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Materials testing is as diverse as the available material types and industrial applications of those material types. Material testing domains include: | Materials testing is as diverse as the available material types and industrial applications of those material types. Material testing domains include: | ||
* Aerospace | *Aerospace | ||
* Automotive | *Automotive | ||
* Carbon | *Carbon | ||
* Coatings, linings, and sealants | *Coatings, linings, and sealants | ||
* Construction and engineering | *Construction and engineering | ||
* Insulation, foam, and composites | *Insulation, foam, and composites | ||
* Lubricants and thickeners | *Lubricants and thickeners | ||
* Medical devices | *Medical devices | ||
* Metals | *Metals | ||
* Packaging and labeling | *Packaging and labeling | ||
* Paints and oils | *Paints and oils | ||
* Paper | *Paper | ||
* Polymers and plastics | *Polymers and plastics | ||
* Raw materials | *Raw materials | ||
* Reference materials | *Reference materials | ||
* Rubbers | *Rubbers | ||
* Electronics and energy devices | *Electronics and energy devices | ||
* Textiles | *Textiles | ||
* Wood | *Wood | ||
Optimally, materials testing is performed by a [[laboratory]] that is accredited to a relevant set of standards and test methods, making materials testing more standardized and reliable, in turn adding confidence to any items made or constructed from those tested materials. | Optimally, materials testing is performed by a [[laboratory]] that is accredited to a relevant set of standards and test methods, making materials testing more standardized and reliable, in turn adding confidence to any items made or constructed from those tested materials. | ||
===Materials testing types=== | ===Materials testing types=== | ||
As noted prior, the diversity in materials testing methods is immense. As such, it's difficult to address all of them in an FAQ. That said, this article will provide examples of destructive and non-destructive test methods across the four property testing categories: physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological. (Note that in a few cases, a test might be destructive or non-destructive, depending on the particulars, for example as found with hardness and | As noted prior, the diversity in materials testing methods is immense. As such, it's difficult to address all of them in an FAQ. That said, this article will provide examples of destructive and non-destructive test methods across the four property testing categories: physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological. (Note that in a few cases, a test might be destructive or non-destructive, depending on the particulars, for example as found with hardness, thickness, and crimp (length) testing, which are physical tests.<ref name="BennettHard22">{{cite web |url=https://www.michlinmetals.com/hardness-testing-destructive-and-non-destructive-testing-ndt/ |title=Michael Talks Metal Video 112: Hardness Testing |author=Bennett, M. |publisher=Michlin Metals, Inc |date=08 December 2022 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="CohenDryFilm19">{{cite web |url=https://gardnerlaboratories.com/tag/destructive-film-thickness-tests/ |title=Dry Film Thickness Measurement On Non-Metal Substrates |author=Cohen, C. |work=BYK-Gardner Laboratories Blog |publisher=BYK-Gardner USA |date=05 February 2019 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="HaiderAComp18">{{Cite journal |last=Haider |first=F I |last2=Suryanto |last3=Ani |first3=M H |last4=Mahmood |first4=M H |date=2018-01 |title=A comparison between destructive and non-destructive techniques in determining coating thickness |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/290/1/012020 |journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering |volume=290 |pages=012020 |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/290/1/012020 |issn=1757-8981}}</ref><ref name="BabyNonDest22">{{Citation |last=Baby |first=Ruksana |last2=Mathur |first2=Kavita |last3=DenHartog |first3=Emiel |date=2022-11-02 |editor-last=Jeon |editor-first=Han-Yong |title=Non-destructive Characterizations of Natural Yarns and Fabrics |url=https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/80883 |work=Natural Fiber |language=en |publisher=IntechOpen |doi=10.5772/intechopen.102587 |isbn=978-1-80355-213-2 |accessdate=2023-11-01}}</ref> However, also note that physical tests aren't commonly destructive.) Real-world examples from materials testing laboratories accredited to [[ISO/IEC 17025]] are used to exemplify the broad set of test methods in use. | ||
====Physical==== | ====Physical==== | ||
A physical property of a material represents the actual physical, inconstant state of the material, with its own set of measurable and observable properties, separate from the material's chemical composition, mechanical, and biological properties.<ref name="MirandaWhatIs19">{{cite web |url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17626 |title=What is the Difference Between a Physical Property and a Mechanical Property? |author=Miranda, G.M. |work=AZO Materials |date=14 February 2019 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref> | A physical property of a material represents the actual physical, inconstant state of the material, with its own set of measurable and observable properties, separate from the material's chemical composition, mechanical, and biological properties.<ref name="MirandaWhatIs19">{{cite web |url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17626 |title=What is the Difference Between a Physical Property and a Mechanical Property? |author=Miranda, G.M. |work=AZO Materials |date=14 February 2019 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref> | ||
Non-destructive physical tests include<ref name="ANABProdAss21">{{cite web |url=https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Product-Assurance-Services-Inc-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-02-2021_1635864735.pdf |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Product Assurance Services, Inc |publisher=ANAB |date=02 November 2021 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="ANABCharterCoat22">{{cite web |url=https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Charter-Coating-Service-2000-Ltd-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-07-2022_1667841835.pdf |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Charter Coating Service (2000) Ltd |publisher=ANAB |date=07 November 2022 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="IASR&DServ22">{{cite web |url=https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-566-Cert-New.pdf |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation - R&D Services, Inc |publisher=International Accreditation Service, Inc |date=29 August 2022 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="A2LAIndustTest22">{{cite web |url=https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=90975A9E-26BB-4DCC-921A-9786F504539D |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Industrial Testing Laboratory Services |publisher=A2LA |date=01 June 2022 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref>: | |||
* | * visual testing | ||
* | * magnetic particle testing | ||
* resonant ultrasound testing | |||
* color tolerance and difference | |||
* specular gloss | |||
* solar reflectance index | |||
* apparent density | |||
* water vapor transmission | |||
* ultrasonic defect testing | |||
Tests that can be both destructive and non-destructive physical tests include<ref name="BennettHard22" /><ref name="CohenDryFilm19" /><ref name="HaiderAComp18" /><ref name="BabyNonDest22" />: | |||
* | *hardness | ||
*dry film and other coating thickness | |||
*yarn crimp percentage (length) | |||
'''Optical and Thermal''' | |||
*https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Integrated-Technologies-Inc-Cert-and-Scope-File-08-02-2023_1690996216.pdf | |||
* https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Integrated-Technologies-Inc-Cert-and-Scope-File-08-02-2023_1690996216.pdf | *https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/ABC-Technologies-Inc-dba-Salflex-Polymers-Cert-and-Scope-File-10-16-2023_1697484740.pdf | ||
* https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/ABC-Technologies-Inc-dba-Salflex-Polymers-Cert-and-Scope-File-10-16-2023_1697484740.pdf | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=76692A99-1A84-4915-AF6C-16521E541AD0 | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=76692A99-1A84-4915-AF6C-16521E541AD0 | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=8D04803D-427F-4698-8541-3E1FBF27EF05 | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=8D04803D-427F-4698-8541-3E1FBF27EF05 | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and * https://www.vartest.com/tech | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and * https://www.vartest.com/tech | *https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-388-CERT-NEW.pdf | ||
* https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-388-CERT-NEW.pdf | *https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-566-Cert-New.pdf | ||
* https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-566-Cert-New.pdf | *https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Charter-Coating-Service-2000-Ltd-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-07-2022_1667841835.pdf | ||
* https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Charter-Coating-Service-2000-Ltd-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-07-2022_1667841835.pdf | *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_non-destructive_testing_of_materials | ||
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_non-destructive_testing_of_materials | *https://www.aimplas.net/test-types/thermal-properties/ | ||
* https://www.aimplas.net/test-types/thermal-properties/ | *https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=18848 | ||
* https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=18848 | *https://byjus.com/physics/thermal-properties-of-materials/ | ||
* https://byjus.com/physics/thermal-properties-of-materials/ | |||
'''Fire and flammability''' (Destructive) | '''Fire and flammability''' (Destructive) | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and https://www.vartest.com/tech | |||
* https://www.rst-labs.com/en/fire-laboratory/ | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and https://www.vartest.com/tech | ||
* https://www.vteclabs.com/testing/fire-flammability-testing/ | *https://www.rst-labs.com/en/fire-laboratory/ | ||
*https://www.vteclabs.com/testing/fire-flammability-testing/ | |||
'''Acoustical''' | '''Acoustical''' | ||
* https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Blachford-Incorporated-dba-Blachford-Acoustics-Laboratory-Cert-and-Scope-File-06-21-2023_1687370807.pdf | |||
* https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/19/3237 | *https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Blachford-Incorporated-dba-Blachford-Acoustics-Laboratory-Cert-and-Scope-File-06-21-2023_1687370807.pdf | ||
*https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/19/3237 | |||
====Mechanical==== | ====Mechanical==== | ||
| Line 115: | Line 110: | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=9AFC21E7-66A9-44C2-926C-A57555D4CB99 | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=9AFC21E7-66A9-44C2-926C-A57555D4CB99 | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=90975A9E-26BB-4DCC-921A-9786F504539D | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=90975A9E-26BB-4DCC-921A-9786F504539D | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=E380DF60-DB17-42BA-A46F-63C2878FCFEE | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=E380DF60-DB17-42BA-A46F-63C2878FCFEE | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=76692A99-1A84-4915-AF6C-16521E541AD0 | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=76692A99-1A84-4915-AF6C-16521E541AD0 | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=8D04803D-427F-4698-8541-3E1FBF27EF05 | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=8D04803D-427F-4698-8541-3E1FBF27EF05 | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and https://www.vartest.com/tech | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and https://www.vartest.com/tech | ||
* https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-388-CERT-NEW.pdf | *https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-388-CERT-NEW.pdf | ||
* https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-566-Cert-New.pdf | *https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-566-Cert-New.pdf | ||
* https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-350-cert-New.pdf | *https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-350-cert-New.pdf | ||
* https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17626 | *https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17626 | ||
* tensile bond testing https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/tensile.cfm | *tensile bond testing https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/tensile.cfm | ||
====Chemical==== | ====Chemical==== | ||
Spectroscopy | Spectroscopy | ||
Wet chemistry | Wet chemistry | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=A3C7BB80-EFEF-47EF-A7C6-CB4389D35AF4 | |||
* https://aspenresearch.com/aspen-research-home/analytical-lab/ and * https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=A3C7BB80-EFEF-47EF-A7C6-CB4389D35AF4 | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=A3C7BB80-EFEF-47EF-A7C6-CB4389D35AF4 | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=3A2B89BA-4A8B-4D9F-872C-217AE166DB8B | *https://aspenresearch.com/aspen-research-home/analytical-lab/ and * https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=A3C7BB80-EFEF-47EF-A7C6-CB4389D35AF4 | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=90975A9E-26BB-4DCC-921A-9786F504539D | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=3A2B89BA-4A8B-4D9F-872C-217AE166DB8B | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=9A2B77F6-41BA-4BE9-8A31-D9E070280D53 | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=90975A9E-26BB-4DCC-921A-9786F504539D | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and https://www.vartest.com/tech | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=9A2B77F6-41BA-4BE9-8A31-D9E070280D53 | ||
* https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/North-American-Stainless-Melt-Shop-Laboratory-Cert-and-Scope-File-06-08-2023_1686248550.pdf | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and https://www.vartest.com/tech | ||
*https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/North-American-Stainless-Melt-Shop-Laboratory-Cert-and-Scope-File-06-08-2023_1686248550.pdf | |||
Non-destructive chemical tests include: | Non-destructive chemical tests include: | ||
* liquid dye penetration https://www.hbbwinc.com/what-we-do/non-destructive-examination/ | *liquid dye penetration https://www.hbbwinc.com/what-we-do/non-destructive-examination/ | ||
====Biological==== | ====Biological==== | ||
Biological (raw materials) | Biological (raw materials) | ||
* https://dyadlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Dyad-Labs-L23-93.pdf | |||
* https://www.arlok.com/2992-01_0.pdf | *https://dyadlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Dyad-Labs-L23-93.pdf | ||
* https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=38E3BFEF-645D-4A67-A921-873EEBAEEFED | *https://www.arlok.com/2992-01_0.pdf | ||
* https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article/2102/1/020033/888534/Non-destructive-evaluation-of-biological-cells | *https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=38E3BFEF-645D-4A67-A921-873EEBAEEFED | ||
*https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article/2102/1/020033/888534/Non-destructive-evaluation-of-biological-cells | |||
==Conclusion== | ==Conclusion== | ||
Revision as of 22:07, 1 November 2023
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Title: What types of testing occur within a materials testing laboratory?
Author for citation: Shawn E. Douglas
License for content: [* https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]
Publication date: November 2023
Materials testing: The basics
Materials science and its associated tests are largely considered a part of the applied science branch of sciences, as the study and testing of the properties of materials are put to use in the manufacture and construction of a wide variety of items. Testing methodologies can be divided into physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological property testing, with each test falling under the category of destructive or non-destructive. Testing of a material may involve one or more of these methodologies, and occasionally all of them may be used as part of a comprehensive analytical approach towards a material.[1][2]
Material testing may happen under the umbrella of materials discovery and research, or materials quality/suitability testing. In the case of the former, computational methods may initially be used to search through existing materials databases, as well as virtually develop new material models for potential real-life development, before any actual real-world materials testing begins. In the case of the latter, the material is already discovered or created, and materials testing occurs to verify that its properties are suitable or of sufficient quality for their intended purpose. Technological systems such as laboratory information management systems (LIMS) may be used in both cases to better manage the associated data and information coming from their materials science activities.
Materials testing is as diverse as the available material types and industrial applications of those material types. Material testing domains include:
- Aerospace
- Automotive
- Carbon
- Coatings, linings, and sealants
- Construction and engineering
- Insulation, foam, and composites
- Lubricants and thickeners
- Medical devices
- Metals
- Packaging and labeling
- Paints and oils
- Paper
- Polymers and plastics
- Raw materials
- Reference materials
- Rubbers
- Electronics and energy devices
- Textiles
- Wood
Optimally, materials testing is performed by a laboratory that is accredited to a relevant set of standards and test methods, making materials testing more standardized and reliable, in turn adding confidence to any items made or constructed from those tested materials.
Materials testing types
As noted prior, the diversity in materials testing methods is immense. As such, it's difficult to address all of them in an FAQ. That said, this article will provide examples of destructive and non-destructive test methods across the four property testing categories: physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological. (Note that in a few cases, a test might be destructive or non-destructive, depending on the particulars, for example as found with hardness, thickness, and crimp (length) testing, which are physical tests.[3][4][5][6] However, also note that physical tests aren't commonly destructive.) Real-world examples from materials testing laboratories accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 are used to exemplify the broad set of test methods in use.
Physical
A physical property of a material represents the actual physical, inconstant state of the material, with its own set of measurable and observable properties, separate from the material's chemical composition, mechanical, and biological properties.[7]
Non-destructive physical tests include[8][9][10][11]:
- visual testing
- magnetic particle testing
- resonant ultrasound testing
- color tolerance and difference
- specular gloss
- solar reflectance index
- apparent density
- water vapor transmission
- ultrasonic defect testing
Tests that can be both destructive and non-destructive physical tests include[3][4][5][6]:
- hardness
- dry film and other coating thickness
- yarn crimp percentage (length)
Optical and Thermal
- https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Integrated-Technologies-Inc-Cert-and-Scope-File-08-02-2023_1690996216.pdf
- https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/ABC-Technologies-Inc-dba-Salflex-Polymers-Cert-and-Scope-File-10-16-2023_1697484740.pdf
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=76692A99-1A84-4915-AF6C-16521E541AD0
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=8D04803D-427F-4698-8541-3E1FBF27EF05
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and * https://www.vartest.com/tech
- https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-388-CERT-NEW.pdf
- https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-566-Cert-New.pdf
- https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Charter-Coating-Service-2000-Ltd-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-07-2022_1667841835.pdf
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_non-destructive_testing_of_materials
- https://www.aimplas.net/test-types/thermal-properties/
- https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=18848
- https://byjus.com/physics/thermal-properties-of-materials/
Fire and flammability (Destructive)
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and https://www.vartest.com/tech
- https://www.rst-labs.com/en/fire-laboratory/
- https://www.vteclabs.com/testing/fire-flammability-testing/
Acoustical
- https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Blachford-Incorporated-dba-Blachford-Acoustics-Laboratory-Cert-and-Scope-File-06-21-2023_1687370807.pdf
- https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/19/3237
Mechanical
A mechanical property of a material represents the functional, inconstant state of the material, particularly in how it reacts when a load is applied to it. Measuring mechanical properties gives a better idea of the materials realistic service life or performance under mechanical stresses.[7]
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=9AFC21E7-66A9-44C2-926C-A57555D4CB99
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=90975A9E-26BB-4DCC-921A-9786F504539D
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=E380DF60-DB17-42BA-A46F-63C2878FCFEE
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=76692A99-1A84-4915-AF6C-16521E541AD0
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=8D04803D-427F-4698-8541-3E1FBF27EF05
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and https://www.vartest.com/tech
- https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-388-CERT-NEW.pdf
- https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-566-Cert-New.pdf
- https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-350-cert-New.pdf
- https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17626
- tensile bond testing https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/tensile.cfm
Chemical
Spectroscopy Wet chemistry
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=A3C7BB80-EFEF-47EF-A7C6-CB4389D35AF4
- https://aspenresearch.com/aspen-research-home/analytical-lab/ and * https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=A3C7BB80-EFEF-47EF-A7C6-CB4389D35AF4
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=3A2B89BA-4A8B-4D9F-872C-217AE166DB8B
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=90975A9E-26BB-4DCC-921A-9786F504539D
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=9A2B77F6-41BA-4BE9-8A31-D9E070280D53
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 and https://www.vartest.com/tech
- https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/North-American-Stainless-Melt-Shop-Laboratory-Cert-and-Scope-File-06-08-2023_1686248550.pdf
Non-destructive chemical tests include:
- liquid dye penetration https://www.hbbwinc.com/what-we-do/non-destructive-examination/
Biological
Biological (raw materials)
- https://dyadlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Dyad-Labs-L23-93.pdf
- https://www.arlok.com/2992-01_0.pdf
- https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=38E3BFEF-645D-4A67-A921-873EEBAEEFED
- https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article/2102/1/020033/888534/Non-destructive-evaluation-of-biological-cells
Conclusion
References
- ↑ Shen, Ya; Peng, Bin; Yang, Yan; Ma, Jingzhi; Haapasalo, Markus (1 May 2015). [* https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/etp.12076 "What do different tests tell about the mechanical and biological properties of bioceramic materials?"] (in en). Endodontic Topics 32 (1): 47–85. doi:10.1111/etp.12076. ISSN 1601-1538.
- ↑ Kang, Tae-Yun; Choi, Ji-Won; Seo, Kyoung-Jin; Kim, Kwang-Mahn; Kwon, Jae-Sung (30 March 2021). [* https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/7/1693 "Physical, Chemical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Four Different Commercial Root-End Filling Materials: A Comparative Study"] (in en). Materials 14 (7): 1693. doi:10.3390/ma14071693. ISSN 1996-1944. PMC PMC8036496. PMID 33808262.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bennett, M. (8 December 2022). "Michael Talks Metal Video 112: Hardness Testing". Michlin Metals, Inc. https://www.michlinmetals.com/hardness-testing-destructive-and-non-destructive-testing-ndt/. Retrieved 01 November 2023.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cohen, C. (5 February 2019). "Dry Film Thickness Measurement On Non-Metal Substrates". BYK-Gardner Laboratories Blog. BYK-Gardner USA. https://gardnerlaboratories.com/tag/destructive-film-thickness-tests/. Retrieved 01 November 2023.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Haider, F I; Suryanto; Ani, M H; Mahmood, M H (1 January 2018). "A comparison between destructive and non-destructive techniques in determining coating thickness". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 290: 012020. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/290/1/012020. ISSN 1757-8981. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/290/1/012020.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Baby, Ruksana; Mathur, Kavita; DenHartog, Emiel (2 November 2022), Jeon, Han-Yong, ed., "Non-destructive Characterizations of Natural Yarns and Fabrics" (in en), Natural Fiber (IntechOpen), doi:10.5772/intechopen.102587, ISBN 978-1-80355-213-2, https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/80883. Retrieved 2023-11-01
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Miranda, G.M. (14 February 2019). "What is the Difference Between a Physical Property and a Mechanical Property?". AZO Materials. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17626. Retrieved 01 November 2023.
- ↑ "Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Product Assurance Services, Inc" (PDF). ANAB. 2 November 2021. https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Product-Assurance-Services-Inc-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-02-2021_1635864735.pdf. Retrieved 01 November 2023.
- ↑ "Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Charter Coating Service (2000) Ltd" (PDF). ANAB. 7 November 2022. https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Charter-Coating-Service-2000-Ltd-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-07-2022_1667841835.pdf. Retrieved 01 November 2023.
- ↑ "Scope of Accreditation - R&D Services, Inc" (PDF). International Accreditation Service, Inc. 29 August 2022. https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-566-Cert-New.pdf. Retrieved 01 November 2023.
- ↑ "Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Industrial Testing Laboratory Services" (PDF). A2LA. 1 June 2022. https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=90975A9E-26BB-4DCC-921A-9786F504539D. Retrieved 01 November 2023.
