Journal:2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Paving the road for rapid detection and point-of-care diagnostics
Full article title | 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Paving the road for rapid detection and point-of-care diagnostics |
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Journal | Micromachines |
Author(s) | Nguyen, Trieu; Bang, Dang Duong; Wolff, Anders |
Author affiliation(s) | Technical University of Denmark |
Primary contact | Email: awol at dtu dot dk |
Year published | 2020 |
Volume and issue | 11(3) |
Article # | 306 |
DOI | 10.3390/mi11030306 |
ISSN | 2072-666X |
Distribution license | Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International |
Website | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/11/3/306/htm |
Download | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/11/3/306/pdf (PDF) |
This article should be considered a work in progress and incomplete. Consider this article incomplete until this notice is removed. |
Abstract
We believe a point-of-care (PoC) device for the rapid detection of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial and urgently needed. With this perspective, we give suggestions regarding a potential candidate for the rapid detection of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as factors for the preparedness and response to the outbreak of COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID-19, Wuhan, 2019 novel coronavirus, point-of-care detection, SARS-CoV-2, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP assay, polymerase chain reaction, PCR
Introduction
On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global public health emergency[1] over the outbreak of a novel coronavirus, called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (previously "2019 novel coronavirus" or "2019-nCoV"), which originated in Wuhan City, in the Hubei Province of China. On February 11, WHO officially named the disease the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).[2] Human-to-human transmission (Figure 1) has been confirmed by WHO and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States[3], with evidence of person-to-person transmission from three different cases outside China, namely in the U.S.[4], Germany[5], and Vietnam.[6]
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COVID-19 has continuously spread to 104 countries; the number of confirmed infections reached 109,343 on March 9, 2020[12], and the death toll in China has overtaken the SARS epidemic of 2002–2003 and has risen to 3,100.[2] To slow down the spread of COVID-19, at least 50 million people in China have been placed under lockdown.[13] On March 8, 2020, Italy also undertook the same measures, with the northern part of the country getting placed under lockdown, affecting 16 million people.[14] The reproduction number R0 (i.e., the average number of secondary cases generated by a typical infectious individual) is estimated to be 2.68, and the doubling time is estimated to be 6.4 days.[15]
The difference in terminology between "coronavirus" and "SARS-Cov-2" is detailed in Table 1.
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References
- ↑ World Health Organization (31 January 2020). "Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Situation Report - 11" (PDF). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200131-sitrep-11-ncov.pdf. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 World Health Organization (8 March 2020). "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report - 48" (PDF). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200308-sitrep-48-covid-19.pdf. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (March 2020). "How COVID-19 Spreads". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fprepare%2Ftransmission.html. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ Holshue, M.L.; DeBolt, C.; Lindquist, S. et al. (2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". New England Journal of Medicine 382 (10): 929–36. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMC PMC7092802. PMID 32004427. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092802.
- ↑ Rothe, C.; Schunk, M.; Bretzel, G. et al. (2020). "Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany". New England Journal of Medicine 382 (10): 970–71. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001468. PMID 32003551.
- ↑ Phan, L.T.; Nguyen, T.V.; Luong, Q.C. et al. (2020). "Importation and Human-to-Human Transmission of a Novel Coronavirus in Vietnam". New England Journal of Medicine 382 (9): 872-874. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001272. PMID 31991079.
- ↑ Enserink, M. (12 February 2020). "Update: ‘A bit chaotic.’ Christening of new coronavirus and its disease name create confusion". Science. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/bit-chaotic-christening-new-coronavirus-and-its-disease-name-create-confusion. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ Ji, W.; Wang, W.; Zhao, X. et al. (2020). "Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV". Journal of Medical Virology 92 (4): 433-440. doi:10.1002/jmv.25682. PMID 31967321.
- ↑ Cyrankoski, D. (7 February 2020). "Did pangolins spread the China caronavirus to people?". Nature - News. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00364-2.
- ↑ World Health Organization (March 2020). "WHO recommendations to reduce risk of transmission of emerging pathogens from animals to humans in live animal markets or animal product markets". World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus/who-recommendations-to-reduce-risk-of-transmission-of-emerging-pathogens-from-animals-to-humans-in-live-animal-markets. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ Wang, W.; Tang, J.; Wei, F. (2020). "Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Wuhan, China". Journal of Medical Virology 92 (4): 441–47. doi:10.1002/jmv.25689.
- ↑ World Health Organization (March 2020). "Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports". World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/. Retrieved 09 March 2020.
- ↑ Cohen, J.; Kupferschmidt, K. (2020). "Strategies shift as coronavirus pandemic looms". Science 367 (6481): 962–63. doi:10.1126/science.367.6481.962. PMID 32108093.
- ↑ Regan, H. (8 March 2020). "Italy announces lockdown as global coronavirus cases surpass 105,000". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/08/asia/coronavirus-covid-19-update-intl-hnk/index.html. Retrieved 08 March 2020.
- ↑ Wu, J.T.; Leung, K.; Leung, G.M. (2020). "Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: A modelling study". Lancet 395 (10225): 689-697. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9. PMID 32014114.
- ↑ Tang, B.; Bragazzi, N.L.; Li, Q. et al. (2020). "An updated estimation of the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCov)". Infectious Disease Modelling 5: 248-255. doi:10.1016/j.idm.2020.02.001. PMC PMC7029158. PMID 32099934. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7029158.
- ↑ Gallagher, T.M.; Buchmeier, M.J. (2001). "Coronavirus spike proteins in viral entry and pathogenesis". Virology 279 (2): 371–4. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0757. PMID 11162792.
- ↑ Schoeman, D.; Fielding, B.C. (2019). "Coronavirus envelope protein: Current knowledge". Virology Journal 16 (1): 69. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0. PMC PMC6537279. PMID 31133031. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537279.
- ↑ Gralinski, L.E.; Menechary, V.D. (2020). "Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV". Viruses 12 (2): E135. doi:10.3390/v12020135. PMC PMC7077245. PMID 31991541. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7077245.
Notes
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.