Journal:2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Paving the road for rapid detection and point-of-care diagnostics

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Full article title 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Paving the road for rapid detection and point-of-care diagnostics
Journal Micromachines
Author(s) Nguyen, Trieu; Bang, Dang Duong; Wolff, Anders
Author affiliation(s) Technical University of Denmark
Primary contact Email: awol at dtu dot dk
Year published 2020
Volume and issue 11(3)
Article # 306
DOI 10.3390/mi11030306
ISSN 2072-666X
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Website https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/11/3/306/htm
Download https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/11/3/306/pdf (PDF)

Abstract

We believe a point-of-care (PoC) device for the rapid detection of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial and urgently needed. With this perspective, we give suggestions regarding a potential candidate for the rapid detection of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as factors for the preparedness and response to the outbreak of COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19, Wuhan, 2019 novel coronavirus, point-of-care detection, SARS-CoV-2, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP assay, polymerase chain reaction, PCR

Introduction

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global public health emergency [1] over the outbreak of a novel coronavirus, called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (previously "2019 novel coronavirus" or "2019-nCoV"), which originated in Wuhan City, in the Hubei Province of China. On February 11, WHO officially named the disease the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). [2] Human-to-human transmission (Figure 1) has been confirmed by WHO and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States [3], with evidence of person-to-person transmission from three different cases outside China, namely in the U.S. [4], Germany [5], and Vietnam [6].


Fig1 Nguyen Micromachines2020 11-3.png

Figure 1. Illustration of the transmission of various coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 [11]. Current studies have suggested that the intermediate carriers may be snakes [12] or pangolins [13], but according to WHO the real source is still unknown [14,15].

COVID-19 has continuously spread to 104 countries; the number of confirmed infections reached 109,343 on March 9, 2020 [7], and the death toll in China has overtaken the SARS epidemic of 2002–2003 and has risen to 3,100 [2]. To slow down the spread of COVID-19, at least 50 million people in China have been placed under lockdown. [8] On March 8, 2020, Italy also undertook the same measures, with the northern part of the country getting placed under lockdown, affecting 16 million people. [9] The reproduction number R0 (i.e., the average number of secondary cases generated by a typical infectious individual) is estimated to be 2.68, and the doubling time is estimated to be 6.4 days. [10]

The difference in terminology between "coronavirus" and "SARS-Cov-2" is detailed in Table 1.

Table 1. Difference between the term "coronavirus" and "SARS-CoV-2"
Term Description
Coronavirus (CoV) A large and diverse family of enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses, with a ~26–32 kilobase genome [16]. The Coronaviridae cover a broad host range, infecting many mammalian and avian species, and induce upper respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and central nervous system diseases [17]. In the last few decades, coronaviruses have been shown to be capable of also infecting humans. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, and, more recently, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have proved the lethality of coroanviruses when they cross the species barrier and infect humans [18].
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) A new zoonotic human coronavirus, which was reported and announced by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) on January 9, 2020. [19] This novel coronavirus can lead to coroanvirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans. In spite of the fact that the initial infected cases have been associated with the Huanan South China Seafood Market, the source of SARS-CoV-2 is still unknown (Figure 1). On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared a global public health emergency regarding the outbreak of COVID-19. On March 11, 2020, WHO declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic.


References

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.