User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel1

From LIMSWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, typically yielding varying levels of short- and long-term symptoms, including fever, cough, shortness of breath, loss of taste or smell, headaches, fatigue, joint pain, chest pain, heart palpitations, brain fog, and mood changes.[1][2] A majority of cases yield relatively mild symptoms, but some progress to life-threatening short- and long-term situations involving pneumonia, organ failure, cardiovascular complications, renal complications, neurological complications, and psychiatric issues.[2][3][4][5][6]

The first known case of COVID-19 dates back to November 2019, "according to government data seen by the South China Morning Post"[7], though additional research has suggested an even earlier timeline. A non-peer-reviewed report released by Harvard Medical School in June 2020 suggested that circumstantial evidence of higher traffic around hospitals even a month earlier may push the Wuhan timeline back further.[8] Stories of routinely analyzed wastewater samples from locations in Brazil[9] and Italy[10] may likewise indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was circulating earlier than initially gauged. And June 2021 peer-reviewed research by Roberts et al. suggests the possibility of COVID-19 beginning to spread as early as early October.[11]

By the middle of December, infections were at 27, and by the end of the year the number was 266.[7] By that time, Chinese health authorities had been updated that the pneumonia-like symptoms of patients in China's Hubei province may have been the symptoms of a disease caused by a novel (new) coronavirus[7], and the WHO was notified.[12] At the start of 2020, that number grew to 381 known cases[7], jumping to more than 7,700 confirmed and 12,000 suspected cases by the end of January.[13] By that time, the WHO had convened a second meeting of its Emergency Committee to discuss the declaration of a PHEIC, saying the then-called "2019-nCoV" constituted a health emergency of international concern.[13] This spurred the publishing of WHO technical advice to other countries, with a focus on "reducing human infection, prevention of secondary transmission and international spread, and contributing to the international response."[13] However, at the same time, the virus was already beginning to spread in locations such as Australia[14], France[15], Germany[16] Italy[17], Japan[18], South Korea[19], Spain[20], the United Kingdom[21], and the United States.[22]

As the disease continued to spread in February 2020, naming conventions came together, with the WHO declaring the disease's name "COVID-19," short for "coronavirus disease 2019."[23][24] By the end of the month, the WHO warned a "very high" likelihood the virus's spread could turn into a full pandemic.[25] Less than two weeks later, on March 11, 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 a pandemic, noting more than 118,000 confirmed cases and 4,000 deaths on all continents except Antarctica.[26] By November 2020, the pandemic had become more serious, in the U.S. in particular; hospitals became overwhelmed—the most recorded COVID-19 hospitalizations since the pandemic started[27]—and the pandemic became "a humanitarian crisis."[28] The U.S. FDA issued its first and second Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for a COVID-19 vaccine, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine[29] and Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine[30], in December 2020, giving hope that a much wider vaccine roll-out would happen by late winter and early spring of 2021 in the U.S.[31] However, concerns that wealthier residents and countries would largely lead the charge while leaving poorer residents and countries behind were heavily vocalized.[31][32]

Governmental reaction to the pandemic around the globe has varied significantly since the pandemic's declaration in March 2020. Some of that variance can be seen when reviewing the various policies implemented by the world's governments. The International Monetary Fund's policy tracker for COVID-19 response, for example, paints a picture of the laboratory testing, social, transportation, trade, and financial situations of each country. Reviewing the policy tracker reveals a diverse set of approaches from country to country, some significant and enduring, others limited and weak. [33] Another source for examining government reaction is through the collation of data on how governments have implemented technological tracking measures in the name of slowing the epidemic. Groups like Privacy International collate such information through their collective tracking project, which links to hundreds of news stories concerning the use of mobile phone data, drones, and other surveillance mechanisms for tracking and enforcing quarantines; geolocation tracking though phones; and the implementation of facial recognition technology as part of a COVID-19 mitigation strategy.[34] Other projects such as the University of Oxford's COVID-19 Government Response Tracker also paint a broad picture of governments' responses to the pandemic using a wide variety of indicators, including school closures, travel restrictions, and vaccination policies. The University of Oxford maintains a core working paper and monthly regional reports, painting a picture of more governments decreasing policy changes as vaccination roll-out continues.[35]

Citizen reaction to the pandemic has also varied. Local governments in China have been criticized[36][37], while the central government has, at least at times, been seen in positive light for its handling of the pandemic.[38][39][40] Some Indians have criticized their government for its police brutality during lockdowns[41], while some Italians have criticized their government for trivializing the situation for too long.[42] In the U.S.—and in other parts of the world—criticism has at times been significant concerning the United States government's response[43][44][45][46], though some governors have received praise for standing up for their state's citizens.[47][48][49] American's views of presidential handling of the COVID-19 crisis have varied. During President Trump's tenure, Americans increasingly expressed disapproval with the U.S. president's handling of the COVID-19 crisis, from 47.8% dissapproval on April 8 to 57.1% disasapproval by the end of his term.[50], which seemingly aligned with his attempts to downplay the existence of the COVID-19 virus.[51][52] Americans' perceptions of President Biden's handling of COVID-19 began strong, at above 60% approval, but has weakened over time to 52.9% as of September 2021, largely falling along partisan lines.[50]

It's difficult to truly quantitatively (or qualitatively) measure the impact of COVID-19 on the world, let alone the United States. From the start of the pandemic there have been significant job losses[53] and bankruptcies[54], to poor mental health impacts[55] and postponed cancer surgeries.[56] With time, some firmer numbers have become known, however. As of August 31, 2021, the number of global confirmed cases of COVID-19 was more than 216 million, with more than 4.5 million people dead.[57] As of July 2021, out of more than 320 vaccine candidates, 99 were still in clinical testing, 25 had reached Phase III efficacy studies, and 18 had received some form of formal approval.[58] Some 3.2 billion doses of vaccine had been administered globally as of July 2021 (with the caveat that only ~1% of people in low-income countries have received at least one dose), and nearly 11 billion doses were still needed to fully vaccinate 70% of the world's population.[59] Other statistics include:

  • "The global economy contracted by 3.5 percent in 2020 according to the April 2021 World Economic Outlook Report published by the IMF, a 7 percent loss relative to the 3.4 percent growth forecast back in October 2019."[60]
  • "At a global scale, the fiscal support [applied to COVID-19] reached nearly $16 trillion (around 15 percent of global GDP) in 2020."[60]
  • As of July 2021, some 10 percent of American adults have reported sometimes or often not having enough to eat in a given week, compared to 3.4 percent for the entirety of 2019.[61]
  • "An estimated 11.4 million [U.S.] adults living in rental housing—16 percent of adult renters—were not caught up on rent" as of the beginning of July 2021, with an additional 7.4 million estimated to not be caught up on mortgage payments.[61]
  • "Some 63 million [U.S.] adults—27 percent of all adults in the country—reported it was somewhat or very difficult for their household to cover usual expenses in the past seven days," as of the beginning of July 2021.[61]

Despite the remaining unknowns and difficulties facing societies everywhere, what has long been known and remains true, however, is that preventative measures such as wearing masks[62], getting vaccinated[58], and getting tested for exposure[63] remain vital in order to further limit the negative consequences of the pandemic.

References

  1. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (22 February 2021). "Symptoms of Coronavirus". Centers for Disease Control and Preventions. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (12 July 2021). "Long-Term Effects of COVID-19". Centers for Disease Control and Preventions. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  3. ↑ Wadman, M.; Couzin-Frankel, J.; Kaiser, J. et al. (17 April 2020). "How does coronavirus kill? Clinicians trace a ferocious rampage through the body, from brain to toes". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abc3208. https://www.science.org/news/2020/04/how-does-coronavirus-kill-clinicians-trace-ferocious-rampage-through-body-brain-toes. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  4. ↑ Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). "The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China". Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 41 (2): 145–51. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003. PMID 32064853. 
  5. ↑ Elezkurtaj, S.; Greuel, S.; Ihlow, J. et al. (2021). "Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19". Scientific Reports 11: 4263. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5. PMC PMC7895917. PMID 33608563. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7895917. 
  6. ↑ Taquet, M.; Geddes, J.R.; Husain, M. et al. (2021). "6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study using electronic health records". The Lancet Psychiatry 8 (5): 416–27. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5. PMC PMC8023694. PMID 33836148. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8023694. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Ma, J. (13 March 2020). "Coronavirus: China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  8. ↑ Folmer, K.; Margolin. J. (8 June 2020). "Satellite data suggests coronavirus may have hit China earlier: Researchers". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/satellite-data-suggests-coronavirus-hit-china-earlier-researchers/story?id=71123270. Retrieved 07 July 2020. 
  9. ↑ Chen, S. (3 July 2020). "‘Earlier signs of coronavirus’ in sewage samples in Brazil". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/world/americas/article/3091757/earlier-signs-coronavirus-sewage-samples-brazil. Retrieved 07 July 2020. 
  10. ↑ Kelland, K. (19 June 2020). "Italy sewage study suggests COVID-19 was there in December 2019". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-italy-sewage/italy-sewage-study-suggests-covid-19-was-there-in-december-2019-idUSKBN23Q1J9. Retrieved 07 July 2020. 
  11. ↑ Roberts, D.L.; Rossman, J.S.; Jarić, I. (2021). "Dating first cases of COVID-19". PLoS Pathogens 17 (6): e1009620. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009620. PMC PMC8224943. PMID 34166465. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8224943. 
  12. ↑ Hui, D.S.; Azhar, E.I.; Madani, T.A. et al. (2020). "The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 91: 264–66. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. PMID 31953166. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 World Health Organization (30 January 2020). "Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov). Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  14. ↑ Hunt, G. (25 January 2020). "First confirmed case of novel coronavirus in Australia". Australian Department of Health. https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  15. ↑ Jacob, E. (24 January 2020). "Coronavirus: trois premiers cas confirmés en France, deux d’entre eux vont bien". Le Figaro. https://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/coronavirus-trois-premiers-cas-confirmes-en-france-20200124. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  16. ↑ Der Spiegel (28 January 2020). "Bayerische Behörden bestätigen ersten Fall in Deutschland". https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/medizin/corona-virus-erster-fall-in-deutschland-bestaetigt-a-19843b8d-8694-451f-baf7-0189d3356f99. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  17. ↑ Severgnini, C. (30 January 2020). "Coronavirus, primi due casi in Italia «Sono due cinesi in vacanza a Roma» Sono arrivati a Milano il 23 gennaio". Corriere della Sera. https://www.corriere.it/cronache/20_gennaio_30/coronavirus-italia-corona-9d6dc436-4343-11ea-bdc8-faf1f56f19b7.shtml. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  18. ↑ Sim, W. (16 January 2020). "Japan confirms first case of infection from Wuhan coronavirus; Vietnam quarantines two tourists". The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-confirms-first-case-of-infection-with-new-china-coronavirus. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  19. ↑ Jin-woo, S. (24 January 2020). "신종 코로나바이러스 한국인 첫환자 확인". Maekyung.com. https://www.mk.co.kr/news/society/view/2020/01/80017/. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  20. ↑ Linde, P. (31 January 2020). "Sanidad confirma en La Gomera el primer caso de coronavirus en España". El País. https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020/01/31/actualidad/1580509404_469734.html. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  21. ↑ Ball, T.; Wace, C. (31 January 2020). "Hunt for contacts of coronavirus-stricken pair in York". The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hunt-for-contacts-of-coronavirus-stricken-pair-in-york-dh363qf8k. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  22. ↑ Holshue, M.L.; DeBolt, C.; Lindquist, S. et al. (2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". New England Journal of Medicine 382 (10): 929–36. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMID 32004427. 
  23. ↑ Enserink, M. (12 February 2020). "Update: ‘A bit chaotic.’ Christening of new coronavirus and its disease name create confusion". Science. https://www.science.org/news/2020/02/bit-chaotic-christening-new-coronavirus-and-its-disease-name-create-confusion. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  24. ↑ Jiang, S.; Shi, Z.; Shu, Y. et al. (2020). "A distinct name is needed for the new coronavirus". The Lancet 395 (10228): 949. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30419-0. PMID 32087125. 
  25. ↑ Mulier, T. (28 February 2020). "WHO Raises Global Risk for Coronavirus to Very High". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-28/who-raises-global-risk-for-coronavirus-to-very-high-from-high. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  26. ↑ Gumbrecht, J.; Howard, J. (11 March 2020). "WHO declares novel coronavirus outbreak a pandemic". CNN Health. https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/11/health/coronavirus-pandemic-world-health-organization/index.html. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 
  27. ↑ Dall, C. (11 November 2020). "US hits record for COVID-19 hospital cases". CIDRAP News. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy - University of Minnesota. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/11/us-hits-record-covid-19-hospital-cases. Retrieved 12 November 2020. 
  28. ↑ Maxouris, C. (12 November 2020). "As the holidays get closer, Covid-19 hospitalizations and deaths are happening at a faster rate". CNN Health. https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/12/health/us-coronavirus-thursday/index.html. Retrieved 12 November 2020. 
  29. ↑ "FDA Takes Key Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for First COVID-19 Vaccine". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 11 December 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-key-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-first-covid-19. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  30. ↑ "FDA Takes Additional Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for Second COVID-19 Vaccine". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 18 December 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Thomas, K.; Robbins, R. (3 February 2021). "Vaccine News Gives Hope for Spring, if Enough People Get the Shots". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/health/covid-vaccines.html. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  32. ↑ Bahar, D. (11 February 2021). "Rich countries have a moral obligation to help poor countries get vaccines, but catastrophic scenarios are overrated". Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/02/11/rich-countries-have-a-moral-obligation-to-help-poor-countries-get-vaccines-but-catastrophic-scenarios-are-overrated/. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  33. ↑ International Monetary Fund (5 November 2020). "Policy Responses to COVID-19". International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19. Retrieved 12 November 2020. 
  34. ↑ Privacy International (8 October 2020). "Tracking the Global Response to COVID-19". Privacy International. https://privacyinternational.org/examples/tracking-global-response-covid-19. Retrieved 12 November 2020. 
  35. ↑ Blavatnik School of Government (August 2021). "COVID-19 Government Response Tracker". University of Oxford. https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/covid-19-government-response-tracker. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  36. ↑ Wu, H.; Cheng, L. (26 January 2020). "Chinese provincial press conference on coronavirus inspires anger, criticism". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-governor-idUSKBN1ZP0RU. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  37. ↑ She, Z. (21 January 2020). "武汉"万家宴"：他们的淡定让人没法淡定". The Beijing News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200128221902/http://www.bjnews.com.cn/opinion/2020/01/21/677335.html. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  38. ↑ Johnson, I. (13 March 2020). "China Bought the West Time. The West Squandered It". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/opinion/china-response-china.html. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  39. ↑ Richie, R. (28 March 2020). "Rodney Richie: Don’t be quick to blame Chinese for obscuring viral contagion". Waco Tribune-Herald. https://www.wacotrib.com/opinion/columns/guest_columns/rodney-richie-don-t-be-quick-to-blame-chinese-for-obscuring-viral-contagion/article_91f410f5-07a9-549a-9f8c-8b785bfc1207.html. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  40. ↑ Bowman, N. (18 March 2020). "Bill Gates estimates at least 6-10 weeks before coronavirus is quelled in US". MYNorthwest. https://mynorthwest.com/1773883/bill-gates-coronavirus-reddit-ama/. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  41. ↑ PTI (27 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Bollywood celebrities criticise police brutality during lockdown". Deccan Herald. https://www.deccanherald.com/national/coronavirus-bollywood-celebrities-criticise-police-brutality-during-lockdown-818202.html. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  42. ↑ Horowitz, J.; Bubola, E.; Povoledo, E. (21 March 2020). "Italy, Pandemic’s New Epicenter, Has Lessons for the World". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/21/world/europe/italy-coronavirus-center-lessons.html. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  43. ↑ Science News Staff (1 April 2020). "The United States leads in coronavirus cases, but not pandemic response". Science. https://www.science.org/news/2020/04/united-states-leads-coronavirus-cases-not-pandemic-response. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  44. ↑ Luscombe, R. (22 March 2020). "Trump tries to blunt criticism of Covid-19 response as US cases pass 33,000". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/22/trump-coronavirus-response-criticism-us-cases. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  45. ↑ Perry, M.; Kelland, K.; Nebehay, S. et al. (14 April 2020). "Factbox: Global Reaction to Trump Withdrawing WHO Funding". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-trump-who-reaction/factbox-global-reaction-to-trump-withdrawing-who-funding-idUSKCN21X0CN. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  46. ↑ Melton, M.; (3 April 2020). "Criticizing America over COVID-19 Response". Providence. https://providencemag.com/2020/04/criticizing-america-covid-19-response/. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  47. ↑ Clay, J. (31 March 2020). "BBC praises Gov. DeWine's leadership during coronavirus pandemic". ABC6 On Your Side. https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/bbc-praises-gov-dewines-leadership-during-coronavirus-pandemic. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  48. ↑ Renbaum, B. (20 March 2020). "Glendening Praises Hogan's Response to COVID-19". Maryland Reporter. https://marylandreporter.com/2020/03/20/glendening-praises-hogans-response-to-covid-19/. Retrieved 20 March 2020. 
  49. ↑ "Glowing coverage of Cuomo also raises difficult questions". Columbia Journalism Review. 27 March 2020. https://www.cjr.org/analysis/andrew-cuomo-coronavirus-covid19-barkan.php. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Bycoffe, A.; Groskopf, C.; Mehta, D. (11 November 2020). "How Americans View The Coronavirus Crisis And Trump's Response". FiveThirtyEight. https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/coronavirus-polls/. Retrieved 12 November 2020. 
  51. ↑ Collinson, S. (24 June 2020). "Fauci warns of disturbing trend as Trump ignores viral surge". CNN Politics. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/23/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-pandemic-election-2020/index.html. Retrieved 07 July 2020. 
  52. ↑ Hellmann, J. (6 July 2020). "Trump downplaying sparks new criticism of COVID-19 response". The Hill. Archived from the original on 07 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707133105/https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/506075-trump-downplaying-sparks-new-criticism-of-covid-19-response. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  53. ↑ Rothwell, J.; Van Drie, H. (27 April 2020). "The effect of COVID-19 and disease suppression policies on labor markets: A preliminary analysis of the data". Brookings. The Brookings Institute. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-effect-of-covid-19-and-disease-suppression-policies-on-labor-markets-a-preliminary-analysis-of-the-data/. Retrieved 28 April 2020. 
  54. ↑ Rosenberg, J.M. (26 April 2020). "A flood of business bankruptcies likely in coming months". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-business-courts-ap-top-news-small-business-b9ae754f44d27671ec63d85542c468f8. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  55. ↑ Ting, V. (26 April 2020). "Coronavirus: suicide experts warn of pandemic’s impact on mental health, with Hong Kong’s jobless, poor and elderly most at risk". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3081582/coronavirus-suicide-experts-warn-pandemics-impact. Retrieved 28 April 2020. 
  56. ↑ Colaianni, A. (22 April 2020). "“For Now, We Wait”: Postponing Cancer Surgery During the Coronavirus Crisis". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/science/medical-dispatch/for-now-we-wait-postponing-cancer-surgery-during-the-coronavirus-crisis. Retrieved 28 April 2020. 
  57. ↑ World Health Organization (31 August 2021). "COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update - 31 August 2021" (PDF). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20210831_weekly_epi_update_55.pdf. Retrieved 06 November 2021. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Tregoning, J.S.; Flight, K.E.; Highman, S.L. et al. (2021). "Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape". Nature Reviews Immunology: 1–11. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00592-1. PMC PMC8351583. PMID 34373623. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8351583. 
  59. ↑ Padma, T.V. (2021). "COVID vaccines to reach poorest countries in 2023 — despite recent pledges". Nature 595: 342–43. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01762-w. PMID 34226742. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Yeyati, E.L.; Filippini, F. (8 June 2021). "Social and economic impact of COVID-19". Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/research/social-and-economic-impact-of-covid-19/. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (9 August 2021). "Tracking the COVID-19 Recession’s Effects on Food, Housing, and Employment Hardships". COVID Hardship Watch. https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/tracking-the-covid-19-recessions-effects-on-food-housing-and. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  62. ↑ Falcon, R. (7 August 2021). "Do face masks work? Here are 49 scientific studies that explain why they do". KXAN. https://www.kxan.com/news/coronavirus/do-face-masks-work-here-are-49-scientific-studies-that-explain-why-they-do/. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
  63. ↑ Scott, D. (1 September 2021). "Why can’t America fix its Covid-19 testing problems?". Vox. https://www.vox.com/coronavirus-covid19/2021/9/1/22642745/us-covid-19-test-numbers-delta-variant. Retrieved 06 September 2021. 
Retrieved from "https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel1&oldid=46031"