Journal:Analysis of phenolic compounds in commercial Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS

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Full article title Analysis of phenolic compounds in commercial Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS
Journal Molecules
Author(s) Izzo, Luana; Castaldo, Luigi; Narváez, Alfonso; Graziani, Giulia; Gaspari, Anna; Rodríguez-Carrasco, Yelko; Ritieni, Alberto
Author affiliation(s) University of Naples "Federico II," University of Valencia
Primary contact Email: luana dot izzo at unina dot it
Editors Efferth, Thomas
Year published 2020
Volume and issue 25(3)
Article # 631
DOI 10.3390/molecules25030631
ISSN 1420-3049
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Website https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/3/631/htm
Download https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/3/631/pdf (PDF)
Emblem-important-yellow.svg This article should be considered a work in progress and incomplete. Consider this article incomplete until this notice is removed.

Abstract

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., family Cannabaceae) contains a vast number of relevant bioactive organic compounds, namely polyphenols, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenol amides, and lignanamides, which are well known for their therapeutic properties. Nowadays, many polyphenol-containing products made from herbal extracts are marketed, claiming to have health-promoting effects. In this context, industrial hemp inflorescences may represent an innovative source of bioactive compounds to be used in nutraceutical formulations.

The aim of this work was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the polyphenolic fraction contained in polar extracts of four different commercial cultivars—Kompolti, Tiborszallasi, Antal, and Selected Carmagnola (CS)—of hemp inflorescence through spectrophotometric (total polyphenol content [TPC] and DPPH assays) and spectrometry measurement (using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole–orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry or UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS).

Results highlighted a high content of cannflavin A and B in inflorescence samples, which appear to be cannabis-specific, with a mean value of 61.8 and 84.5 mg/kg, meaning a ten-to-hundred times increase compared to other parts of the plant. Among flavonols, quercetin-3-glucoside reached up to 285.9 mg/kg in the CS cultivar. Catechin and epicatechin were the most representative flavanols, with a mean concentration of 53.3 and 66.2 mg/kg, respectively, for all cultivars. TPC in inflorescence samples was quantified in the range of 10.51 to 52.58 mg GAE/g, and free radical-scavenging included in the range from 27.5 to 77.6 mmol trolox/kg. As such, C. sativa inflorescence could be considered as a potential novel source of polyphenols intended for nutraceutical formulations.

Keywords: Cannabis sativa L., polyphenols, UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS

Introduction

Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous plant of the Cannabaceae family, native to Central Asia but with a wide distribution over different geographical areas, facilitated by climate adaptation. This plant has long been cultivated due to its large variety of applications, from textile uses to food and feed.[1]

Industrial hemp, characterized by a low content of psychoactive cannabinoids, contains bioactive organic compounds that are known to have a wide range of important biological properties.[2] Polyphenols represent one of the most relevant compounds found in C. sativa, including the likes of prenylated flavonoids, phenol amides, and lignanamides, which are specific metabolites of this plant. They are known to play multifunctional roles in the defense mechanisms of the plant, especially through their activity as antioxidants, preventing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).[3][4][5][6] In humans, polyphenols can display health-promoting effects based on the modulation of several enzymes, such us lipoxygenase and the superfamily of cytochrome P450, showing cardio- or chemoprotective activity, among others.[5][7]

For this reason, polyphenol-containing products have been increasingly marketed as food supplements and nutraceuticals, and, currently, a great variety of supplements claiming to enhance specific physiological functions are commercially available. Nutraceuticals consist of naturally-occurring active substances, which are concentrated and administered in the suitable pharmaceutical form to properly develop its pharmacological effect. Furthermore, when compared to traditional drugs, nutraceuticals appear to be generally safer, with higher bioavailability and fewer side effects.[8] The manufacturing of nutraceuticals requires isolated ingredients that have to be extracted and purified for latter uses. Since certain polyphenols naturally occur inside insoluble structures, such as vacuoles, obtention of pure compounds can become a complex process.[9] In addition, several studies reported a decrease in the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of pure polyphenols in comparison with the administration of plant extracts rich in polyphenols, which may be due to the existence of other active compounds which can establish synergistic functions with them.[10][11][12] Because of this, food supplements could be a valuable resource to consume polyphenol-containing products. They consist of extracts from herbals and botanicals than can be delivered as the same pharmaceutical forms as nutraceuticals. Some of the most prevalent plants used as a source of polyphenols are tea, coffee, apple, basil, and turmeric, among others, each one intended for specific polyphenols.[13][14][15]

Regarding C. sativa, recent studies have reported the high antioxidant potential of the plant—while also characterizing the major polyphenols, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, and cannabisin A, B, and C—and have concluded that C. sativa would be a suitable source of polyphenols for nutraceutical or supplementation purposes.[3][4][16][17][18] Nevertheless, the most studied components of the plant are seeds, leaves, and sprouts, whereas there is still scarce literature regarding polyphenols in inflorescences. The polyphenolic profile of C. sativa is variable among the different parts of the plant, and since flowers represent an important reproductive organ, high levels of colored polyphenols are expected.[19]

Analysis of polyphenols in C. sativa samples has been previously performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) with attenuated total reflectance (ATR)[4], as well as mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to both high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC).[18] High-resolution mass spectrometers, such as Orbitrap, have also been used coupled to ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) for the determination of polyphenols in vegetal matrices intended for nutraceutical purposes, including green tea and coffee.[17][20][21][22][23] This methodology offers higher sensitivity and specificity, allowing a precise quantification based on exact mass measurement. Given this, this study aimed to (i) evaluate the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content in different chemotypes of commercial C. sativa inflorescences using in vitro assays, and (ii) establish the polyphenolic profile of those inflorescences through UHPLC coupled to high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS), leading to the promotion of this innovative source of bioactive compounds for use in nutraceutical formulations or for their health-promoting properties.

Results and discussion

Identification of polyphenol compounds in C. sativa inflorescences though UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS

Identification of individual phenolic acids and flavonoids was conducted through UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. By a combination of MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra, a total of 22 different polyphenolic compounds were identified from different samples of C. sativa inflorescences (see Figures S1 and S2, Supplementary materials). Table 1 shows all mass parameters, including adduct ion, theoretical and measured mass (m/z), accuracy, and sensitivity.

Table 1. Chromatographic and spectrometric optimized parameters, including retention time, adduct ion, theoretical and measured mass (m/z), accuracy, and sensitivity for the investigated analytes (n = 22)
Compound Retention Time (min) Chemical Formula Adduct Ion Theoretical Mass (m/z) Measured Mass (m/z) Accuracy (Δ mg/kg) LOD (mg/kg) LOQ (mg/kg)
Catechin 7.65 C15H14O6 [M − H]− 289.07176 289.07224 1.6605 0.0015 0.0046
Chlorogenic acid 8.13 C16H18O9 [M − H]− 353.08780 353.08798 0.5098 0.0012 0.0036
Caffeic acid 8.24 C9H8O4 [M − H]− 179.03498 179.03455 −2.4018 0.0007 0.0020
Epicatechin 8.51 C15H14O6 [M − H]− 289.07176 289.07196 0.6919 0.0014 0.0043
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside 9.23 C21H20O11 [M − H]− 447.09328 447.09366 0.8499 0.0008 0.0025
p-Coumaric acid 9.31 C9H8O3 [M − H]− 163.04001 163.03937 −3.9254 0.0006 0.0018
Caffeoyl tyramine 9.46 C17H17NO4 [M − H]− 298.10848 298.10910 2.0798 - -
Rutin 9.79 C27H30O16 [M − H]− 609.14611 609.14624 0.2134 0.0012 0.0035
Ferulic acid 9.88 C10H10O4 [M − H]− 193.05063 193.05016 −2.4346 0.0018 0.0054
Quercetin-3-glucoside 9.93 C20H20O12 [M − H]− 463.08820 463.08862 0.9070 0.0017 0.0052
Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside 10.36 C21H20O11 [M − H]− 447.09323 447.09360 0.8276 0.0008 0.0025
C H O [M − H]−
C H N O [M − H]−
C H O [M − H]−
C H O [M − H]−
C H N O [M − H]−
C H O [M − H]−
C H O [M − H]−
C H O [M − H]−
C H N O [M − H]−
C H O [M − H]−
C H O [M − H]−


Supplementary materials

Supplementary file 1: This PDF file contains Supplementary Figures S1–S3.

References

  1. ↑ Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.F.; Guerriero, G. (2016). "Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules". Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 19. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00019. PMC PMC4740396. PMID 26870049. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4740396. 
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  11. ↑ Gómez-Juaristi, M.; Martínez-López, S.; Sarria, B. et al. (2018). "Bioavailability of hydroxycinnamates in an instant green/roasted coffee blend in humans. Identification of novel colonic metabolites". Food & Function 9 (1): 331-343. doi:10.1039/c7fo01553d. PMID 29177345. 
  12. ↑ Shukla, M.; Jaiswal, S.; Sharma, A. et al. (2017). "A combination of complexation and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for enhancing oral bioavailability and anticancer efficacy of curcumin". Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 43 (5): 847–61. doi:10.1080/03639045.2016.1239732. PMID 27648633. 
  13. ↑ Abbas, M.; Saeed, F.; Anjum, F.M. et al. (2017). "Natural polyphenols: An overview". International Journal of Food Properties 20 (8): 1689–99. doi:10.1080/10942912.2016.1220393. 
  14. ↑ Tenore, G.C.; Campiglia, P.; Ciampaglia, R. et al. (2017). "Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of traditional green and purple "Napoletano" basil cultivars (Ocimum basilicum L.) from Campania region (Italy)". Natural Product Research 31 (17): 2067–71. doi:10.1080/14786419.2016.1269103. PMID 28025898. 
  15. ↑ Castaldo, L.; Graziani, G.; Gaspari, A. et al. (2018). "Study of the Chemical Components, Bioactivity and Antifungal Properties of the Coffee Husk". Journal of Food Research 7 (4): 43–54. doi:10.5539/jfr.v7n4p43. 
  16. ↑ Fathordoobady, F.; Singh, A.; Kitts, D.D. et al. (2019). "Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Extract: Anti-Microbial Properties, Methods of Extraction, and Potential Oral Delivery". Food Reviews International 35 (7): 664–84. doi:10.1080/87559129.2019.1600539. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Frassinetti, S.; Moccia, E.; Caltavuturo, L. et al. (2018). "Nutraceutical potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds and sprouts". Food Chemistry 262: 56–66. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.078. PMID 29751921. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Nagy, D.U.; Cianfaglione, K.; Maggi, F. et al. (2019). "Chemical Characterization of Leaves, Male and Female Flowers from Spontaneous Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) Growing in Hungary". Chemistry and Biodiversity 16 (3): e1800562. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201800562. PMID 30548994. 
  19. ↑ Piccolella, S.; Crescente, G.; Candela, L. et al. (2019). "Nutraceutical polyphenols: New analytical challenges and opportunities". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 175: 112774. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2019.07.022. PMID 31336288. 
  20. ↑ López-Gutiérrez, N.; Romero-González, R.; Plaza-Bolaños, P. et al. (2015). "Identification and quantification of phytochemicals in nutraceutical products from green tea by UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS". Food Chemistry 173: 607–18. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.092. PMID 25466066. 
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  23. ↑ Rodríguez-Carrasco, Y.; Gaspari, A.; Craziani, G. et al. (2018). "Fast analysis of polyphenols and alkaloids in cocoa-based products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS)". Food Research International 111: 229-236. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.032. PMID 30007681. 

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.

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