https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&feed=atom&action=history
LII:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States/Laboratory testing of cannabis - Revision history
2024-03-28T23:15:20Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.36.1
https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=53900&oldid=prev
Shawndouglas: Updated due to migration from CannaQAwiki
2023-12-20T18:23:07Z
<p>Updated due to migration from CannaQAwiki</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:23, 20 December 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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Shawndouglas
https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=48693&oldid=prev
Shawndouglas: /* Citation information for this chapter */ Edition
2022-08-16T16:18:00Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Citation information for this chapter: </span> Edition</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Edition''': <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Third </del>edition</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Edition''': <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fourth </ins>edition</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Publication date''': <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">March 2020</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Publication date''': <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">August 2022</ins></div></td></tr>
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Shawndouglas
https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=38800&oldid=prev
Shawndouglas at 19:27, 27 March 2020
2020-03-27T19:27:45Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:27, 27 March 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With a sense of history and a better understanding of the regulations and standards affecting cannabis testing and use, this chapter can finally dig into the specifics of the current and future state of laboratory testing of cannabis and related products in the U.S. Here we look at the analytical aspects of cannabis, methods and guidelines used as well as the equipment and software typical to cannabis testing labs.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With a sense of history and a better understanding of the regulations and standards affecting cannabis testing and use, this chapter can finally dig into the specifics of the current and future state of laboratory testing of cannabis and related products in the U.S. Here we look at the analytical aspects of cannabis, methods and guidelines used as well as the equipment and software typical to cannabis testing labs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div align="center">-----Return to [[LII:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States|the beginning]] of this guide-----</div></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div align="center">-----Return to [[LII:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States|the beginning]] of this guide-----</div></div></td></tr>
</table>
Shawndouglas
https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=38079&oldid=prev
Shawndouglas: Updated template source
2020-03-03T15:56:40Z
<p>Updated template source</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div align="center">-----Return to [[LII:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States|the beginning]] of this guide-----</div></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div align="center">-----Return to [[LII:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States|the beginning]] of this guide-----</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">__TOC__</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Laboratory testing of cannabis}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cannaqawiki:</ins>Laboratory testing of cannabis}}</div></td></tr>
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Shawndouglas
https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=38050&oldid=prev
Shawndouglas: /* Citation information for this chapter */
2020-03-01T02:04:54Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Citation information for this chapter</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Edition''': <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Second </del>edition</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Edition''': <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Third </ins>edition</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Publication date''': <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">December 2018</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Publication date''': <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">March 2020</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--Place all category tags here--></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--Place all category tags here--></div></td></tr>
</table>
Shawndouglas
https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=36001&oldid=prev
Shawndouglas: Templated the content
2019-07-16T17:23:08Z
<p>Templated the content</p>
<a href="https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=36001&oldid=35910">Show changes</a>
Shawndouglas
https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=35910&oldid=prev
Shawndouglas: /* CDS */ Citation fix
2019-06-21T21:58:58Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">CDS: </span> Citation fix</span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:58, 21 June 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l227">Line 227:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====CDS====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====CDS====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Scientists on the research side of cannabis are certainly using CDSs from Agilent, Thermo Scientific, Waters, and other to manage the data coming out of their chromatography equipment<ref name="PurschkeDevelop16">{{cite journal |title=Development and validation of an automated liquid-liquid extraction GC/MS method for the determination of THC, 11-OH-THC, and free THC-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) from blood serum |journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry |author=Purschke, K.; Heinl, S.; Lerch, O. et al. |volume=408 |issue=16 |pages=4379-88 |year=2016 |doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9537-5 |pmid=27116418 |pmc=PMC4875941}}</ref><ref name="AlbertiniDeterm15">{{cite web |url=http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/posters/PO-GC-MS-THC-Metabolites-Triple-Quad-EN.pdf |format=PDF |title=Determination of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Its Main Metabolites Using GC Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry |author=Albertini, T.; Caruso, A. |publisher=Thermo Fisher Scientific |date=2015 |accessdate=17 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="LaytonAnalysis17">{{cite web |url=https://www.perkinelmer.com/lab-solutions/resources/docs/APP_Analysis-of-Cannabinoids-in-Hemp-Seed-Oils-by-HPLC-012317_01.pdf |format=PDF |title=Analysis of Cannabinoids in Hemp Seed Oils by HPLC Using PDA Detection |author=Layton, C.; Reuter, W.M. |publisher=PerkinElmer, Inc |date=23 January 2017 |accessdate=17 February 2017}}</ref>, and slowly but surely some of those CDSs are beginning to also support spectrometer data management in a similar way.<ref name="DaviesCentral16">{{cite web |url=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">articles/tony-davies</del>-column/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3676-</del>central-spectroscopic-data-systems-why-are-chromatographers-so-much-better-equipped |title=Central spectroscopic data systems: Why are chromatographers so much better equipped? |author=Davies, A.N. |work=Spectroscopy Europe |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd; IM Publications LLP |date=12 April 2016 |accessdate=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">17 February 2017</del>}}</ref> Additionally, some chromatography system developers will collaborate with CDS vendors to develop software drivers—code that essentially acts as a translator between a device and a program—so chromatography devices can interact fully with the CDS.<ref name="ShimadzuWaters">{{cite web |url=http://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/product.cfm?product=gcdriver |title=Waters Empower Shimadzu GC Driver Version 2 |publisher=Shimadzu Scientific Instruments |accessdate=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">17 February 2017</del>}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Scientists on the research side of cannabis are certainly using CDSs from Agilent, Thermo Scientific, Waters, and other to manage the data coming out of their chromatography equipment<ref name="PurschkeDevelop16">{{cite journal |title=Development and validation of an automated liquid-liquid extraction GC/MS method for the determination of THC, 11-OH-THC, and free THC-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) from blood serum |journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry |author=Purschke, K.; Heinl, S.; Lerch, O. et al. |volume=408 |issue=16 |pages=4379-88 |year=2016 |doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9537-5 |pmid=27116418 |pmc=PMC4875941}}</ref><ref name="AlbertiniDeterm15">{{cite web |url=http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/posters/PO-GC-MS-THC-Metabolites-Triple-Quad-EN.pdf |format=PDF |title=Determination of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Its Main Metabolites Using GC Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry |author=Albertini, T.; Caruso, A. |publisher=Thermo Fisher Scientific |date=2015 |accessdate=17 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="LaytonAnalysis17">{{cite web |url=https://www.perkinelmer.com/lab-solutions/resources/docs/APP_Analysis-of-Cannabinoids-in-Hemp-Seed-Oils-by-HPLC-012317_01.pdf |format=PDF |title=Analysis of Cannabinoids in Hemp Seed Oils by HPLC Using PDA Detection |author=Layton, C.; Reuter, W.M. |publisher=PerkinElmer, Inc |date=23 January 2017 |accessdate=17 February 2017}}</ref>, and slowly but surely some of those CDSs are beginning to also support spectrometer data management in a similar way.<ref name="DaviesCentral16">{{cite web |url=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</ins>://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">td</ins>-column/central-spectroscopic-data-systems-why-are-chromatographers-so-much-better-equipped |title=Central spectroscopic data systems: Why are chromatographers so much better equipped? |author=Davies, A.N. |work=Spectroscopy Europe |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd; IM Publications LLP |date=12 April 2016 |accessdate=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">21 June 2019</ins>}}</ref> Additionally, some chromatography system developers will collaborate with CDS vendors to develop software drivers—code that essentially acts as a translator between a device and a program—so chromatography devices can interact fully with the CDS.<ref name="ShimadzuWaters">{{cite web |url=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/product.cfm?product=gcdriver |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624211051/</ins>http://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/product.cfm?product=gcdriver |title=Waters Empower Shimadzu GC Driver Version 2 |publisher=Shimadzu Scientific Instruments <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|archivedate=24 June 2016 </ins>|accessdate=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">21 June 2019</ins>}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The CDS likely has a place in the cannabis testing lab as well, though it may depend on the lab's data management needs and goals. In more complex labs with multiple instruments and significant daily processing workflows, a LIMS may make more practical sense.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The CDS likely has a place in the cannabis testing lab as well, though it may depend on the lab's data management needs and goals. In more complex labs with multiple instruments and significant daily processing workflows, a LIMS may make more practical sense.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Shawndouglas
https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=35909&oldid=prev
Shawndouglas: /* LIMS */ URL fiz
2019-06-21T21:49:55Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">LIMS: </span> URL fiz</span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:49, 21 June 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l212">Line 212:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following vendors are known to offer a LIMS that is/can be tailored to the cannabis testing laboratory:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following vendors are known to offer a LIMS that is/can be tailored to the cannabis testing laboratory:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">www.</del>atlab.com/industries/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">medical-marijuana </del>Accelerated Technology Laboratories, Inc. - Various]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</ins>://atlab.com/industries/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cannabis/ </ins>Accelerated Technology Laboratories, Inc. - Various]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Autoscribe Informatics, Inc.|Autoscribe Informatics, Inc. - Matrix Gemini]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Autoscribe Informatics, Inc.|Autoscribe Informatics, Inc. - Matrix Gemini]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[BGASoft, Inc.|BGASoft, Inc. - LIMS ABC]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[BGASoft, Inc.|BGASoft, Inc. - LIMS ABC]]</div></td></tr>
</table>
Shawndouglas
https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=35908&oldid=prev
Shawndouglas: /* LIMS */ Citation updates and adds
2019-06-21T21:42:25Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">LIMS: </span> Citation updates and adds</span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:42, 21 June 2019</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Laboratories of all types use LIMS software to manage the wide variety of data, testing and analysis workflows, and other enterprise activities typical of them. This generally includes—but is not limited to—sample receipt, workflow management, sample tracking and analysis, quality control, instrument data management, data storage, reporting and document management.<ref name="SkobelevLab11">{{cite journal |title=Laboratory information management systems in the work of the analytic laboratory |journal=Measurement Techniques |author=Skobelev, D.O.; Zaytseva, T.M.; Kozlov, A.D. et al. |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=1182–1189 |year=2011 |doi=10.1007/s11018-011-9638-7}}</ref> The cannabis testing laboratory is no exception, though its activities differ slightly from, for example, a clinical pathology laboratory. As such, a few additional features outside of what's typically found in a generic LIMS are required.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Laboratories of all types use LIMS software to manage the wide variety of data, testing and analysis workflows, and other enterprise activities typical of them. This generally includes—but is not limited to—sample receipt, workflow management, sample tracking and analysis, quality control, instrument data management, data storage, reporting and document management.<ref name="SkobelevLab11">{{cite journal |title=Laboratory information management systems in the work of the analytic laboratory |journal=Measurement Techniques |author=Skobelev, D.O.; Zaytseva, T.M.; Kozlov, A.D. et al. |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=1182–1189 |year=2011 |doi=10.1007/s11018-011-9638-7}}</ref> The cannabis testing laboratory is no exception, though its activities differ slightly from, for example, a clinical pathology laboratory. As such, a few additional features outside of what's typically found in a generic LIMS are required.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Features that may be incorporated into a cannabis testing LIMS that you might not necessarily find in an all-purpose LIMS include<ref name="BirosUsing15">{{cite web |url=https://www.cannabisindustryjournal.com/feature_article/using-lims-in-cannabis-laboratories/ |title=Using LIMS in Cannabis Laboratories |author=Biros, A.G. |work=Cannabis Industry Journal |publisher=Innovative Publishing Co. LLC |date=23 October 2015 |accessdate=21 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">February 2017</del>}}</ref><ref name="PromiumELIMSCanna">{{cite web |url=https://www.promium.com/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">main</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">element-lims-</del>cannabis |title=LIMS for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Managing </del>Cannabis Testing |publisher=Promium, LLC |accessdate=21 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">February 2017</del>}}</ref><ref name="<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PharmWareHome</del>">{{cite web |url=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pharmware</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">net</del>/ |title=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PharmWare </del>|publisher=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PharmLabs LLC </del>|accessdate=21 February <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2017</del>}}</ref><ref name="<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LLLIMSCanna</del>">{{cite web |url=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lablynxpress</del>.com/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">index.php?title=LabLynx_LIMS_</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">_Cannabis </del>|title=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LabLynx </del>LIMS <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">- </del>Cannabis |<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">publisher</del>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LabLynx</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Inc </del>|date=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">20 January 2017 </del>|accessdate=21 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">February 2017</del>}}</ref>:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Features that may be incorporated into a cannabis testing LIMS that you might not necessarily find in an all-purpose LIMS include<ref name="BirosUsing15">{{cite web |url=https://www.cannabisindustryjournal.com/feature_article/using-lims-in-cannabis-laboratories/ |title=Using LIMS in Cannabis Laboratories |author=Biros, A.G. |work=Cannabis Industry Journal |publisher=Innovative Publishing Co. LLC |date=23 October 2015 |accessdate=21 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">June 2019</ins>}}</ref><ref name="PromiumELIMSCanna">{{cite web |url=https://www.promium.com/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">markets</ins>/cannabis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/ </ins>|title=LIMS for Cannabis Testing |publisher=Promium, LLC |accessdate=21 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">June 2019</ins>}}</ref><ref name="<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LLLIMSCanna</ins>">{{cite web |url=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</ins>://www.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lablynxpress</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">index.php?title=LabLynx_LIMS_-_Cannabis </ins>|title=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LabLynx LIMS - Cannabis </ins>|publisher=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LabLynx, Inc |date=20 January 2017 </ins>|accessdate=21 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">June 2019}}</ref><ref name="AudinoManag18">{{cite web |url=https://cannabisindustryjournal.com/feature_article/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims/ |title=Managing Cannabis Testing Lab Workflows Using LIMS |author=Audino, S. |work=Cannabis Industry Journal |date=07 </ins>February <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2018 |accessdate=21 June 2019</ins>}}</ref><ref name="<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PaszkoSelecting18</ins>">{{cite web |url=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</ins>://www.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">labcompare</ins>.com/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10-Featured-Articles/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Industry/ </ins>|title=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Selecting a </ins>LIMS <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for the </ins>Cannabis <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Industry </ins>|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">author</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Paszko</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C. |work=LabCompare </ins>|date=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">27 November 2018 </ins>|accessdate=21 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">June 2019</ins>}}</ref>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* sample loading screens optimized for the industry, including differentiation between medical and recreational marijuana</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* sample loading screens optimized for the industry, including differentiation between medical and recreational marijuana</div></td></tr>
</table>
Shawndouglas
https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LII:Past,_Present,_and_Future_of_Cannabis_Laboratory_Testing_and_Regulation_in_the_United_States/Laboratory_testing_of_cannabis&diff=35907&oldid=prev
Shawndouglas: More URL fixes
2019-06-21T21:14:42Z
<p>More URL fixes</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:14, 21 June 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l59">Line 59:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Solvents''': In 2003, Canadian Rick Simpson published a recipe of sorts for preparing cannabis extract via the use of solvents such as naphtha or petroleum ether. Claiming the resulting oil helped cure his skin cancer, others hoping for a cure tried it, and the solvent method of preparation grew in popularity. Dubious healing claims aside, the solvent extraction method remains viable, though it has evolved over the years to include less harmful solvents such as supercritical carbon dioxide, which has low toxicity, low environmental impact, and beneficial extraction properties.<ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="RomanoCannabis13">{{cite journal |url=http://www.stcm.ch/en/files/hazekamp_cann-oil_2013.pdf |format=PDF |title=Cannabis oil: Chemical evaluation of an upcoming cannabis-based medicine |journal=Cannabinoids |author=Romano, L.L.; Hazekamp, A. |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |year=2013}}</ref><ref name="PeachSuper14">{{cite journal |title=Supercritical carbon dioxide: A solvent like no other |journal=Journal of Organic Chemistry |author=Peach, J.; Eastoe, J. |volume=10 |pages=1878-95 |year=2014 |doi=10.3762/bjoc.10.196 |pmid=25246947 |pmc=PMC4168859}}</ref> However, chemical solvents are still used, and if not evaporated out properly, the remaining solvents can be particularly harmful to sick patients using the extract. As for what solvents should be tested for, it gets a bit trickier, though Chapter 467 of ''United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary'', the Oregon Health Authority's December 2015 technical report on contaminant testing of cannabis, and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health's response to public comments on cannabis testing provide helpful guidance. Listed solvents include benzene, butane, cumene, dimethoxyethane, hexane, and pentane, among others.<ref name="KuzdzalACloser16" /><ref name="APHLGuide16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="FarrerTech15" /><ref name="USPNF467">{{cite web |url=https://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/USPNF/generalChapter467Current.pdf |format=PDF |title=<467> Residual Solvents |work=United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary |publisher=United States Pharmacopeial Convention |date=01 July 2007 |accessdate=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">09 February 2017</del>}}</ref><ref name="MDPHResponse">{{cite web |url=http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/quality/medical-marijuana/lab-protocols/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf |format=PDF |title=Response to Public Comments |author=Bureau of Healthcare Safety and Quality |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Public Health |date=12 February 2016 |accessdate=14 February 2017}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Solvents''': In 2003, Canadian Rick Simpson published a recipe of sorts for preparing cannabis extract via the use of solvents such as naphtha or petroleum ether. Claiming the resulting oil helped cure his skin cancer, others hoping for a cure tried it, and the solvent method of preparation grew in popularity. Dubious healing claims aside, the solvent extraction method remains viable, though it has evolved over the years to include less harmful solvents such as supercritical carbon dioxide, which has low toxicity, low environmental impact, and beneficial extraction properties.<ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="RomanoCannabis13">{{cite journal |url=http://www.stcm.ch/en/files/hazekamp_cann-oil_2013.pdf |format=PDF |title=Cannabis oil: Chemical evaluation of an upcoming cannabis-based medicine |journal=Cannabinoids |author=Romano, L.L.; Hazekamp, A. |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |year=2013}}</ref><ref name="PeachSuper14">{{cite journal |title=Supercritical carbon dioxide: A solvent like no other |journal=Journal of Organic Chemistry |author=Peach, J.; Eastoe, J. |volume=10 |pages=1878-95 |year=2014 |doi=10.3762/bjoc.10.196 |pmid=25246947 |pmc=PMC4168859}}</ref> However, chemical solvents are still used, and if not evaporated out properly, the remaining solvents can be particularly harmful to sick patients using the extract. As for what solvents should be tested for, it gets a bit trickier, though Chapter 467 of ''United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary'', the Oregon Health Authority's December 2015 technical report on contaminant testing of cannabis, and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health's response to public comments on cannabis testing provide helpful guidance. Listed solvents include benzene, butane, cumene, dimethoxyethane, hexane, and pentane, among others.<ref name="KuzdzalACloser16" /><ref name="APHLGuide16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="FarrerTech15" /><ref name="USPNF467">{{cite web |url=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/USPNF/generalChapter467Current.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804174451/</ins>https://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/USPNF/generalChapter467Current.pdf |format=PDF |title=<467> Residual Solvents |work=United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary |publisher=United States Pharmacopeial Convention |date=01 July 2007 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|archivedate=04 August 2016 </ins>|accessdate=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">21 June 2019</ins>}}</ref><ref name="MDPHResponse">{{cite web |url=http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/quality/medical-marijuana/lab-protocols/external-comment-response-020416-final.pdf |format=PDF |title=Response to Public Comments |author=Bureau of Healthcare Safety and Quality |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Public Health |date=12 February 2016 |accessdate=14 February 2017}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l72">Line 72:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Mycotoxins and microorganisms''': "The ideal conditions for cannabis growth are also ideal for the growth of potentially harmful bacteria and fungi, including yeast and molds," say Shimadzu's Scott Kuzdzal and William Lipps, "therefore microbial contamination poses health risks to consumers and immunocompromised individuals."<ref name="KuzdzalUnrav15" /> In truth, these concerns have already borne out; most recently the University of California, Davis reported in February 2017 one of its patients had contracted an incurable fungal infection from inhaling aerosolized marijuana. They later tested 20 marijuana samples from Northern California dispensaries — using specialized techniques — and found a wide variety of potentially hazardous microorganisms.<ref name="UCDavis17">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/11791 |title=UC Davis study finds mold, bacterial contaminants in medical marijuana samples |publisher=UC Davis |date=07 February 2017 |accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Mycotoxins and microorganisms''': "The ideal conditions for cannabis growth are also ideal for the growth of potentially harmful bacteria and fungi, including yeast and molds," say Shimadzu's Scott Kuzdzal and William Lipps, "therefore microbial contamination poses health risks to consumers and immunocompromised individuals."<ref name="KuzdzalUnrav15" /> In truth, these concerns have already borne out; most recently the University of California, Davis reported in February 2017 one of its patients had contracted an incurable fungal infection from inhaling aerosolized marijuana. They later tested 20 marijuana samples from Northern California dispensaries — using specialized techniques — and found a wide variety of potentially hazardous microorganisms.<ref name="UCDavis17">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/11791 |title=UC Davis study finds mold, bacterial contaminants in medical marijuana samples |publisher=UC Davis |date=07 February 2017 |accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The degree to which such contaminates commonly appear in grown and stored cannabis material and to which microbiological contaminates should be tested is not clear, however. As mentioned previously, neither the U.S. EPA or neighboring Health Canada provide any significant guidance on cannabis testing, including microbiological contaminates.<ref name="KennardYouAre16">{{cite web |url=https://tantaluslabs.com<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/populace</del>/you-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter/ |title=You are Probably Smoking Mouldy Weed - Why Does Quality Assurance Matter? |work=Populace |author=Kennard, M. |publisher=Tantalus Labs |date=02 June <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2016 </del>|accessdate=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10 February 2017</del>}}</ref> Like heavy metal testing, parallels are drawn from microbial testing guidelines and standards relating to tobacco and food, where they exist.<ref name="KennardYouAre16" /> As warm, moist environments are conducive to microorganism growth, maintaining stable moisture levels during cultivation and storage is essential. Regularly measuring water activity — how moist something is — is particularly useful as a front-line preventative tool to better ensure microbial growth is limited.<ref name="FarrerTech15" /> Regardless, testing of some kind is still required by many U.S. states, including for organisms such as<ref name="KuzdzalUnrav15" /><ref name="APHLGuide16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="FarrerTech15" /><ref name="UCDavis17" /><ref name="KennardYouAre16" /><ref name="CANNAMicro14">{{cite web |url=http://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/microbiological-study-cannabis-samples |title=Microbiological study of Cannabis samples |publisher=Fundación CANNA |date=2014 |accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="RussoCann13">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qH-2Lj9x7L4C&pg=PT457&lpg=PT457 |chapter=Chapter 30: Contaminants and Adulterants in Herbal Cannabis |title=Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential |author=McPartland, J.M. |editor=Russo, E.B. |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |pages=478 |isbn=9781136614934}}</ref>:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The degree to which such contaminates commonly appear in grown and stored cannabis material and to which microbiological contaminates should be tested is not clear, however. As mentioned previously, neither the U.S. EPA or neighboring Health Canada provide any significant guidance on cannabis testing, including microbiological contaminates.<ref name="KennardYouAre16">{{cite web |url=https://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">populace.</ins>tantaluslabs.com/you-are-probably-smoking-mouldy-weed-why-does-quality-assurance-matter/ |title=You are Probably Smoking Mouldy Weed - Why Does Quality Assurance Matter? |work=Populace |author=Kennard, M. |publisher=Tantalus Labs |date=02 June <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2014 </ins>|accessdate=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">21 June 2019</ins>}}</ref> Like heavy metal testing, parallels are drawn from microbial testing guidelines and standards relating to tobacco and food, where they exist.<ref name="KennardYouAre16" /> As warm, moist environments are conducive to microorganism growth, maintaining stable moisture levels during cultivation and storage is essential. Regularly measuring water activity — how moist something is — is particularly useful as a front-line preventative tool to better ensure microbial growth is limited.<ref name="FarrerTech15" /> Regardless, testing of some kind is still required by many U.S. states, including for organisms such as<ref name="KuzdzalUnrav15" /><ref name="APHLGuide16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="FarrerTech15" /><ref name="UCDavis17" /><ref name="KennardYouAre16" /><ref name="CANNAMicro14">{{cite web |url=http://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/microbiological-study-cannabis-samples |title=Microbiological study of Cannabis samples |publisher=Fundación CANNA |date=2014 |accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="RussoCann13">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qH-2Lj9x7L4C&pg=PT457&lpg=PT457 |chapter=Chapter 30: Contaminants and Adulterants in Herbal Cannabis |title=Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential |author=McPartland, J.M. |editor=Russo, E.B. |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |pages=478 |isbn=9781136614934}}</ref>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Aflatoxin</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Aflatoxin</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 137:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Solvents''': Testing for solvents is largely standardized into a few options, which have parallels to existing pharmaceutical testing standards outlined in Chapter 467 of ''United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary'' (USP <467>)<ref name="USPNF467" /><ref name="APHLGuide16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="ShimadzuCLTS" /><ref name="PocevaOpti16">{{cite journal |title=Optimization of HS-GC-FID-MS Method for Residual Solvent Profiling in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Using DoE |journal=Journal of Chromatographic Science |author=Poceva Panovska, A.; Acevska, J.; Stefkov, G. et al. |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=103–11 |year=2016 |doi=10.1093/chromsci/bmv123 |pmid=26290585}}</ref><ref name="L'HeureuxAdvancing18">{{cite web |title=Advancing Chromatography Methods for Cannabis Analysis |work=Cannabis Science and Technology |author=L'Heureux, M.L. |publisher=UBM |date=20 April 2018 |accessdate=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">15 November 2018</del>}}</ref>:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Solvents''': Testing for solvents is largely standardized into a few options, which have parallels to existing pharmaceutical testing standards outlined in Chapter 467 of ''United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary'' (USP <467>)<ref name="USPNF467" /><ref name="APHLGuide16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="ShimadzuCLTS" /><ref name="PocevaOpti16">{{cite journal |title=Optimization of HS-GC-FID-MS Method for Residual Solvent Profiling in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Using DoE |journal=Journal of Chromatographic Science |author=Poceva Panovska, A.; Acevska, J.; Stefkov, G. et al. |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=103–11 |year=2016 |doi=10.1093/chromsci/bmv123 |pmid=26290585}}</ref><ref name="L'HeureuxAdvancing18">{{cite web <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|url=http://www.cannabissciencetech.com/cannabis-voices/advancing-chromatography-methods-cannabis-analysis </ins>|title=Advancing Chromatography Methods for Cannabis Analysis |work=Cannabis Science and Technology |author=L'Heureux, M.L. |publisher=UBM |date=20 April 2018 |accessdate=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">21 June 2019</ins>}}</ref>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS)</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 155:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Mycotoxins and microorganisms''': A standard method of testing for the existence of microorganisms is through the process of culturing a sample in a Petri dish, a common diagnostic method in microbiology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is also used, particularly to identify mycotoxins. However, Petri culture analysis isn't rigorous, and ELISA can be time consuming, as it's limited to one mycotoxin per test.<ref name="KuzdzalACloser16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="KennardYouAre16" /> The following are other, more precise techniques that are improving laboratorians' analyses, particularly using DNA snippets of microbiological contaminates<ref name="KuzdzalACloser16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="KennardYouAre16" /><ref name="ThompsonAMicro16">{{cite journal |title=A microbiome assessment of medical marijuana |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |author=Thompson III, G.R.; Tuscano, J.M.; Dennis, M. et al. |pages=S1198-743X(16)30605-X |year=2017 |doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.001 |pmid=27956269}}</ref><ref name="L'HeureuxTesting18">{{cite web |title=Testing for Pesticides and Mycotoxins in Cannabis: How to Meet Regulatory Requirements |work=Cannabis Science and Technology |author=L'Heureux, M.L. |publisher=UBM |date=06 August 2018 |accessdate=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">15 November 2018</del>}}</ref>:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Mycotoxins and microorganisms''': A standard method of testing for the existence of microorganisms is through the process of culturing a sample in a Petri dish, a common diagnostic method in microbiology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is also used, particularly to identify mycotoxins. However, Petri culture analysis isn't rigorous, and ELISA can be time consuming, as it's limited to one mycotoxin per test.<ref name="KuzdzalACloser16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="KennardYouAre16" /> The following are other, more precise techniques that are improving laboratorians' analyses, particularly using DNA snippets of microbiological contaminates<ref name="KuzdzalACloser16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="KennardYouAre16" /><ref name="ThompsonAMicro16">{{cite journal |title=A microbiome assessment of medical marijuana |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |author=Thompson III, G.R.; Tuscano, J.M.; Dennis, M. et al. |pages=S1198-743X(16)30605-X |year=2017 |doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.001 |pmid=27956269}}</ref><ref name="L'HeureuxTesting18">{{cite web <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|url=http://www.cannabissciencetech.com/cannabis-voices/testing-pesticides-and-mycotoxins-cannabis-how-meet-regulatory-requirements </ins>|title=Testing for Pesticides and Mycotoxins in Cannabis: How to Meet Regulatory Requirements |work=Cannabis Science and Technology |author=L'Heureux, M.L. |publisher=UBM |date=06 August 2018 |accessdate=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">21 June 2019</ins>}}</ref>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)</div></td></tr>
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