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==Introduction: Food and agriculture cyberbiosecurity at the interface of biosecurity and cybersecurity== | ==Introduction: Food and agriculture cyberbiosecurity at the interface of biosecurity and cybersecurity== | ||
Public trust and confidence in the food supply are critical and influential on acceptance of data-driven innovations and technologies within the food and agriculture systems. Cyberbiosecurity is a nascent paradigm and discipline at the interface of biosafety/biosecurity, cybersecurity, and cyber-physical security (Figure 1).<ref name="MurchCyber18">{{cite journal |title=Cyberbiosecurity: An Emerging New Discipline to Help Safeguard the Bioeconomy |journal=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |author=Murch, R.S.; So, W.K.; Buchholz, W.G. et al. |volume=6 |pages=39 |year=2018 |doi=10.3389/fbioe.2018.00039}}</ref> This new discipline has emerged alongside “big data” with the extensive and ever-increasing reliance of the life sciences on information systems technologies, rapid and profitable expansion of life science discoveries, and the growth of the U.S. bioeconomy. Protecting biological data and [[information]] within the life sciences has unique differences from the more familiar biosafety and biosecurity approaches.<ref name="PeccoudCyber18">{{cite journal |title=Cyberbiosecurity: From Naive Trust to Risk Awareness |journal=Trends in Biotechnology |author=Peccoud, J.; Gallegos, J.E.; Murch, R. et al. |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=4–7 |year=2018 |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.012 |pmid=29224719}}</ref> While the latter two categories address biological risks and threats, they do not protect against harm created when computational and information technology-dependent systems are threatened or corrupted. Just as food safety regulations target the protection of human health, incorporating cyber biosecurity strategies for the food and agriculture industries is a protective step in securing the food supply. Such efforts have the power to positively influence lives and protect the bioeconomy. Cyberbiosecurity can improve the security and stability of domestic and global food and agriculture systems. United States innovation in this realm is routinely studied and adopted around the globe, and as such, the U.S. can provide insight and leadership in cyber biosecurity of global food and agriculture systems. | Public trust and confidence in the food supply are critical and influential on acceptance of data-driven innovations and technologies within the food and agriculture systems. Cyberbiosecurity is a nascent paradigm and discipline at the interface of biosafety/biosecurity, cybersecurity, and cyber-physical security (Figure 1).<ref name="MurchCyber18">{{cite journal |title=Cyberbiosecurity: An Emerging New Discipline to Help Safeguard the Bioeconomy |journal=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |author=Murch, R.S.; So, W.K.; Buchholz, W.G. et al. |volume=6 |pages=39 |year=2018 |doi=10.3389/fbioe.2018.00039}}</ref> This new discipline has emerged alongside “big data” with the extensive and ever-increasing reliance of the life sciences on information systems technologies, rapid and profitable expansion of life science discoveries, and the growth of the U.S. bioeconomy. Protecting biological data and [[information]] within the life sciences has unique differences from the more familiar biosafety and biosecurity approaches.<ref name="PeccoudCyber18">{{cite journal |title=Cyberbiosecurity: From Naive Trust to Risk Awareness |journal=Trends in Biotechnology |author=Peccoud, J.; Gallegos, J.E.; Murch, R. et al. |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=4–7 |year=2018 |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.012 |pmid=29224719}}</ref> While the latter two categories address biological risks and threats, they do not protect against harm created when computational and information technology-dependent systems are threatened or corrupted. Just as food safety regulations target the protection of human health, incorporating cyber biosecurity strategies for the food and agriculture industries is a protective step in securing the food supply. Such efforts have the power to positively influence lives and protect the bioeconomy. Cyberbiosecurity can improve the security and stability of domestic and global food and agriculture systems. United States innovation in this realm is routinely studied and adopted around the globe, and as such, the U.S. can provide insight and leadership in cyber biosecurity of global food and agriculture systems. | ||
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| style="background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;"| <blockquote>'''Fig. 1''' Cyberbiosecurity is an emerging discipline for protecting life sciences data, functions and operations (or infrastructure), and the bio economy</blockquote> | |||
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Integrated scientific, mathematical, computational, and engineering advancements in regenerative biology, genetics and breeding technologies, plant-derived vaccine and animal therapies, biological design and testing automation, and other activities are rapidly leading to development of biotechnological and agricultural applications of direct relevance to the food and agriculture system.<ref name="NASEMMeeting14">{{cite book |title=Meeting Recap: Workshop - Convergence: Safeguarding Technology in the Bioeconomy |author=Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology; Board on Life Sciences |publisher=The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |year=2014}}</ref><ref name="WintleATrans17">{{cite journal |title=A transatlantic perspective on 20 emerging issues in biological engineering |journal=eLife |author=Wintle, B.C.; Boehm, C.R.; Rhodes, C. et al. |volume=3 |pages=e30247 |year=2017 |doi=10.7554/eLife.30247 |pmid=29132504 |pmc=PMC5685469}}</ref> The translation and application of data-driven technologies for precision agriculture, autonomous systems, bio-automated processing and data recording, and other technologies yields large data sets of economic and bio-based information for agribusinesses.<ref name="SykutaBig16">{{cite journal |title=Big data in agriculture: Property rights, privacy and competition in ag data services |journal=International Food and Agribusiness Management Review |author=Sykuta, M.E. |volume=19 |issue=A |pages=57–74 |year=2016 |url=https://www.ifama.org/Volume-19-Issue-A}}</ref> Such advances require high throughput processing, data management and integration, bio-automation, and other computer-based management of biological data. These advances increase efficiencies, decision processes, and output within the food and agricultural system. However, such information is susceptible to ownership policy challenges, theft, and cyberattack as users may not be alert to potential vulnerabilities nor be trained in effective protections and security strategies.<ref name="SykutaBig16" /><ref name="BoghossianThreats18">{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2018%20AEP_Threats_to_Precision_Agriculture.pdf |format=PDF |title=Threats to Precision Agriculture |author=Boghossian, A.; Linsky, S.; Brown, A. et al. |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |date=2018 |accessdate=08 January 2019}}</ref> Unprotected or weakly protected systems are susceptible to unwanted surveillance, intrusions into data systems, and cyber-activities targeted toward malicious attack. Cyberbiosecurity threats include inappropriate access to systems, data, or analytical technologies and the use or corruption of the information accessed to cause harm within life science-focused research, production, processing, and use. Examples of data-driven, high-value food and agricultural products susceptible to cyber threat include high-yielding and specialty agricultural crops, high performance livestock, biopharma fermented molecules developed through advanced breeding and genomics, biotechnology advancements, and “big data” analyses.<ref name="NASEMSafe15">{{cite book |url=https://www.ehidc.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Safeguarding%20the%20Bioeconomy_II_Recap%20Final%20090815.pdf |format=PDF |title=Meeting Recap: Safeguarding the Bioeconomy: Applications and Implications of Emerging Science |author=Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology |publisher=The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |year=2015}}</ref> As technology advances, all parts of society, from governmental agencies to public health and manufacturing, rely more on advanced biological systems with big data and technologies that utilize such information. The identification and mitigation of cyber biosecurity threats will become increasingly important. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|colwidth=3 | {{Reflist|colwidth=3}} | ||
==Notes== | |||
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation, grammar, and punctuation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. | This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation, grammar, and punctuation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. | ||
Revision as of 21:12, 8 April 2019
| Full article title | Cyberbiosecurity: A new perspective on protecting U.S. food and agricultural system |
|---|---|
| Journal | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
| Author(s) |
Duncan, Susan E.; Reinhard, Robert; Williams, Robert C.; Ramsey, Ford; Thomason, Wade; Lee, Kiho; Dudek, Nancy; Mostaghimi, Saied; Colbert, Edward; Murch, Randall |
| Author affiliation(s) | Virginia Tech, Tyson Foods |
| Primary contact | Email: duncans at vt dot edu |
| Editors | Morse, Stephen Allen |
| Year published | 2019 |
| Volume and issue | 7 |
| Page(s) | 63 |
| DOI | 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00063 |
| ISSN | 2296-4185 |
| Distribution license | Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International |
| Website | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00063/full |
| Download | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00063/pdf (PDF) |
Abstract
Our national data and infrastructure security issues affecting the “bioeconomy” are evolving rapidly. Simultaneously, the conversation about cybersecurity of the U.S. food and agricultural system (cyber biosecurity) is incomplete and disjointed. The food and agricultural production sectors influence over 20% of the nation's economy ($6.7T) and 15% of U.S. employment (43.3M jobs). The food and agricultural sectors are immensely diverse, and they require advanced technologies and efficiencies that rely on computer technologies, big data, cloud-based data storage, and internet accessibility. There is a critical need to safeguard the cyber biosecurity of our bioeconomy, but currently protections are minimal and do not broadly exist across the food and agricultural system. Using the food safety management Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system concept as an introductory point of reference, we identify important features in broad food and agricultural production and food systems: dairy, food animals, row crops, fruits and vegetables, and environmental resources (water). This analysis explores the relevant concepts of cyber biosecurity from food production to the end product user (such as the consumer) and considers the integration of diverse transportation, supplier, and retailer networks. We describe common challenges and unique barriers across these systems and recommend solutions to advance the role of cyber biosecurity in the food and agricultural sectors.
Keywords: plant, animal, food, cyber biosecurity, biosecurity, cyber security, agriculture, bioeconomy
Introduction: Food and agriculture cyberbiosecurity at the interface of biosecurity and cybersecurity
Public trust and confidence in the food supply are critical and influential on acceptance of data-driven innovations and technologies within the food and agriculture systems. Cyberbiosecurity is a nascent paradigm and discipline at the interface of biosafety/biosecurity, cybersecurity, and cyber-physical security (Figure 1).[1] This new discipline has emerged alongside “big data” with the extensive and ever-increasing reliance of the life sciences on information systems technologies, rapid and profitable expansion of life science discoveries, and the growth of the U.S. bioeconomy. Protecting biological data and information within the life sciences has unique differences from the more familiar biosafety and biosecurity approaches.[2] While the latter two categories address biological risks and threats, they do not protect against harm created when computational and information technology-dependent systems are threatened or corrupted. Just as food safety regulations target the protection of human health, incorporating cyber biosecurity strategies for the food and agriculture industries is a protective step in securing the food supply. Such efforts have the power to positively influence lives and protect the bioeconomy. Cyberbiosecurity can improve the security and stability of domestic and global food and agriculture systems. United States innovation in this realm is routinely studied and adopted around the globe, and as such, the U.S. can provide insight and leadership in cyber biosecurity of global food and agriculture systems.
|
Integrated scientific, mathematical, computational, and engineering advancements in regenerative biology, genetics and breeding technologies, plant-derived vaccine and animal therapies, biological design and testing automation, and other activities are rapidly leading to development of biotechnological and agricultural applications of direct relevance to the food and agriculture system.[3][4] The translation and application of data-driven technologies for precision agriculture, autonomous systems, bio-automated processing and data recording, and other technologies yields large data sets of economic and bio-based information for agribusinesses.[5] Such advances require high throughput processing, data management and integration, bio-automation, and other computer-based management of biological data. These advances increase efficiencies, decision processes, and output within the food and agricultural system. However, such information is susceptible to ownership policy challenges, theft, and cyberattack as users may not be alert to potential vulnerabilities nor be trained in effective protections and security strategies.[5][6] Unprotected or weakly protected systems are susceptible to unwanted surveillance, intrusions into data systems, and cyber-activities targeted toward malicious attack. Cyberbiosecurity threats include inappropriate access to systems, data, or analytical technologies and the use or corruption of the information accessed to cause harm within life science-focused research, production, processing, and use. Examples of data-driven, high-value food and agricultural products susceptible to cyber threat include high-yielding and specialty agricultural crops, high performance livestock, biopharma fermented molecules developed through advanced breeding and genomics, biotechnology advancements, and “big data” analyses.[7] As technology advances, all parts of society, from governmental agencies to public health and manufacturing, rely more on advanced biological systems with big data and technologies that utilize such information. The identification and mitigation of cyber biosecurity threats will become increasingly important.
References
- ↑ Murch, R.S.; So, W.K.; Buchholz, W.G. et al. (2018). "Cyberbiosecurity: An Emerging New Discipline to Help Safeguard the Bioeconomy". Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 6: 39. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2018.00039.
- ↑ Peccoud, J.; Gallegos, J.E.; Murch, R. et al. (2018). "Cyberbiosecurity: From Naive Trust to Risk Awareness". Trends in Biotechnology 36 (1): 4–7. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.012. PMID 29224719.
- ↑ Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology; Board on Life Sciences (2014). Meeting Recap: Workshop - Convergence: Safeguarding Technology in the Bioeconomy. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
- ↑ Wintle, B.C.; Boehm, C.R.; Rhodes, C. et al. (2017). "A transatlantic perspective on 20 emerging issues in biological engineering". eLife 3: e30247. doi:10.7554/eLife.30247. PMC PMC5685469. PMID 29132504. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685469.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sykuta, M.E. (2016). "Big data in agriculture: Property rights, privacy and competition in ag data services". International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 19 (A): 57–74. https://www.ifama.org/Volume-19-Issue-A.
- ↑ Boghossian, A.; Linsky, S.; Brown, A. et al. (2018). "Threats to Precision Agriculture" (PDF). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2018%20AEP_Threats_to_Precision_Agriculture.pdf. Retrieved 08 January 2019.
- ↑ Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology (2015) (PDF). Meeting Recap: Safeguarding the Bioeconomy: Applications and Implications of Emerging Science. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. https://www.ehidc.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Safeguarding%20the%20Bioeconomy_II_Recap%20Final%20090815.pdf.
Notes
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation, grammar, and punctuation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.
