Bioabsorbable metallic glass

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Bioresorbable (or bioabsorbable) metallic glass is a type of amorphous metal, which is based on the Mg-Zn-Ca ternary system.^[1] Containing only elements which already exist inside the human body, namely Mg, Zn and Ca, these amorphous alloys are a special type of biodegradable metal.^[2]

History

The first reported metallic glass was an alloy (Au
₇₅Si
₂₅) produced at Caltech by W. Klement (Jr.), Willens and Duwez in 1960.^[3] This and other early glass-forming alloys had to be cooled extremely rapidly (in the order of one mega-kelvin per second, 10⁶ K/s) to avoid crystallization. An important consequence of this was that metallic glasses could only be produced in a limited number of forms (typically ribbons, foils, or wires) in which one or more dimensions were small so that heat could be extracted quickly enough to achieve the necessary cooling rates. As a result, metallic glass specimens (with a few exceptions) were limited to thicknesses of less than one hundred micrometers.

Mg-Zn-Ca based metallic glasses are a relatively new group of amorphous metals, possessing commercial and technical advantages over early compositions. Gu and co-workers produced the first Mg-Zn-Ca BMG in 2005, reporting high glass forming ability, high strength and most importantly exceptional plasticity. This lanthanide-free, Mg-based glass attracted immediate interest due to its low density and cost, and particularly because of its uncharacteristically high ductility. This property was unexpected for such compositions, as the constituent elements are found to be of relatively low Poisson ratio, and hence contribute little to the inherent plasticity of the glass. This unlikely asset was seized upon by Li in 2008, who made use of the Poisson ratio principle and increased Mg content at the expense of Zn to further enhance plasticity. Further improvements were achieved by incremental addition of Ca to the Mg
₇₂Zn
₂₈ binary composition, producing numerous ternary alloys along the 350 °C isotherm of the Mg-Zn-Ca system.

Ternary Ca-Mg-Zn bulk metallic glasses were also discovered in 2005.^[4] Similar to the Mg-Zn-Ca, these two amorphous alloys are both bioresorbable metallic glasses and are based on the same Mg-Zn-Ca ternary system.^[1] The elements are displayed in order of decreasing atomic concentration. Hence, the distinction between these two metallic glasses lies in their most dominant element, namely Ca and Mg. These Ca-based bulk glassy alloys had compositions of Ca
₅₅Mg
_15+xZn
_30-x, Ca
₆₀Mg
_10+yZn
_30-y, and Ca
_55+zMg
_25-zZn
₂₀, where x = 0, 5 and 10; y = 0, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15; and z = 0, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15. Critical casting thicknesses of up to 10 mm were achieved.^[4]

Properties

Unlike traditional steel or titanium, this material dissolves in organisms at a rate of roughly 1 millimeter per month and is replaced with bone tissue. This speed can be adjusted by varying the content of zinc.^[5]

Amorphous Ca₆₅Zn₂₀Mg₁₅ alloy exhibits extremely poor corrosion resistance. Wang et al.^[6] reported that the said amorphous alloy completely disintegrated after no more than 3 hours exposure in biocorrosion environment. In static distilled water at room temperature, Dahlman et al.^[7] also reported destructive corrosion reactions of the same material, decomposing into a multiphase powder.

Ca-BMGs with higher Zn contents as reported by Cao et al.^[8] showed an elastic modulus in the range of 35–46 GPa, and a hardness of 0.7–1.4 GPa.

Recent developments

Metallic glasses based on the Mg-Zn-Ca ternary alloy system only consist of the elements which already exist inside the human body. As such, it is being explored as a potential bioresorbable biomaterial for use in orthopaedic applications.^[6]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b Mg-Zn-Ca ternary system
^ Ibrahim, H.; Esfahani, S. N.; Poorganji, B.; Dean, D.; Elahinia, M. (January 2017). "Resorbable bone fixation alloys, forming, and post-fabrication treatments". Materials Science and Engineering: C. 70 (1): 870–888. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.069. PMID 27770965.
^ Klement, W.; Willens, R. H.; Duwez, POL (1960). "Non-crystalline structure in solidified gold-silicon Alloys". Nature. 187 (4740): 869–870. Bibcode:1960Natur.187..869K. doi:10.1038/187869b0. S2CID 4203025.
^ ^a ^b Senkov, O.N.; Scott, J.M. (2005). "Glass forming ability and thermal stability of ternary Ca-Mg-Zn bulk metallic glasses". Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 351 (37–39): 3087–3094. Bibcode:2005JNCS..351.3087S. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2005.07.022.
^ "Fixing bones with dissolvable glass". PhysicsWorld. Oct 1, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Wang, Y.B.; et al. (2011). "Biodegradable CaMgZn bulk metallic glass for potential skeletal application". Acta Biomaterialia. 7 (8): 3196–3208. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.04.027. PMID 21571105.
^ Dahlman, J.; Senkov, O.N.; Scott, J.M.; Miracle, D.B. (2007). "Corrosion properties of Ca based bulk metallic glasses" (PDF). Materials Transactions. 48 (7): 1850–1854. doi:10.2320/matertrans.mj200732.
^ ^a ^b Cao, J.D.; et al. (2012). "Ca–Mg–Zn bulk metallic glasses as bioresorbable metals". Acta Biomaterialia. 8 (6): 2375–2383. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.009. PMID 22406910.
^ Mills, Georgie. "Mending broken bones with glass". Australia Unlimited. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
^ "BMGs for Electronic, Biomedical and Aerospace Applications". University of New South Wales. Apr 28, 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.
^ Kirkland, N.T. (2012). "Magnesium biomaterials: Past, present and future". Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. 47 (5): 322–328. doi:10.1179/1743278212Y.0000000034. hdl:10069/29852. S2CID 135864605.