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==1. Introduction to manufacturing laboratories== | |||
According to McKinsey & Company, the U.S. manufacturing industry represents only 11 percent of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) and eight percent of direct employment, yet it "makes a disproportionate economic contribution, including 20 percent of the nation’s capital investment, 35 percent of productivity growth, 60 percent of exports, and 70 percent of business R&D spending."<ref name="CarrDeliver22">{{cite web |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/delivering-the-us-manufacturing-renaissance |title=Delivering the US manufacturing renaissance |author=Carr, T.; Chewning, E.; Doheny, M. et al. |work=McKinsey & Company |date=29 August 2022 |accessdate=24 March 2023}}</ref> These categories of economic contribution are important as many of them indirectly point to how the work of [[Laboratory|laboratories]] is interwoven within the manufacturing industry. As we'll discuss later in this chapter, manufacturing-based laboratories primarily serve three roles: research and development (R&D), pre-manufacturing and manufacturing, and post-production regulation and security (e.g., through exports and trade). We can be sure that if U.S. manufacturers' efforts represent huge chunks of total business R&D spending, trade, and capital expenditure (capex), a non-trivial amount of laboratory effort is associated with that spending. Why? Because R&D, trade, and manufacturing [[quality control]] (QC) activities rarely can occur without laboratories backing up their work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ischi |first=H. P. |last2=Radvila |first2=P. R. |date=1997-01-17 |title=Accreditation and quality assurance in Swiss chemical laboratories |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s007690050092 |journal=Accreditation and Quality Assurance |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |doi=10.1007/s007690050092 |issn=0949-1775}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Crow |first=Michael M. |last2=Bozeman |first2=Barry |date=1998 |title=Limited by design: R&D laboratories in the U.S. national innovation system |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=OVPZvqz2e6UC |chapter=Chapter 1: The Sixteen Thousand: Policy Analysis, R&D Laboratories, and the National Innovation System |publisher=Columbia University Press |place=New York |pages=1–40 |isbn=978-0-585-04137-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grochau |first=Inês Hexsel |last2=ten Caten |first2=Carla Schwengber |date=2012-10 |title=A process approach to ISO/IEC 17025 in the implementation of a quality management system in testing laboratories |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00769-012-0905-3 |journal=Accreditation and Quality Assurance |language=en |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=519–527 |doi=10.1007/s00769-012-0905-3 |issn=0949-1775}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ribeiro, À.S.; Gust, J.; Vilhena, A. et al. |year=2019 |title=The role of laboratories in the international development of accreditation |url=https://www.imeko.info/index.php/proceedings/7687-the-role-of-laboratories-in-the-international-development-of-accreditation |journal=Proceedings of the 16th IMEKO TC10 Conference "Testing, Diagnostics & Inspection as a comprehensive value chain for Quality & Safety" |pages=56–9}}</ref> | |||
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1. Introduction to manufacturing laboratories
According to McKinsey & Company, the U.S. manufacturing industry represents only 11 percent of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) and eight percent of direct employment, yet it "makes a disproportionate economic contribution, including 20 percent of the nation’s capital investment, 35 percent of productivity growth, 60 percent of exports, and 70 percent of business R&D spending."[1] These categories of economic contribution are important as many of them indirectly point to how the work of laboratories is interwoven within the manufacturing industry. As we'll discuss later in this chapter, manufacturing-based laboratories primarily serve three roles: research and development (R&D), pre-manufacturing and manufacturing, and post-production regulation and security (e.g., through exports and trade). We can be sure that if U.S. manufacturers' efforts represent huge chunks of total business R&D spending, trade, and capital expenditure (capex), a non-trivial amount of laboratory effort is associated with that spending. Why? Because R&D, trade, and manufacturing quality control (QC) activities rarely can occur without laboratories backing up their work.[2][3][4][5]
- ↑ Carr, T.; Chewning, E.; Doheny, M. et al. (29 August 2022). "Delivering the US manufacturing renaissance". McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/delivering-the-us-manufacturing-renaissance. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ↑ Ischi, H. P.; Radvila, P. R. (17 January 1997). "Accreditation and quality assurance in Swiss chemical laboratories". Accreditation and Quality Assurance 2 (1): 36–39. doi:10.1007/s007690050092. ISSN 0949-1775. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s007690050092.
- ↑ Crow, Michael M.; Bozeman, Barry (1998). "Chapter 1: The Sixteen Thousand: Policy Analysis, R&D Laboratories, and the National Innovation System". Limited by design: R&D laboratories in the U.S. national innovation system. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 1–40. ISBN 978-0-585-04137-7. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=OVPZvqz2e6UC.
- ↑ Grochau, Inês Hexsel; ten Caten, Carla Schwengber (1 October 2012). "A process approach to ISO/IEC 17025 in the implementation of a quality management system in testing laboratories" (in en). Accreditation and Quality Assurance 17 (5): 519–527. doi:10.1007/s00769-012-0905-3. ISSN 0949-1775. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00769-012-0905-3.
- ↑ Ribeiro, À.S.; Gust, J.; Vilhena, A. et al. (2019). "The role of laboratories in the international development of accreditation". Proceedings of the 16th IMEKO TC10 Conference "Testing, Diagnostics & Inspection as a comprehensive value chain for Quality & Safety": 56–9. https://www.imeko.info/index.php/proceedings/7687-the-role-of-laboratories-in-the-international-development-of-accreditation.
