Journal:Academic-industry partnership advancing cannabis science: The Complementary Care Practice-Based Research Network

Full article title	Academic-industry partnership advancing cannabis science: The Complementary Care Practice-Based Research Network
Journal	Complementary Therapies in Medicine
Author(s)	Ennis, Nicole; Vance, Cameron; Bradbury, Russell
Author affiliation(s)	Florida State University, Medical Marijuana Treatment Clinics of Florida
Primary contact	Email: nennis at fsu dot edu
Year published	2022
Volume and issue	66
Article #	102821
DOI	10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102821
ISSN	1873-6963
Distribution license	Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Website	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229922000231
Download	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229922000231/pdfft (PDF)

Abstract

Objectives: Data collected during routine care holds the potential to support hypothesis generation, study feasibility, and provide insight regarding how to address problems under real world conditions. Currently there are no practice-based research networks in Florida that focus on complementary care in general or medical marijuana specifically. Through an academic-industry partnership, we sought to develop a practice-based research network focused on cannabis science and create a de-identified database for analyses that support hypothesis generation, study feasibility estimation, and a network that also facilitates recruitment into future research studies.

Design: The Complementary Care Practice-Based Research Network (CC-PBRN) is a centralized repository, which contains electronic health records (EHRs) from a private medical cannabis health system in the state of Florida.

Results: This paper provides cross-sectional descriptive analyses of the CC-PBRN’s 43,802 currently active patients. There are 24 clinics in the network, with nine in North Florida, 11 in Central Florida, and four in South Florida.

Conclusion: This network serves as a statewide resource for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) research in medical marijuana. The network currently has numerous outpatient practices with thousands of patients that are a potential source of research participants for both observational studies as well as traditional clinical trials. The outpatient clinical practices can also serve as units of analysis for pragmatic trials comparing different care protocols and organizational structure.

Keywords: complementary care, Cannabis science, practice-based research network

Introduction

Across all sectors of industry, vast amounts of data regarding health and health outcomes are collected on a routine basis. [1] Data collected during routine care holds the potential to support hypothesis generation, study feasibility, and provide insight regarding how to address problems under real-world conditions. Therefore, successful academic-industry partnerships, which put unused data from industry to work, have the potential to advance science and have significant public health impact. [1, 2, 3] However, there are numerous limitations that prevent the use of data collected by industry for the greater good of scientific innovation. [4] Traditional models of data management require academics to collect their own data, and industry uses the data they collect to advance their business models. Because academic researchers require academic freedom to report the data as they see fit whether or not it aligns with the business model, the traditional model of collaboration with academics in the era of big data often fails. [1]

Currently there are no practice-based research networks in Florida that focus on complementary care in general or medical marijuana specifically. Practice-based research networks started in the 1970s to provide data on primary care health concerns. [5] Today, these networks have developed and serve multiple functions, such as focusing on patient-oriented outcomes, improving delivery and quality of care, practice-based transformation model, community health improvement, and patient engagement. [6, 7, 8, 9]

Through an academic-industry partnership, we sought to develop a practice-based research network focused on cannabis science to create a de-identified database for analyses that support hypothesis generation, study feasibility estimation, and a network that also facilitates recruitment into future research studies. The aims of this paper are to: (1) describe the process utilized in the development of the Complementary Care Practice-Based Research Network (CC-PBRN), (2) present baseline descriptive characteristics of the practice-based research network, and (3) discuss the challenges and lessons learned in initiating an academic-industry partnership.

Developing the practice-based research network

The CC-PBRN is an academic-industry partnership between Florida State University’s intervention Research Advancing Care Equity Lab (FSU-iRACE) and Medical Marijuana Treatment Clinics of Florida (MMTC) that serves the advancement of medical cannabis science through patient-reported outcomes. In order to ensure a successful partnership, FSU-iRACE and MMTC first met to identify the challenges a partnership could create and to develop solutions that worked with the culture of both organizations. The three Cs of collaboration, coordination, and cooperation, a traditional method of partnership building in interorganizational relationships [10], was used as the framework to develop a resilient academic-industry partnership. A combination of in-person and virtual platform meetings allowed for more frequent meetings and supported the development of the partnership, which started July 2020. The first several meetings consisted of collaboration building, which involved the teams from each organization getting to know the organizational structure of their potential partner in a more detail-oriented manner [10, 11, 12], specifically concerning how each organization worked independently and the purpose collaboration would serve for each organization. By the third meeting, a "strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats" (SWOT) analysis was completed in order to understand the resources that were available within each organization. [13, 14] The SWOT then served as the foundation for why the organizations should collaborate and enabled operationalization of a mission for the collaborative partnership.

The next major step was coordination, which required a review of operations on both sides.[15, 16] It was integral for FSU-iRACE researchers to understand what data was collected, how it was collected, how it is stored, and how it is governed. It was equally as important for MMTC to understand what data management and computing resources, research expertize, data analysis capabilities, and grant writing skills FSU-iRACE researchers currently had available to devote to the project. Once the mechanics of operations were understood, FSU-iRACE researchers drafted a concrete plan with actionable items that were assigned to each organization. That plan was sent to MMTC for review and approval. After MMTC approved the plan, negotiations for how to implement that plan moved beyond the FSU-iRACE researchers and MMTC business owners. A formal data use agreement and a business associate agreement were identified as the primary and appropriate governing structures for this partnership. At this stage of cooperation, both FSU-iRACE and MMTC referred the draft collaboration plan to their institutional legal teams for review.15, 17, 18, 19 Institutional review on both sides entailed several revisions and negotiations, which ultimately led to the development of a formal data use agreement that governs the CC-PBRN. It is important to note that this is an iterative process requiring open and clear communication from each side. Therefore, after translating the data use agreement into actionable steps, it is revisited regularly by repeating steps one through three in interorganizational team meetings.

Methods

CC-PBRN structure

The CC-PBRN is a centralized repository, which contains de-identified electronic health records (EHR) from the MMTC health system, a private medical cannabis health system in the state of Florida. FSU-iRACE and MMTC signed data use agreements, which allowed for the transfer of EHR Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)–limited data sets to the data trust repository. Data elements from the EHR include diagnoses, procedures, place of service, vital signs, and patient-reported outcomes. The CC-PBRN data team has considerable experience with data standards and LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes), which are used to ensure that the data are well-organized for research purposes. Data was downloaded from the MMTC EHR July 2021, and final analyses of that data, reported here, were completed November 2021. All currently active patients (n = 43,802) with a certified qualifying medical condition were included in analyses. The CC-PBRN data protocol is approved by the Florida State University Institutional Review Board (FSU IRB).

Florida medical marijuana laws, qualifying conditions, and the process of patient certification

To be certified for medical marijuana in the state of Florida, patients must schedule an appointment with a qualified medical marijuana physician to receive certification of eligibility for a medical marijuana card. In Florida, patients must pay for a physician to certify them, which is approximately $150-$200 depending on the physician. This cost is not covered by any insurance. Once the patient receives certification from a qualified physician, they must use the state portal to apply online for their medical marijuana use registry identification card. Patients also have to pay the state $75, a license fee, to obtain the card. This fee must be paid to the state yearly.

Patients can only be certified under one diagnosis at a time in Florida. Therefore, while other qualifying conditions can be noted in a patient’s chart, physicians must clearly document which one specific qualifying condition they are certifying the patient under. Patients must be certified by a medical marijuana physician every 210 days in order to be an active medical marijuana patient. The state of Florida has a limited number of conditions for which an individual can be certified to obtain a medical marijuana card. Only those diagnosed by a medical doctor with one of the following conditions are eligible for registration in Florida: (a) cancer; (b) epilepsy; (c) glaucoma; (d) positive status for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); (e) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); (f) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); (g) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; (h) Crohn’s disease; (i) Parkinson’s disease; (j) and multiple sclerosis.

It is important to note that in the state of Florida only medical doctors who have obtained an additional qualifying license with the state of Florida to certify patients for medical marijuana can do so. Therefore, patients who have been diagnosed by their treating physicians must take their medical records to a qualified medical marijuana physician who has the license to certify them for medical marijuana. When a patient does not have one of the conditions listed above—for example they have sickle cell or lupus or anxiety, or any other condition not on the list—if their symptoms are severe enough and can be marked as comparable to one of the conditions on the list, then they can be diagnosed under what is called option (k), "medical conditions of the same kind or class as or comparable to those enumerated in paragraphs (a)-(j)."

Beyond categories (a)-(k), there are two additional unique categories in the state of Florida, noted in the law as (l) and (m), that qualify for certification. For category (l), advocates for those with a terminal condition requested their own category for certification so we now have category (l) "a terminal condition diagnosed by a physician other than the qualified physician issuing the physician certification." Condition (m) “chronic nonmalignant pain” is the most confusing condition in Florida law due to the very narrow definition of the condition. Per Florida law “chronic nonmalignant pain” means “pain that is caused by a qualifying medical condition or that originates from a qualifying medical condition and persists beyond the usual course of that qualifying medical condition.” An example of who fits in that condition is someone who has been cured of cancer and they can no longer be certified under a cancer diagnosis. The law now allows for them to be certified under “chronic nonmalignant pain” because even though they were originally certified due to having cancer, once they are cured (the malignant cancer is gone), if pain still exists possibly from treatment in anyway, the patient will still qualify for a medical marijuana card under the chronic nonmalignant pain condition now that they are cancer-free. Therefore, if someone did not have any of the diagnoses of (a)-(j) and recovered from the diagnosis, then they cannot be certified under condition (m). See Florida Medical Marijuana state statue 381.896 subsection 2 for a more detailed explanation of how Florida defines qualifying medical conditions.

Definition of relevant variables

Qualifying medical conditions: (a) cancer; (b) epilepsy; (c) glaucoma; (d) positive status for HIV; (e) AIDS; (f) PTSD; (g) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; (h) Crohn’s disease; (i) Parkinson’s disease; (j) and multiple sclerosis.

Comparable medical conditions: Medical conditions of the same kind or class as or comparable to those enumerated in (a)-(j) above.

Symptom reduction: This was assessed using data obtained from the EHR during the follow-up patient visit. We chose this measure because it is captured at each patient visit and was readily available in the EHR. The single item used is not a standard validated measure and it did not ask about specific symptoms such as sleep, pain, or mood. Instead it was a single item global patient reported outcome: "Indicate the percent reduction in severity of symptoms since your initial visit by selecting one of the following options: No percent; 10%; 20%; 30%; 40%; 50%; 60%; 70%; 80%; 90%; 100%." We assessed the percentage of decrease or no change in symptomatology patients reported at their first recertification visit. The first recertification visit generally occurs 210 days after their initial certification.

Data management

In accordance with the FSU IRB, all data collected from MMTC is de-identified, such that no protected health information (PHI) or identifying information is utilized by end-users. De-identified data is stored in the CC-PBRN database, which is maintained on secure servers managed by Florida State University’s College of Medicine Information Technology department. After initial data cleaning and recoding by the data team, a completely de-identified dataset is created to allow researchers to analyze the data. To encourage others to use the data, we created a formal concept system that researchers can use to request a de-identified dataset.

Data analysis

All analyses were conducted using SAS Version 9.4 (Cary, NC). [20] Tabulated descriptive statistics were computed to examine sample characteristics, including sociodemographics, history of substance use, qualifying medical conditions, and number of certifications and recertifications. The sample was stratified based on qualifying medical condition. This was done because in Florida patients are certified for one of 13 qualifying medical condition, one of which is a roll-up category named “comparable medical condition.” A comparable medical condition is defined as “a medical condition of the same kind or class as or comparable to cancer, epilepsy, glaucoma, HIV, AIDS, posttraumatic stress disorder, ALS, Crohn’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, or multiple sclerosis.” Certifications can also be issued for a terminal condition diagnosed by a physician or chronic non-malignant pain which is narrowly defined as pain that is caused by a qualifying medical condition or that originates from a qualifying medical condition and persists beyond the usual course. We grouped those certified under a comparable medical condition in one group, and all other qualifying medical conditions (ALS, cancer, HIV/AIDS, etc) were collapsed into a separate group. Chi-Square or t-test analyses when applicable were used to assess potential differences in sample characteristics.

In regards to missing data, all data for this paper were reported as is, including variables with missingness which include race and gender. Missingness is identified in the sociodemographic table as unknown.

Results

The CC-PBRN currently has 43,802 active patients (see Table 1). There are 24 clinics in the network, with nine in North Florida, 11 in Central Florida, and four in South Florida. The majority (73.1%) of patients in the network were certified for a comparable medical condition. PTSD was the second most common qualifying medical condition (12%), followed by cancer (8%).

Table 1. Socio-demographics characteristics of the Complementary Care Practice Based Research Network (CC-PBRN). Sample Characteristics: n= 43,802, though n may vary slightly according to missing data. Variable Entire sample Comparable condition Other qualifying condition Test statistics M or n SD or % M or n SD or % M or n SD or % X2 or t-test p-value n 43,802 32,040 11,762 Age 52.7 16.32 52.1 16.28 54.2 16.35 11.90 < 0.0001 Sex: Male 21,843 49.87% 15,584 48.64% 6,259 53.21% 72.90 < 0.0001 Sex: Female 21,931 50.07% 16,440 51.31% 5491 46.68% Sex: Unknown 28 0.06% 16 0.05% 12 0.10% Race: White 21,494 49.07% 15,607 48.71% 5,887 50.05% 21.66 < 0.0001 Race: Black/AA 1,552 3.54% 1,077 3.36% 475 4.04% Race: Other/Unknown 20,756 47.39% 15,356 47.93% 5,400 45.91% Ethnicity: Hispanic/Latinx 1,649 3.76% 1,214 3.79% 435 3.70% 0.84 0.3608 Condition: Comparable 32,040 73.15 32,040 100.00% Condition: PTSD 5,269 12.03 5,269 44.80% Condition: Cancer 3,526 8.05 3,526 29.98% Condition: Multiple sclerosis 598 1.37 598 1.37% Condition: Epilepsy 592 1.35 592 1.35% Condition: Glaucoma 548 1.25 548 1.25% Condition: Crohn's 479 1.09 479 1.09% Recertification appointments: 0 15,228 34.77% 11,198 34.95% 4,030 34.26% 8.51 < 0.0001 Recertification appointments: 1–2 15,602 35.62% 11,580 36.14% 4,022 34.19% Recertification appointments: 3+ 12,972 29.62% 9,262 28.91% 3,710 31.54% History of tobacco use 9,216 21.04% 6,703 20.92% 2,513 21.37% 4.74 0.0295 History of alcohol use 19,099 43.60% 14,816 46.24% 4,283 36.41% 280.38 < 0.0001 History of marijuana use 26,322 60.09% 19,412 60.59% 6,910 58.75% 0.62 0.43 History of illicit drug use 465 1.06% 312 0.97% 153 1.30% 10.29 0.0013

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. No other information was changed, in accordance with the "No Derivatives" portion of the license.