LII:LIMS Buyer’s Guide for Cannabis Testing Laboratories/Final thoughts and resources
6. Final thoughts and resources
6.1 Final thoughts
The aspiring cannabis testing laboratory finds itself in a strange place in 2021, particularly in the United States. Well over half of the U.S. has some sort of state-based cannabis legalization and regulation, and pressure continues to mount for legalization to occur at the federal level. This has given cannabis testing laboratories time to develop and use several methods and equipment types, but not enough time to unify under a broader, currently non-existent Federally-backed set of methods and regulations. The state of cannabis testing is still a bit like the Wild West in that there remains a sense of rapid change and numerous unknowns. This instability in the evolution and regulation of cannabis testing adds even more stressors to the pioneering labs trying to make their way to profitability, requiring every edge they can get. It turns out one of those edges is a well-designed laboratory information management system (LIMS) for better managing the data management, workflow management, quality control, and reporting requirements of the cannabis testing industry.
However, it's not sufficient to just get any ol' LIMS. A well-designed LIMS for cannabis testing has many requirements. It must be flexible enough to address not only the rapidly changing regulations, test methods, instrumentation, and reporting requirements of the industry; it must also have the flexibility to expand into other lateral industries such as agricultural testing, environmental testing, or even petrochemical testing. Additionally, the system must address aspects unique to the industry that many standard "all-in-one" LIMS can't, including flexible limit sets, inventory and sample weight reconciliation, and a meticulously granular chain-of-custody. But even good software also requires a knowledgeable vendor with quality support services and competitive pricing to go with it. The request for information (RFI) process is a valuable tool towards selecting that vendor and their LIMS, though it's not the only tool. The laboratory itself must also have the expertise on-hand to assist with selection and implementation, and when that expertise isn't available, a consultancy may come in handy.
This guide has looked at the broad state of cannabis legalization and the importance of testing cannabis. From there we naturally had to look at what analyzing cannabis actually entails, which then painted a clearer picture of how LIMS and other automating aspects of the laboratory can improve a cannabis testing lab's operations, though the responsibility for securing the data involved can't be ignored. We then looked at the acquisition process, what makes a cannabis testing LIMS unique, who sells them, and how the RFI—as well as specification documents like LIMSpec for Cannabis Testing—better the overall acquisition and implementation process. And we even included additional resources to help you on your adventure that is LIMS acquisition and use.
Hopefully this guide has been useful and informative. As noted, the cannabis industry changes rapidly. Efforts will be made to keep this guide up-to-date, but realize some information may rapidly become obsolete or differently factual. That said, at its core the guide should remain a useful tool for the enterprising cannabis testing lab, or existing labs wishing to expand into cannabis testing. Selecting and purchasing a LIMS for cannabis testing is not an easy effort, but with this knowledge in-hand, the road should be a little less painful. Best of fortunes!
6.2 Key reading and reference material
6.2.1 Key reading
- Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. (2016). "Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules". Frontiers in Plant Medicine 7: 19. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00019. PMC PMC4740396. PMID 26870049. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4740396.
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). "Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs" (PDF). pp. 35. https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf.
- Audino, S. (7 February 2018). "Managing Cannabis Testing Lab Workflows Using LIMS". Cannabis Industry Journal. https://cannabisindustryjournal.com/feature_article/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims/.
- Cassiday, L. (October 2016). "The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/inform-magazine/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016.
- Goldman, S.; Bramante, J.; Vrdoljak, G. et al. "The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing". Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 44 (9–10): 403–20. doi:10.1080/10826076.2021.1996390.
- Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). "Worry about bad marijuana — not Big Marijuana" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 18. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/big-marijuana-1.pdf.
- Paszko, C. (27 November 2018). "Selecting a LIMS for the Cannabis Industry". LabCompare. https://www.labcompare.com/10-Featured-Articles/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry/.
- Piomelli, D.; Weiss, S.; Boyd, G. et al. (2018). "Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 3 (1): 108-16. doi:10.1089/can.2018.29011.rtl. PMC PMC5931647. PMID 29789812. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5931647.
- Stewart, I.A.; Petrilli, R.; Hearding, A. (9 August 2021). "Reducing Cannabis Testing and Label Failures". Wilson Elser Moskowitz Edelman & Dicker LLP. https://www.wilsonelser.com/news_and_insights/insights/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures.
- Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). "Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 22. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/bootleggers.pdf.
6.2.2 Reference material
- Amin, M.R.; Ali, D.W. (2019). "Pharmacology of medical cannabis". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1162: 151–65. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21737-2_8. PMID 31332738.
- Chambers, R. (8 August 2013). "Leafly Glossary of Cannabis Terms". Leafly - Cannabis 101. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/glossary-of-cannabis-terms.
- Douglas, S.E. (January 2021). "LIMSpec for Cannabis Testing". CannaQA Wiki. https://www.cannaqa.wiki/index.php?title=Book:LIMSpec_for_Cannabis_Testing.
- ElSohly, M.A.; Radwan, M.M.; Gul, W. et al. (2017). "Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L.". Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 103: 1–36. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_1. PMID 28120229.
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (12 January 2017). "The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research". The National Academies Press. pp. 440. doi:10.17226/24625. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state.
- National Cancer Institute (6 November 2020). "Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ)–Health Professional Version". https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq.
- National Conference of State Legislatures (2018). "Marijuana Deep Dive". https://www.ncsl.org/bookstore/state-legislatures-magazine/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (July 2020). "Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report". https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/letter-director.
- Office of National Drug Control Policy. "Marijuana Resource Center". Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. http://web.archive.org/web/20170117133745/https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/marijuanainfo.
- Thomas, B.F.; ElSohly, M.A. (2016). Thomas, B.F. ed. The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis. Elsevier. pp. 132. ISBN 9780128046708. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ.
- World Health Organization (2016). Hall, W.; Renström, M.; Poznyak, V. ed. The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. World Health Organization. pp. 95. ISBN 978921510240. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241510240.
Law and regulation
- "Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits". ProCon.org. 3 December 2020. https://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc/.
- "Recreational Marijuana Laws in the United States". Leafly's Guide to Marijuana Legalization. Leafly Holdings, Inc. November 2020. https://www.leafly.com/learn/legalization/recreational-states.
- "Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning". FindLaw. Thomson Reuters. 18 October 2019. https://public.findlaw.com/cannabis-law/starting-a-cannabis-business/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html.
- Horn, J.; Bogot, W. (8 January 2021). "National Survey on Marijuana Laws and Regulations". Fox Rothschild LLP. https://www.foxrothschild.com/publications/national-survey-on-marijuana-laws-and-regulations/.
- National Conference of State Legislatures (11 January 2021). "State Medical Marijuana Laws". https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx.
- Rough, Lisa; Leafly Staff (24 February 2020). "Cannabis Testing Regulations: A State-by-state Guide". Leafly - Industry. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https://www.leafly.com/news/industry/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations.
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration (22 January 2021). "FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD)". https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd.
Standards and guidance
- American Council of Independent Laboratories (2022). "Cannabis Working Group - ACIL". https://www.acil.org/page/Cannabis_Working_Group.
- Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (2022). "Cannabis Analytical Science Program, Standard Method Performance Requirements". https://www.aoac.org/resources/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&key=.
- ASTM International (2022). "Committee D37 on Cannabis". https://www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/D37.htm.
- Cannabis Control Commission (1 December 2017). "Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries" (Word). Commonwealth of Massachusetts. pp. 21. https://www.mass.gov/doc/protocol-for-sampling-and-analysis-of-finished-medical-marijuana-products-and-marijuana-1/download.
- Cannabis Committee, AHPA (2 February 2016). "Recommendations for Regulators – Cannabis Operations" (PDF). American Herbal Products Association. https://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf.
- Gray, P.J.; Mindak, W.R.; Cheng, J. (February 2020). "Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, and Other Elements in Food Using Microwave Assisted Digestion" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/87509/download.
- Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al., ed. (2014). Cannabis Inflorescence: Cannabis spp.. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. ISBN 1929425333. https://herbal-ahp.org/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph/.
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration (19 September 2018). "Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM)". https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam.
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration (20 February 2016). "Residue Analytical Methods (RAM)". https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/methods/rammethods/web/html/ram12b.html.
Testing
- American Council of Independent Laboratories (2019). "Cannabis Testing Recommendations". https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.acil.org/resource/resmgr/cannabis/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf.
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (2022). "Cannabis Testing". https://www.aphl.org/programs/environmental_health/Pages/Cannabis-Testing.aspx.
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). "Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs" (PDF). pp. 35. https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf.
- ASTM Subcommittee D37.03 (1 December 2020). "ASTM D8334/D8334M-20 Standard Practice for Sampling of Cannabis/Hemp Post-Harvest Batches for Laboratory Analyses". ASTM International. https://www.astm.org/d8334_d8334m-20.html.
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (2022). "Marijuana reference library". https://cdphe.colorado.gov/laboratory-services/inspection-of-marijuana-testing-facilities/marijuana-reference-library.
- Daley, P.; Lampach, D.; Sguerra, S. (12 September 2013). "Testing Cannabis for Contaminants" (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp. https://lcb.wa.gov/publications/Marijuana/BOTEC%20reports/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf.
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (25 February 2022). "NIST Cannabis Quality Assurance Program (CannaQAP)". National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (September 2009). "Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products" (PDF). https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/ST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (June 2013). "Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in seized materials" (PDF). https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/STNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf.
New York State Department of Health:
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (27 May 2021). "Measurement of Mycotoxins in Medical Marijuana by LC-MS/MS, NYS DOH MML-303, Revision 6.1" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 40. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-303-06.1%20final_0.pdf.
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (27 May 2021). "Measurement of Phytocannabinoids in Medical Marijuana using HPLC-PDA, NYS DOH MML-300, Revision 7.1" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 36. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-300-07.1_0.pdf.
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (3 November 2021). "Medical Marijuana Sample Preparation Protocols for Potency Analysis, NYS DOH MML-301, Revision 8" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 19. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-301-08%20final%2011032021_0.pdf.
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (10 January 2022). "Metals and Metalloids in Medical Marijuana Products by ICP-MS, NYS DOH LINC-250, Revision 3" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 26. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20LINC-250-03.pdf.
- For all other methods documents, see https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap/medical-marijuana.
Accreditation and certification
- American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) (2022). "Accreditations > Cannabis Testing". https://a2la.org/accreditation/cannabis-testing/.
- Americans for Safe Access Foundation (2022). "Patient Focused Certification". https://patientfocusedcertification.org/.
- ANSI National Accreditation Board (2020). "ANAB Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation Program". https://anab.ansi.org/laboratory-accreditation/cannabis-testing.
- Certified Kind, LLC (2021). "Certified Kind: Certification for Responsibly Grown Cannabis". https://www.certified-kind.com/.
- Clean Green Certified (2020). "Clean Green Certified". https://cleangreencertified.com/.
- Emerald Scientific, LLC (2022). "The Emerald Test". https://pt.emeraldscientific.com/.
- International Accreditation Service. "Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation". https://www.iasonline.org/services/cannabis-testing-laboratory/.
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center. "Environmental Laboratory Approval Program". https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap.
- Oregon State Public Health Laboratory. "Oregon's Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program". https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/LaboratoryServices/EnvironmentalLaboratoryAccreditation/Pages/index.aspx.
- Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc (2022). "Accreditation Programs: Cannabis Testing Lab Accreditation". https://www.pjlabs.com/accreditation-programs/cannabis-testing.
6.3 Consultancy and support services
The following entities are known to provide consulting and support services of various types to cannabis testing labs (as well as cultivators, dispensaries, etc.):
- 3C Consulting
- Allay Cannabis Consulting
- American Cannabis Company
- Aurum Labs
- Be Green Legal
- BelCosta Labs
- Canadian Cannabis Dispute Resolution Centre
- Canna Advisors
- Canna Consulting Group
- Cannabis Consulting Group
- Cannabis Legal Group
- Elite Diagnostics
- FTI Consulting
- Green Rush Consulting
- Higher Yields Cannabis Consulting
- Highroad Consulting Group
- Hypur
- Medicine Man Technologies
- Michigan Cannabis Lawyers
- Mindful Cannabis Consulting
- MJ Freeway
- NorCal Cannabis Consultants
- PhytoSciences Consultants
- Quantum 9
- Rhine Laboratories
- RMMC Consulting
- Rocky Mountain Cannabis Consulting
- Ron Brooks Consulting
- SC Laboratories, Inc.
- Sigma Analytical Services
- SIVA
- Steep Hill
- Straight Line Analytics
- The Werc Shop
Citation information for this chapter
Chapter: 6. Final thoughts and resources
Edition: Summer 2021
Title: LIMS Buyer’s Guide for Cannabis Testing Laboratories
Author for citation: Shawn E. Douglas
License for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
Publication date: August 2021