Journal:Cannabis contaminants limit pharmacological use of cannabidiol

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Full article title Cannabis contaminants limit pharmacological use of cannabidiol
Journal Frontiers in Pharmacology
Author(s) Montoya, Zackary; Conroy, Matthieu; Vanden Heuvel, Brian D.; Pauli, Christopher S.; Park, Sang-Hyuck
Author affiliation(s) Colorado State University–Pueblo
Primary contact Email: sanghyuck dot park at csupueblo dot edu
Editors Khan, Tanveer A.
Year published 2020
Volume and issue 11
Article # 571832
DOI 10.3389/fphar.2020.571832
ISSN 1663-9812
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Website https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.571832/full
Download https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.571832/pdf (PDF)
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Abstract

For nearly a century, cannabis has been stigmatized and criminalized across the globe, but in recent years, there has been a growing interest in cannabis due to the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids. With this emerging interest in cannabis, concerns have arisen about the possible contaminations of hemp with pesticides, heavy metals, microbial pathogens, and carcinogenic compounds during the cultivation, manufacturing, and packaging processes. This is of particular concern for those turning to cannabis for medicinal purposes, especially those with compromised immune systems. This review aims to provide types of contaminants and examples of cannabis contamination using case studies that elucidate the medical consequences consumers risk when using adulterated cannabis products. Thus, it is imperative to develop universal standards for cultivation and testing of products to protect those who consume cannabis.

Keywords: cannabis, cannabidiol, cannabis contaminants, hemp, phytocannabinoids

Introduction

Phytocannabinoids have garnered global attention recently due to the therapeutic potentials in Parkinson’s disease[1], schizophrenia[2], cancers[3][3], pain, anxiety, depression, and other neurological disorders[4], as well as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of Epidiolex for Dravet syndrome[5] and Lennox-Gauss Syndrome.[6] As of 2019, a total of 33 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S Virgin Islands have approved cannabis for medicinal purposes, and 21 states are considering bills that would decriminalize it under legislative action. With recent legalization in Canada in 2019, more countries are beginning to question the rationale behind criminalizing cannabis.[7] As interest in cannabis expands around the globe, many issues have arisen concerning the lack of cultivation standards and overall quality control of cannabis products. Recently the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) formed a Cannabis Expert Panel, which has evaluated specifications necessary to define key cannabis quality attributes, including limits for contaminants such as pesticide residues, microbial pathogen levels, mycotoxins, and elemental contaminants, based on toxicological considerations and aligned with the existing USP procedures for general tests and assays.[8] Aside from inaccuracy in labeling phytocannabinoid content, it has been reported that cannabis and derived products are often contaminated by microbes, heavy metals, pesticides, carcinogens, and debris, which must be addressed to ensure the safety of consumers (Table 1).[9][10]

References

  1. ↑ Chagas, M.H.N.; Zuardi, A.W.; Tumas, V. et al. (2014). "Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease: an exploratory double-blind trial". Journal of Psychopharmacology 28 (11): 1088–98. doi:10.1177/0269881114550355. PMID 25237116. 
  2. ↑ McGuire, P.; Robson, P.; Cubala, W.J. et al. (2018). "Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial". American Journal of Psychiatry 175 (3): 225–31. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325. PMID 29241357. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jeong, S.; Yun, H.K.; Jeong, Y.A. et al. (2019). "Cannabidiol-induced apoptosis is mediated by activation of Noxa in human colorectal cancer cells". Cancer Letters 447: 12–23. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.011. PMID 30660647.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "JeongCanna19" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Marchetti, C. (2013). "Role of calcium channels in heavy metal toxicity". ISRN Toxicology 2013: 184360. doi:10.1155/2013/184360. PMC PMC3658387. PMID 23724297. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3658387. 
  5. ↑ Kaplan, J.S.; Stella, N.; Catterall, W.A. et al. (2017). "Cannabidiol attenuates seizures and social deficits in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (42): 11229–234. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711351114. PMC PMC5651774. PMID 28973916. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5651774. 
  6. ↑ Pauli, C.S.; Conroy, M.; Heuvel, B.D.V.. et al. (2020). "Cannabidiol Drugs Clinical Trial Outcomes and Adverse Effects". Frontiers in Pharmacology 11: 63. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00063. PMC PMC7053164. PMID 32161538. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7053164. 
  7. ↑ Habibi, R.; Hoffman, S.J. (2018). "Legalizing cannabis violates the UN drug control treaties, but progressive countries like Canada have options". Ottawa Law Review 49 (2): 427–60. https://rdo-olr.org/en/2018/legalizing-cannabis-violates-the-un-drug-control-treaties-but-progressive-countries-like-canada-have-options/. 
  8. ↑ Sarma, N.D.; Waye, A.; ElSholy, M.A. et al. (2020). "Cannabis Inflorescence for Medical Purposes: USP Considerations for Quality Attributes". Journal of Natural Products 83 (4): 1334–51. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01200. PMID 32281793. 
  9. ↑ McPartland, J.M.; McKernan, K.J. (2017). "Contaminants of Concern in Cannabis: Microbes, Heavy Metals and Pesticides". In Chandra, S.; Lata, H.; ElSohly, M.A.. Cannabis sativa L. - Botany and Biotechnology. Springer International Publishing. pp. 457–74. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54564-6. ISBN 9783319545646. 
  10. ↑ Dryburgh, L.M.; Bolan, N.S.; Grof, C.P.L. et al. (2018). "Cannabis contaminants: Sources, distribution, human toxicity and pharmacologic effects". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 84 (11): 2468-2476. doi:10.1111/bcp.13695. PMC PMC6177718. PMID 29953631. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6177718. 

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original article lists references in alphabetical order; this version lists them in order of appearance, by design.

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