Information Management System - Final Report |url=https://trid.trb.org/view/884306 |publisher=New Jersey Department of Transportation}}</ref>
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| '''Test, sample, and result management'''
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| *Sample log-in and management, with support for unique IDs
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| *Sample batching
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| *[[Barcode]] and RFID support
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| *End-to-end sample and inventory tracking
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| *Pre-defined and configurable industry-specific test and method management for a variety of physical, mechanical, and chemical analyses
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| *Pre-defined and configurable industry-specific workflows
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| *Configurable screens and data fields
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| *Specification management
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| *Test, sampling, instrument, etc. scheduling and assignment
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| *Test requesting
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| *Data import, export, and archiving
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| *Robust query tools
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| *Analytical tools, including [[data visualization]], statistical analysis, and [[data mining]] tools
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| *Document and image management
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| *Project management
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| *Facility and sampling site management
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| *Storage management and monitoring
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| '''Quality, security, and compliance'''
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| *[[Quality assurance]] / [[quality control]] mechanisms
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| *Mechanisms for compliance with ISO/IEC 17025, ISO 9000, ASTM, A2LA, ANAB, and other requirements
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| *Result, method, protocol, batch, and material validation, review, and release
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| *Data validation
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| *Trend and control charting for statistical analysis and measurement of uncertainty
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| *User qualification, performance, and training management
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| *[[Audit trail]]s and [[chain of custody]] support
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| *Configurable and granular role-based security
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| *Configurable system access and use (i.e., authentication requirements, account usage rules, account locking, etc.)
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| *[[Electronic signature]] support
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| *Data [[encryption]] and secure communication protocols
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| *Archiving and [[Data retention|retention]] of data and information
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| *Configurable data [[backup]]s
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| *Status updates and alerts
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| *Incident and non-conformance notification, tracking, and management
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| '''Operations management and reporting'''
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| *Configurable dashboards for monitoring, by material, process, facility, etc.
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| *Customizable rich-text reporting, with multiple supported output formats
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| *Custom and industry-specific reporting, including certificates of analysis (CoAs)
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| *Email integration
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| *Bi-directional instrument interfacing and data management
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| *Third-party software interfacing (e.g., [[scientific data management system]] [SDMS], other databases)
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| *Data import, export, and archiving
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| *Instrument calibration and maintenance tracking
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| *Inventory and material management
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| *Supplier/vendor/customer management
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| *Customer portal
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| ==Specialty LIMS requirements==
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| Some laboratory informatics software vendors are addressing materials testing laboratories' needs beyond the features of a basic all-purpose LIMS. A standard LIMS tailored for materials testing may already contribute to some of these wider organizational functions, as well as more advanced laboratory workflow requirements, but many may not, or may vary in what additional functionality they provide. In that regard, a materials testing LIMS vendor may also include specialized functionality that assists these labs. This includes the provision of:
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| *'''A pre-defined library of materials specifications''': Given the wide variety of materials tested by these labs, a built-in materials library that can be referenced throughout the LIMS will have some utility. The reality may be that this feature is more useful for those labs conducting research and development (R&D) on new materials. However, some analytical and quality testing labs may also find access to such a library useful, particularly if any built-in or customizable test methods can also be linked to specific materials in the library.<ref name="AHPLabInfo" /><ref name="LyonsLLMS" />
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| *'''Integrative support for third-party materials databases''': A variety of third-party materials databases—e.g., from SpringerMaterials<ref name="SNSpringerMat">{{cite web |url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/products/databases-solutions/springermaterials |title=SpringerMaterials |publisher=Springer Nature |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref> to Materials Cloud<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Horejs |first=Christine |date=2021-08-24 |title=Integrating materials databases |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41578-021-00371-3 |journal=Nature Reviews Materials |language=en |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=967–967 |doi=10.1038/s41578-021-00371-3 |issn=2058-8437}}</ref>—provide extra value to many materials testing labs. The ability of the LIMS to support connections to and importing of data from these databases extends the value of those databases. When tools like the OPTIMADE API are included, even further integrations and standardized querying becomes available.<ref name=":0" />
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| *'''Tools for recipe, mix, and blend design and management''': When it comes to R&D of materials, numerous iterations of a material may emerge, requiring multiple recipe, mix, or blend processes. Some LIMS vendors recognize this, adding tools that allow these materials to more readily be designed, optimized, and analyzed directly from the LIMS, across multiple iterations.<ref name="MZSolutions" />
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| *'''Pre-built and configurable lab test forms (i.e., worksheets) and reporting templates''': Conformance to regulations and accrediting bodies is a significant concern for materials testing laboratories. From ASTM and AASHTO to A2LA and ANAB, specific requirements for lab test methods and their associated reports are placed on such labs. A thorough LIMS vendor catering to materials testing labs will include pre-built, customizable templates for properly recording and reporting all analytical results for stakeholders.<ref name="PITestsOnMat" />
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| *'''Robust document management''': Appropriate documentation is vital to the workflow of the materials testing laboratory. The system should support the attachment of photos, calibration records of test equipment, analytical readings, diagrams, 3D models, and more to other documents in the system.<ref name="BatalyseMind" /><ref name="MZSolutions" />
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| *'''Robust data normalization and aggregation''': Materials testing data can at times be highly heterogeneous and hierarchical, bringing additional data management complexity beyond the typical lab. Materials data management requires robust data normalization rules and tools that can help make materials data more searchable and usable. Whether coming from instruments or third-party materials databases, standardizing nomenclature and other metadata fields in order for the lab to make the most out of its data is vital.<ref name="MZCatalog">{{cite web |url=https://www.materials.zone/solutions/digital-materials-product-catalog |title=Digital materials/product catalog |publisher=Materials Zone Ltd |accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref>
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| *'''Support for multiple industry-specific data formats''': In some cases, industry-specific data formats arise within a given industry, and the materials testing world is no different. The LIMS should be able to support industry-specific data formats such MatML and ThermoML.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Tim |date=2016-03 |title=Towards a digital infrastructure for engineering materials data |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S235292451600003X |journal=Materials Discovery |language=en |volume=3 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/j.md.2015.12.003}}</ref>
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| ==Conclusion==
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| Materials testing can involve a multitude of test methods defined by a wide variety of accreditation and regulatory requirements. A laboratory information management system (LIMS) can prove critical to better managing data and workflows associated with these labs. Many LIMS vendors will already provide for a majority of what these labs needs, including support for unique sample IDs, user qualification management, and data import and export. However, these labs may require more functionality specific to their industry, such as support for libraries of materials specifications, robust data normalization tools, and strong support for industry-specific data formats. This FAQ examined the LIMS functionality most valuable to a materials testing laboratory, including specialty functionality that not all LIMS vendors may provide.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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