Medical software

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Medical software is any software item or system used within a medical context, such as reducing the paperwork, tracking patient activity[1][2][3]

  • Standalone software used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
  • Software embedded in a medical device (often referred to as "medical device software").
  • Software that drives a medical device or determines how it is used.
  • Software that acts as an accessory to a medical device.
  • Software used in the design, production, and testing of a medical device (or)
  • Software that provides quality control management of a medical device.

History

Medical software has been in use since at least since the 1960s,[4] a time when the first computerized information-handling system in the hospital sphere was being considered by Lockheed.[5][6] As computing became more widespread and useful in the late 1970s and into the 1980s, the concept of "medical software" as a data and operations management tool in the medical industry — including in the physician's office — became more prevalent.[7][8] Medical software became more prominent in medical devices in fields such as nuclear medicine, cardiology, and medical robotics by the early 1990s, prompting additional scrutiny of the "safety-critical" nature of medical software in the research and legislative communities, in part fueled by the Therac-25 radiation therapy device scandal.[9][10]

The development of the ISO 9000-3 standard[9] as well as the European Medical Devices Directive in 1993[1] helped bring some harmonization of existing laws with medical devices and their associated software, and the addition of IEC 62304 in 2006 further cemented how medical device software should be developed and tested.[11] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also offered guidance and driven regulation on medical software, particularly embedded in and used as medical devices.[2][12][13][14] There was an expansion of medical software innovation with the adoption of electronic health records and availability of electronic clinical data. In the United States, substantial resources were allocated starting with the HITECH Act of 2009. [15]

A portable heart rate variability device is an example of a medical device that contains medical device software.

Medical device software

The global IEC 62304 standard on the software life cycle processes of medical device software states it is a "software system that has been developed for the purpose of being incorporated into the medical device being developed or that is intended for use as a medical device in its own right."[11] In the U.S., the FDA states that "any software that meets the legal definition of a [medical] device" is considered medical device software.[16] A similar "software can be a medical device" interpretation was also made by the European Union in 2007 with an update to its European Medical Devices Directive, when "used specifically for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes."[17]

Due to the broad scope covered by these terms, manifold classifications can be proposed for various medical software, based for instance on their technical nature (embedded in a device or standalone), on their level of safety (from the most trivial to the most safety-critical ones), or on their primarily function (treatment, education, diagnostics, and/or data management).

Software as a medical device

The dramatic increase in smartphone usage in the twenty-first century triggered the emergence of thousands of stand-alone health- and medical-related software apps, many falling into a gray or borderline area in terms of regulation. [18] While software embedded into a medical device was being addressed, medical software separate from medical hardware — referred to by the International Medical Device Regulators Forum (IMDRF) as "software as a medical device" or "SaMD"[19] — was falling through existing regulatory cracks.

In the U.S., the FDA eventually released new draft guidance in July 2011 on "mobile medical applications," with members of the legal community such as Keith Barritt speculating it should be read to imply "as applicable to all software, since the test for determining whether a mobile application is a regulated mobile 'medical' application is the same test one would use to determine if any software is regulated."[20] Examples of mobile apps potentially covered by the guidance included those that regulate an installed pacemaker or those that analyze images for cancerous lesions, X-rays and MRI, graphic data such as EEG waveforms as well as bedside monitors, urine analyzers, glucometer, stethoscopes, spirometers, BMI calculators, heart rate monitors and body fat calculators.[21]

By the time its final guidance was released in late 2013, however, members of Congress began to be concerned about how the guidance would be used in the future, in particular with what it would mean to the SOFTWARE Act legislation that had recently been introduced.[22] Around the same time, the IMDRF were working on a more global perspective of SaMD with the release of its Key Definitions in December 2013, focused on "[establishing] a common framework for regulators to incorporate converged controls into their regulatory approaches for SaMD."[19] Aside from "not [being] necessary for a hardware medical device to achieve its intended medical purpose," the IMDRF also found that SaMD also could not drive a medical device, though it could be used as a module of or interfaced with one.[19] The group further developed quality management system principles for SaMD in 2015.[23]

International standards

IEC 62304 has become the benchmark standard for the development of medical device software, whether standalone software or otherwise, in both the E.U. and the U.S.[3][24] Leading industry innovation in software technologies has led key industry leaders and government regulators to recognize the emergence of numerous standalone medical software products that operate as medical devices. This has been reflected in regulatory changes in the E.U. (European Medical Devices Directive[1]) and the U.S. (various FDA guidance documents[2][12][13][22]). Additionally, quality management system requirements for manufacturing a software medical device, as is the case with any medical device, are described in the U.S. Quality Systems Regulation[25] of the FDA and also in ISO 13485:2003.

Software technology manufacturers that operate within the software medical device space conduct mandatory development of their products in accordance with those requirements. Furthermore, though not mandatory, they may elect to obtain certification from a notified body, having implemented such quality system requirements as described within international standards such as ISO 13485:2003.

Further reading

  • Babelotzky, W; Bohrt, C.; Choudhuri, J.; Handorn, B.; Heidenreich, G.; Neuder, K.; Neumann, G.; Prinz, T.; Rösch, A.; Spyra, G.; Stephan, S.; Wenner, H.; Wufka, M. (2018) Development and Production of Medical Software : Standards in Medical Engineering. VDE VERLAG GMBH. pp. 1-207. ISBN 9783800745388.
  • Becchetti, C.; Neri, A. (2013). "Chapter 6: Medical Software". Medical Instrument Design and Development: From Requirements to Market Placements. Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 359–418. ISBN 9781119952404.
  • Degoulet, P.; Fieschi, M. (2012). "Chapter 2: Medical Software Development". Introduction to Clinical Informatics. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 19–34. ISBN 9781461268659.

See also

Media related to Medical software at Wikimedia Commons

References

  1. ^ a b c Becchetti, C.; Neri, A. (2013). "Chapter 6: Medical Software". Medical Instrument Design and Development: From Requirements to Market Placements. Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 359–418. ISBN 9781119952404.
  2. ^ a b c Vogel, D.A. (2011). "Chapter 3: The FDA Software Validation Regulations and Why You Should Validate Software Anyway". Medical Device Software Verification, Validation, and Compliance. Boston, MA: Artech House. pp. 27–36. ISBN 9781596934238.
  3. ^ a b Jetley, R.; Sudarsan, S.; R., Sampath; Ramaswamy, S. (2013). "Medical Software - Issues and Best Practices". Distributed Computing and Internet Technology: 9th International Conference, ICDCIT 2013, Bhubaneswar, India, February 5-8, 2013, Proceedings. Hyderabad, India: Springer. pp. 69–91. ISBN 9783642360718.
  4. ^ "Radar and Electronics". Radar and Electronics Association. March 1963. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  5. ^ Lockheed Hospital Information System. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. 1965. p. 82.
  6. ^ Gall, John E.; Norwood, Donald D.; El Camino Hospital (1977). Demonstration and evaluation of a total hospital information system. NCHSR research summary series. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Health Resources Administration, National Center for Health Services Research. p. 38.
  7. ^ Zimmerman, J.; Rector, A. (1978). Computers for the Physician's Office. Forest Grove, OR: Research Studies Press. p. 305. ISBN 0893550078.
  8. ^ Freedman, E.; Hecht, E.; Whiteside, D. (1985). "Consultants Perspective on Medical Office Computerization". Computers in Healthcare, Volume 6. Englewood: Cardiff Publishing Company.
  9. ^ a b Cosgriff, P.S. (1994). "Quality assurance of medical software". Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 18 (1): 1–10. doi:10.3109/03091909409030782. PMID 8006924.
  10. ^ Jones, P.; Jetley, R.; Abraham, J. (9 February 2010). "A Formal Methods-based verification approach to medical device software analysis". Embedded. UBM. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  11. ^ a b International Electrotechnical Commission (2006). "Medical device software – Software life cycle processes" (PDF). International Standard IEC 62304, First Edition 2006-05. International Electrotechnical Commission. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  12. ^ a b Office of Device Evaluation, Center for Devices and Radiological Health (9 September 1999). "Guidance for Industry, FDA Reviewers and Compliance on Off-The-Shelf Software Use in Medical Devices" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  13. ^ a b Center for Devices; Radiological Health (11 May 2005). "Guidance for the Content of Premarket Submissions for Software Contained in Medical Devices". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  14. ^ "Doctors near me".
  15. ^ "HITECH Act of 2009".
  16. ^ Murray Jr., J.F. (March 2010). "CDRH Regulated Software: An Introduction" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  17. ^ "Directive 2007/47/ED of the European Parliament and of the Council" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. European Union. 5 September 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  18. ^ "Technology in healthcare: how software improves medical practice?". Labs Explorer. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  19. ^ a b c Spanou, D. (9 December 2013). "Software as a Medical Device (SaMD): Key Definitions" (PDF). International Medical Device Regulators Forum. p. 9. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  20. ^ "New FDA Draft Guidance Sheds Light On Regulation of 'Mobile Medical Apps' and Other Software" (PDF). Medical Devices Law & Industry Report. 5 (16): 1–3. August 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  21. ^ Yetisen, A.K.; Martinez-Hurtado, J.L.; Vasconcellos, F.C.; Simsekler, M.C.E.; Akram, M.S.; Lowe, C.R. (2014). "The regulation of mobile medical applications". Lab on a Chip. 14 (5): 833–840. doi:10.1039/C3LC51235E. PMID 24425070.
  22. ^ a b Slabodkin, G. (20 November 2013). "Congress, FDA at odds over software as a medical device". Fierce Mobile Healthcare. Questex, LLC.
  23. ^ Mezher, M. (8 April 2015). "IMDRF Proposes QMS Principles for Software as a Medical Device". Regulatory Focus. Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  24. ^ Rust, P.; Flood, D.; McCaffery, F. (2015). "Software Process Improvement and Roadmapping – A Roadmap for Implementing IEC 62304 in Organizations Developing and Maintaining Medical Device Software". In Rout, T.; C'Connor, R.V.; Dorling, A. (eds.). Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 19–32. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19860-6_3. ISBN 9783319198606.
  25. ^ "Quality System (QS) Regulation/Medical Device Good Manufacturing Practices". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2016.

Notes

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