Metallic microlattice

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A metallic microlattice is a synthetic porous metallic material consisting of an ultra-light metal foam. With a density as low as 0.99 mg/cm³ (0.00561 lb/ft³), it is one of the lightest structural materials known to science.^[1] It was developed by a team of scientists from California-based HRL Laboratories, in collaboration with researchers at University of California, Irvine and Caltech, and was first announced in November 2011. The prototype samples were made from a nickel-phosphorus alloy.^[2] In 2012, the microlattice prototype was declared one of 10 World-Changing Innovations by Popular Mechanics.^[3] Metallic microlattice technology has numerous potential applications in automotive and aeronautical engineering.^[4] A detailed comparative review study among other types of metallic lattice structures showed them to be beneficial for light-weighting purposes but expensive to manufacture.^[5]

Synthesis

To produce their metallic microlattice, the HRL/UCI/Caltech team first prepared a polymer template using a technique based on self-propagating waveguide formation,^[6]^[7] though it was noted that other methods can be used to fabricate the template.^[8] The process passed UV light through a perforated mask into a reservoir of UV-curable resin. Fiber-optic-like "self-trapping" of the light occurred as the resin cured under each hole in the mask, forming a thin polymer fiber along the path of the light. By using multiple light beams, multiple fibers could then interconnect to form a lattice.

The process was similar to photolithography in that it used a two-dimensional mask to define the starting template structure, but differed in the rate of formation: where stereolithography might take hours to make a full structure, the self-forming waveguide process allowed templates to be formed in 10–100 seconds. In this way, the process enables large free-standing 3D lattice materials to be formed quickly and scalably. The template was then coated with a thin layer of metal by electroless nickel plating, and the template is etched away, leaving a free-standing, periodic porous metallic structure. Nickel was used as the microlattice metal in the original report. Owing to the electrodeposition process, 7% of the material consisted of dissolved phosphorus atoms, and it contained no precipitates.^[8]

Properties

A metallic microlattice is composed of a network of interconnecting hollow struts. In the least-dense microlattice sample reported, each strut is about 100 micrometres in diameter, with a wall 100 nanometres thick. The completed structure is about 99.99% air by volume,^[2] and by convention, the mass of air is excluded when the microlattice density is calculated.^[8] Allowing for the mass of the interstitial air, the true density of the structure is approximately 2.1 mg/cm³ (2.1 kg/m³), which is only about 1.76 times the density of air itself at 25 °C. The material is described as being 100 times lighter than Styrofoam.^[9] Microlattices can also be 100 times stronger than regular polymers.^[10]

Metallic microlattices are characterized by very low densities, with the 2011 record of 0.9 mg/cm³ being among the lowest values of any known solid. The previous record of 1.0 mg/cm³ was held by silica aerogels, and aerographite is claimed to have a density of 0.2 mg/cm³.^[11] Mechanically, these microlattices are behaviorally similar to elastomers and almost completely recover their shape after significant compression.^[12] This gives them a significant advantage over earlier aerogels, which are brittle, glass-like substances. This elastomeric property in metallic microlattices furthermore results in efficient shock absorption. Their Young's modulus E exhibits different scaling, with the density ρ, E ~ ρ², compared to E ~ ρ³ in aerogels and carbon nanotube foams.^[8]

Applications

Metallic microlattice may find potential applications in thermal and vibration insulators such as shock absorbers, and may also prove useful as battery electrodes and catalyst supports.^[8] Additionally, the microlattices' ability to return to their original state after being compressed may make them suitable for use in spring-like energy storage devices.^[2] Automotive and aeronautical manufacturers^[which?] are using microlattice technology to develop extremely lightweight and efficient structures that combine multiple functions, such as structural reinforcement and heat transfer, into single components for high-performance vehicles.^[4]

Similar materials

A similar but denser material, consisting of an electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel layer over a polymeric rapid-prototyped truss, was created by researchers at the University of Toronto in 2008.^[13] In 2012, German researchers created a carbon foam known as aerographite, with an even lower density than a metallic microlattice.^[14] In 2013, Chinese scientists developed a carbon-based aerogel which was claimed to be lighter still.^[1]

Nanolattices like tube-based nanostructures are similar structures on a smaller scale.

References

^ ^a ^b "In pictures: Ultra-light material". BBC. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Metallic microlattice 'lightest structure ever'". Chemistry World. 17 November 2011. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
^ Sterling, Robert (29 October 2012). "The world's lightest material". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
^ ^a ^b "MICROLATTICE: HOW REVOLUTIONARY METALLIC STRUCTURES ARE BENEFITING GLOBAL MANUFACTURERS". Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
^ Rashed, M.G.; Ashraf, Mahmud; Mines, R.A.W.; Hazell, Paul J. (2016). "Metallic microlattice materials: A current state of the art on manufacturing, mechanical properties and applications". Materials & Design. 95: 518–533. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.146.
^ Jacobsen, A.J.; Barvosa-Carter, W.B.; Nutt, S. (2007). "Micro-scale Truss Structures formed from Self-Propagating Photopolymer Waveguides". Advanced Materials. 19 (22): 3892–3896. Bibcode:2007AdM....19.3892J. doi:10.1002/adma.200700797. S2CID 137188553.
^ US patent 7382959, Alan J. Jacobsen, "Optically oriented three-dimensional polymer microstructures", assigned to HRL Laboratories, LLC.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Schaedler, T. A.; Jacobsen, A. J.; Torrents, A.; Sorensen, A. E.; Lian, J.; Greer, J. R.; Valdevit, L.; Carter, W. B. (12 October 2011). "Ultralight Metallic Microlattices". Science. 334 (6058): 962–5. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..962S. doi:10.1126/science.1211649. PMID 22096194. S2CID 23893516.
^ "World's 'lightest material' unveiled by US engineers". BBC News. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
^ University of Hong Kong (September 8, 2022). "Newly developed 'microlattices' are lighter and 100 times stronger than regular polymers". Interesting Engineering. doi:10.1016/j.matt.2022.08.010. S2CID 252031036. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "New carbon nanotube struructure aerographite is lightest material champ". Phys.org. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
^ Stephen Shankland (18 November 2011). "Breakthrough material is barely more than air". CNET. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
^ Gordon, L.M.; Bouwhuis, B.A.; Suralvo, M.; McCrea, J.L.; Palumbo, G.; Hibbard, G.D. (2009). "Micro-truss nanocrystalline Ni hybrids". Acta Materialia. 57 (3): 932–939. Bibcode:2009AcMat..57..932G. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2008.10.038.
^ "Aerographit: Forscher entwickeln leichtestes Leichtgewicht". Der Spiegel (in German). 11 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.