Difference between revisions of "LIS feature"

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===Inventory management===
===Inventory management===


[[File:ELISA pic.jpg|thumb|240px|ELNs can assist researchers not only allocate reagents to particular experiments or stations but also track available quantities for future experiments.]]Laboratories use a wide array of inventory, from [[Reagent|reagents]] to glassware, from [[Radiopharmacology|radiopharmaceuticals]] to [[Laboratory bath|laboratory baths]]. With that comes the need to know how much/many and the frequency of use. For this, some ELN products now include limited or full-featured inventory management functionality, which may include the ability to:
[[File:ELISA pic.jpg|thumb|240px|ELNs can assist researchers not only allocate reagents to particular experiments or stations but also track available quantities for future experiments.]]Laboratories use a wide array of inventory, from [[Reagent|reagents]] to glassware, from [[Radiopharmacology|radiopharmaceuticals]] to [[Laboratory bath|laboratory baths]]. With that comes the need to know how much/many and the frequency of use. For this, some LIS products (especially those for pathology labs) now offer limited or full-featured inventory management functionality, which may include the ability to:


* register the origin and demographics of incoming materials
* register the origin and demographics of incoming materials.
* track used and in-use items via [[ELN feature#Barcode support|barcodes]]
* track used and in-use items via [[LIS feature#Barcode support|barcodes]] or RFID tags.
* track inventory reduction based on usage and shipping out of the lab
* track inventory reduction based on usage and shipping out of the lab.
* create alerts for when items reach a certain stock level
* create alerts for when items reach a certain stock level.
* calculate inventory cost and fluctuation
* calculate inventory cost and fluctuation.
* manage transportation and routing
* manage transportation and routing.
* manual incrementing/decrementing of items
* manual incrementing/decrementing of items.
* track location and usage of laboratory equipment
* track location and usage of laboratory equipment.
* track location and usage of reagents
* track location and usage of reagents.
* assign storage locations
* assign storage locations.
* track forensic evidence
* track forensic evidence.


It should be noted electronic equipment may also be considered inventory, and thus there is likely some functionality crossover with [[ELN feature#Instrument interfacing and management|instrument management]] features.
It should be noted electronic equipment may also be considered inventory, and thus there is likely some functionality crossover with [[LIS feature#Instrument interfacing and management|instrument management]] features.


===Document and/or image management===
===Document and/or image management===

Revision as of 20:24, 29 April 2013

Emblem-important-yellow.svg This article should be considered a work in progress and incomplete. In some cases, information has been copied and pasted from another article for formatting purposes, with plans to modify the content to the article topic. Consider this article incomplete until this notice is removed.
You can find a listing of all LIS vendors — and by extension, the features their products offer — on the LIS vendor page.
Thousands of hospital laboratories like this one benefit from the use of a laboratory information system.

A LIS feature is one or more pieces of functionality that appear within a laboratory information system (LIS).

The LIS has traditionally been utilized in clinical, pathology, and medical research laboratories as well as numerous public health institutions.[1] Yet as laboratory demands have changed and technological progress has continued, the functions of a LIS have also changed, with the distinction between a LIS and a laboratory information management system (LIMS) fading as some LIMS vendors have adopted the case-centric information management normally reserved for a LIS.[2][3].

Despite the blurring of distinction between a LIS and a LIMS, the LIS generally continues to feature the following[4]:

  • patient management, including admission date, admitting physician, ordering department, specimen type, etc.
  • patient data tracking
  • decision support, including comparisons of lab orders with their respective ICD-9 codes
  • quality assurance of ordered tests
  • workload and management reporting

Of course, there are LIS features that are difficult to categorize or simply contribute to the whole of the LIS rather than add a function. For example, multilingual support allows users to interact with the LIS in more than one language. Some functionality may also overlap several research phases, making it difficult to firmly classify.

The features described below come from an analysis of freely available LIS product information on vendor websites. An attempt was made to discover the features most utilized in vendors' LIS products and collect information on those features for each LIS. Not every possible feature is referenced here; some LIS products fill specific niches, utilizing unique functionality to solve a specific problem.

That said, keep in mind the categorization of features below is very loose. It may be viable to argue a feature belongs under a different section or multiple sections. For the purposes of organizing this information in an uncomplicated manner, however, some liberty has been taken in the categorizing of features.

Experiment, patient, and data management

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Sample login and management

Sample login and management — often referred to as accessioning — is an important component of the clinical laboratory, whether it's a molecular pathology lab testing samples for disease indicators or a contract lab running pharmacokinetic and biomarker analysis on samples from a clinical trial.[5][6] As such, researchers and technicians who work in these types of labs are unable to complete their tasks without an effective method of managing samples. The process of sample management and accessioning includes, but is not limited to[7][5]:

  • storing related sample information, including demographics, dates, and external links
  • creating and documenting viewable sample container schemas with name and status
  • assigning sample access rights
  • assigning custom sample ID or accessioning numbers based on a specification
  • applying additional processing to the sample before storage and/or analysis

Additional functionality that could potentially fall under this feature:

  • barcoding or RFID tagging of samples
  • defining sample points and series
  • creating data associations for samples - such as pedigree for sample/aliquot relationships or relationships based on experiment, etc.
  • issuing sample receipts

Sample tracking

Where's sample 20110512_122GJH? Sample tracking functionality will let you know which lab oven it's in.
For most laboratory personnel, knowing that a sample has arrived to the lab isn't good enough; they need to know where it's located and what is being done with it. Enter the sample tracking feature. Without it, many problems arise. In the forensic world, for example, many samples are linked to a criminal investigation. In this case, misidentification, contamination, or duplication can become significant issues: a lost sample is essentially missing evidence, while a duplicated sample can render it useless as evidence.[8]

After sample reception and its initial handling procedures, many LIS can then track sample location as well as chain of custody. Location tracking usually involves assigning the sample to a particular freezer, oven, or other location, often down to the granular level of shelf, rack, box, row, and column. The process of tracking a sample has become more streamlined with increasing support of 2-D barcode or radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology. While handwritten labels were the norm, now barcode and RDIF support in a LIS can "tie together a vast amount of information, clearly relating each sample to a specific case."[8] Other event tracking such as freeze and thaw cycles that a sample undergoes in the laboratory may also be required. As each laboratory's needs for tracking additional data points can vary widely, many modern LIMS and LIS have implemented extensive configurability to compensate for varying environments.[9]

The functionality of sample tracking strongly ties into the audit trail and chain of custody features of a LIS.

Sample and result batching

What is batching? The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines a batch as "a group of samples which behave similarly with respect to the sampling or testing procedures being employed and which are processed as a unit."[10] This definition can be applied to many laboratories which handle large quantities of samples for some form of analysis or processing. A LIS that has the ability to check in, link, and track groups of samples across one or multiple facilities is valuable to such laboratories. Additionally, batching the analysis results of multiple samples or groups of samples gives laboratories more flexibility with how they manage their data. Batching also offers the benefit of mimicking the production groups of samples while also capturing quality control data for the entire group.

Task and event scheduling

Within the context of a LIS, the ability to schedule a task or event is a natural extension of how work was done in a laboratory before the advent of data management systems. Sample processing, data analysis, equipment maintenance, and case management follow-ups are assigned to technicians and other personnel. Outpatient scheduling is another aspect of some clinical atmospheres, better handled with computerized scheduling functionality. While these tasks have in the past been performed without the LIS, a modern data management system can now optimize those tasks and provide additional scheduling functionality to streamline the operation of a lab. Some LISs like Elekta AB's IntelliLab include a scheduling calendar for recurring test orders, rules-based orders, and pre-defined selection lists.[11] Additional functionality within this feature group includes the ability to configure automated assignments of experiment requests, establish recurring events, and in most cases, create printable reports.

Examples of tasks and events that can feasibly be scheduled in a LIS include:

  • production of reports
  • creation and sending of e-mails and alerts
  • maintenance of equipment
  • assignment of accessioning tasks to technicians
  • scheduling outpatient visits

Option for manual result entry

While many LIS vendors tout the ability of their product to automate the entry of sample analysis results into LIS' or other databases, the need for manual data entry of analysis results still exists. This feature is important to laboratories obtaining analysis results from multiple sources, including non-digital paper-based results and instruments that can't be connected to the LIS. Additional functionality associated with this feature includes a customizable spell-check dictionary and the ability to add comments, notes, and narratives to many of the data items in the LIS.

Multiple data viewing methods

Hospitals, physicians, and clinical research facilities produce reams of data, and the LIS exists to help organize and distribute that data to the necessary entities. Additionally, even before the existence of the LIS, scientists have had a corresponding need for visually representing that data for clearer analysis and hypothesis creation. Today a LIS can not only collect and analyze data, but it also can represent that data in reports, graphs, gradients, and spreadsheets. Depending on the LIS, more than one way to visually represent the data may exist.

This category ties in with the custom templates and forms functionality apparent in some LIS, providing both custom and standardized ways to present information across a healthcare or medical research enterprise.

Configurable templates and forms

Similar to an electronic laboratory notebook (ELN), a template in a LIS is a functionality item which allows users to increase the productivity and quality of their work by allowing for the creation of a standardized analysis page, patient page, or reporting process across a healthcare or medical research enterprise. These templates allow researchers to maintain more consistent data representation for similar tasks in the LIS and save time by not needing to manually input common data outputs or recreate experiments. Templates and forms typically utilize a wide field library, and the data that is posted to those template fields can also be normalized to a specific standard. Types of templates that may be created include those for renal and blood pressure analysis, patient demographics, test ordering, and department-level reports.[12]

Data and trend analysis

Some LISs allow users to analyze patient test results or clinical research data with built-in software tools.
For public health centers and pharmaceutical research centers alike, data analysis plays an important role in their operations, helping clinicians and researchers make better sense of their collected data and reach valuable conclusions about them. While this important phase of laboratory work has often been done externally from the LIS, it's now more common to see basic analysis tools being included. Such tools allow raw data to be imported directly to the LIS, which then can store, process, and display it in a shareable form. Vendors may include data analysis functionality by simply including Microsoft Excel compatibility or providing advanced reporting tools, or they may take a more advanced approach by programming and including their own custom data and trend analysis tools in their informatics software. As sample analysis is increasingly an important part of most if not all laboratories, such functionality — which has often come in the form of a separate application or analysis device — will likely continue to merge into software like LIS, LIMS, and other laboratory informatics solutions.[13]

Data and equipment sharing

Aside from data storage and sample registration, a modern LIS's major contribution to the laboratory is aiding in the sharing of test results, reports, and patient data with other entities across the clinical and research enterprise. Rather than pieces of information becoming misplaced or locked away in a physician's office or pathology lab, the LIS makes it easier to test results and increase the efficiency of patient-doctor-lab collaboration in general. Yet data is more than just test results; it also can come in the form of charts, reports, policy and procedure, and other documents. Additionally, the need for controlling who has access to those types of data is also an important consideration. As such, this feature is at least partially tied to other features like document management and configurable security.

Data mining

Data mining, in the field of computational science, involves "the process of discovering interesting and useful patterns and relationships in large volumes of data" and includes three computational steps: model-learning, model evaluation, and model usage.[14] As informatics software allows both research and clinical laboratories to collect and manage increasing quantities of data, a corresponding demand for tools capable of modeling that data is appearing.[15] For example, public health laboratories may wish to utilize data mining for statistical analysis and surveillance of populations for specific diseases. LIMSs like LabWare LIMS and LISs like Orchard Harvest are examples of laboratory informatics software which incorporate data mining and reporting tools.[16][17]

Customizable fields and/or interface

As thorough as some user interface (UI) developers may be in adding relevant fields and interface options for end users, there are at times options that are either omitted or unanticipated. This has traditionally required the end user to contact the vendor and ask if the needed option(s) can be added in the next release. However, many modern LIS vendors have responded instead by adding functionality that gives end users and/or LIS administrators more control over the user interface.

Aspects of the LIS's user interface that are often customizable by the end user include:

  • report interface and display
  • patient profile display
  • project and experiment display

Note in many cases an interface may be customized through the use of templates and forms, and as such, this functionality may be closely tied to the configurable templates and forms functionality.

Query capability

As was the case before the advent of databases and electronic data management solutions, today researchers must search through test results, patient notes, and other types of data to better draw conclusions from experiments, diagnose patient illnesses, and plan pharmaceutical research activities. Whereas this used to mean browsing through laboratory notebooks, Excel spreadsheets, or Access databases, now powerful query tools exists within data management tools like the LIS and ELN. A flexible search algorithm can be implemented to allow users to search a dataset by patient name (full or partial) or by any accessioning number. Or more advanced query tools may be implemented to collate and search across multiple datasets.

Query functionality often includes the ability to:

  • search both transactional data and archived data tables
  • search multiple databases via an application programming interface (API) or open database connectivity (ODBC) connection
  • filter and sort data
  • collate queried data for further analysis and visualization
  • create ad-hoc queries

Import data

Data can originate from numerous places in the laboratory. The ability to import that data into a LIS can be beneficial, especially when an instrument can't be connected or external clients collaborating on a project need to submit relevant data. Of course instrument interfacing allows for even more importation options. Additional data validation procedures may be applied to the imported data to guarantee information homogeneity. For the LIS, one of the common sources of importing data is a separate electronic medical record (EMR) system, for collecting patient data and test orders.[18][19]

Internal file or data linking

Many informatics systems allow for internal linking of data; however, entities outside of the system often need to access the data housed within. A LIS is often capable of such external data linking.
This feature allows research collaborators using a LIS to link together sample batches, reports, protocols, results, and more, providing greater contextual clarity to projects and datasets. Examples include:
  • linking a sample batch to a test or sample preparation methodology
  • linking a test process to a particular experiment
  • linking a report to a sample batch
  • linking a group of experiment results to a raw data file
  • linking multiple images to a patient record
  • linking all experiment results with the correct reporting test methods

External file or data linking

This feature allows research collaborators using a LIS to link together data and files housed in the database with data, files, and customers outside the LIS's domain. Examples include:

  • linking to an external practice management or electronic medical record (EMR) system using an an HL7-compliant interface
  • linking one public health data source with others to pool demographic and medical information for better disease modeling
  • linking to separate clinical trial laboratory data files within a report

ELN support or integration

The functionality of a LIMS and an ELN began to blur in the 2000s, with both types of software incorporating features from the other.[20][21] It has been more common to see a LIMS take on some sort of ELN support (or vice versa), but less common in the LIS. Though uncommon, some LIS may include some sort of integration or compatibility with an ELN, and thusly this functionality is at least mentioned.

Export to MS Excel

While Microsoft Excel has long been used within the laboratory setting, a slow shift towards relational databases and LIMS occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s.[22] Additional concerns with the difficulties of Excel's validation and compliance with FDA 21 CFR Part 11 and other regulations have led many labs to turn to data management solutions that are easier to validate.[23] Nevertheless, laboratories continue to use Excel in some fashion, and thus Excel integration or data exportation in Excel format is a real need for LIS customers. LISs with this feature allow raw, processed, or imported data to be exported in the Excel format for further analysis and dissemination elsewhere in the LIS or externally from it.

Raw data management

While not described as a feature on most LIS vendor websites, a few indicate their product is capable of managing (import, export, editing, etc.) data in its raw format for future analysis and dissemination.

Data warehouse

An LIS's data warehouse serves the important function of storing, extracting, and managing the data that laboratories, physician offices, and other facilities produce for the purposes of analysis, reporting, and dissemination, typically separate from the primary storage database. Data warehouses also offer the benefit of speeding up queries, making queries and data mining more user-friendly, and smoothing out data gaps.[24]

Project and/or task management

Project and task management within a LIS typically involves the scheduling of tasks to technicians and organizing associated tasks into a more cohesive unit for better tracking and management. While the functionality of task and event scheduling can also be found in project and task management, many LISs include functionality beyond scheduling that warrants the addition of the project and/or task management feature. This functionality includes:

  • job allocation and rescheduling
  • instrument workload tracking
  • pending workload verification
  • project- and experiment-based workflow management
  • sample, batch, and document linking
  • work template sharing
  • recurring event management

See also: Patient and case management

Experiment and/or trial management

Experiment and research trial management functionality is an included component of some LISs, and it can cover a wide variety of tasks, from setting up the design of a clinical trial to task assignment. It's worth noting this functionality category may seem broad in scope and include other functionality listed on this page, including workflow management and project and task management. Its inclusion when reviewing software functionality is primarily to indicate when a vendor or project team indicates the existence of specific experiment or trial management tools in their software.

Inventory management

ELNs can assist researchers not only allocate reagents to particular experiments or stations but also track available quantities for future experiments.
Laboratories use a wide array of inventory, from reagents to glassware, from radiopharmaceuticals to laboratory baths. With that comes the need to know how much/many and the frequency of use. For this, some LIS products (especially those for pathology labs) now offer limited or full-featured inventory management functionality, which may include the ability to:
  • register the origin and demographics of incoming materials.
  • track used and in-use items via barcodes or RFID tags.
  • track inventory reduction based on usage and shipping out of the lab.
  • create alerts for when items reach a certain stock level.
  • calculate inventory cost and fluctuation.
  • manage transportation and routing.
  • manual incrementing/decrementing of items.
  • track location and usage of laboratory equipment.
  • track location and usage of reagents.
  • assign storage locations.
  • track forensic evidence.

It should be noted electronic equipment may also be considered inventory, and thus there is likely some functionality crossover with instrument management features.

Document and/or image management

Standard operation procedures, (SOPs), specifications, reports, graphs, images, and receipts are all collected and used in the average laboratory. With an ELN already designed to reference and store experiment data of all types, it makes sense to include functionality to create, import, export, and manage other sorts of data files. As experimental data can be indexed, queried, and linked, so too can document data. Functionality of a typical document management system includes the ability to:

  • upload and index documents
  • add images and photos inline to a notebook entry
  • enforce version control
  • provide full text searches
  • export to PDF, XML, or other relevant formats
  • add documents as attachments

Patient and case management

The laboratory information system (LIS) has played an important role in the case management tasks of patient-centric and clinical laboratories. However, some LIMS have gained case management functionality, effectively blurring the lines between LIS and LIMS.[25]. Self-proclaimed LIMS products have emerged in the clinical, public health, and veterinary industries, areas that have historically been served by LIS software. When also considering the fields of law enforcement and forensic science, case management has an increasingly important role in some LIMS. Functionality seen in the case management feature includes:

  • case accessioning and assignment
  • disease tracking
  • trend analysis
  • clinical history follow-up
  • out-of-range result alerts
  • document and result association
  • evidence control
  • study management

Workflow management

Capturing workflow in the lab is becoming more commonplace for laboratory informatics products.
Workflow management is common in the laboratory, acting as a graphical representation of planned sequential steps to either automate or clarify a process or experiment within the lab. Separate standards-based workflow management systems (in the form of a software component) have traditionally performed this task.[26] However, in the 2000s vendors began incorporating workflow management functionality into their laboratory informatics software, reducing customization headaches in the process.[27]

Modern commercial and open-source ELN solutions often feature workflow management functionality, including[28][29][30][31]:

  • managing the request cycle within a laboratory
  • executing and review ELN workflow validations
  • managing specific chemistry- and biology-related procedures
  • creating and assigning unstructured experiment documentation
  • defining activity attributes
  • setting of quality control limits
  • dynamically modifying workflow in case of future changes
  • receiving notification of changes to the workflow

Specification management

Specification (spec) management is vital to not only the manufacturing and research industries but also to a host of other laboratories requiring precise measurements and infallible test methods. Just as the ASTM offers standards and specs for LIMS[32], so too do LIMS users have standards and specs for their laboratory. With spec management in place within the LIMS, laboratories can then:

  • enforce standard operating procedures and business rules
  • create specs down to a project or sample level
  • validate recipes and procedures
  • accept or reject sample batches
  • document internal and external spec history

Note that some of the functionality of spec management may cross over into the realm of quality control and data validation.

Customer, supplier, and physician management

Unless a laboratory is conducting internalized independent research, in most cases it will do business with external entities such as contract labs, sample providers, equipment providers, and reagent suppliers. In some cases, even internal employees may be considered a customer, necessitating documentation of who is using the system and in what ways. For a veterinary lab, the customer may be the animal and handler. For a forensic lab the customer may be more complex: internal staff, university staff, police departments, and maintainers of nationwide crime databases may all at some point act as customers. In these cases, documenting these various points of contact and linking them to experiments, equipment, and tests becomes vital. Managing demographics, complaints, correspondence, and history are all feasible with customer management functionality. This process is often made simpler through the use of a more context-neutral entity creation system, which allows for more flexible management of contacts.

This feature may also be referred to as contact management, an address book module, or a customer service module.

Billing and revenue management

While the finances of a laboratory are important, they've typically been handled separately as a business process. However, some LIMS include additional functionality to make handling financial transactions and documentation of all sorts possible within the LIMS. In theory, such functionality brings the possibility of keeping more of a laboratory's data centrally located and queryable. This feature may include:

  • payment processing
  • expense reporting
  • price quotes
  • revenue management
  • workload tracking of billable hours
  • bill of materials
  • grant management

 

Quality, security, and compliance

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Regulatory compliance

The topic of whether or not an ELN meets regulatory compliance is often a complex one. While Title 21 CFR Part 11 has arguably had the largest influence on an electronic data management system's compliance, other influential standards have shaped the way laboratory informatics systems handle and store data.[33][34][31] Other compliance-based codes, standards, and regulations include:

With so many codes, standards, and regulations, ELN consumers are advised to contact vendors with their user requirements and ask how the vendor's software meets and/or exceeds those requirements.

QA/QC functions

The quality management functions of an ELN allow users to maintain a level of necessary quality across many of the functions in a laboratory. However, traditionally ELNs have been the domain of research and development (R&D) functions, in the process not giving much consideration to the needs of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) laboratories. Where R&D labs need flexibility and freedom, QA/QC labs require more structure in their ELN software.[35][36] Some vendors have created ELN modules or separate software solutions (like laboratory execution systems [LES]) to address the specific needs of QA/QC labs, while other vendors have simply included an ELN add-on to their LIMS.[37][38][39][40]

Performance evaluation

As document and file management plays an important role in electronic laboratory notebooks, it only makes sense to collate and store all the documentation associated with employee training and certification. Changes to laboratory techniques, scientific understanding, and business practices force researchers to learn, reevaluate, and demonstrate competency in order to maintain quality levels in the laboratory. Evaluations can frequently extend beyond staff members, however. Clinics, visit types, vendors, or test species can also be tracked and evaluated based on custom criteria. The performance evaluation functionality of a LIMS makes this possible.

That functionality typically includes the ability to maintain training records and history, and also to link that training to a technique or piece of equipment. Afterwards, the staff member, vendor, etc. can be marked as competent or certified in the equipment, knowledge, or process. Periodical assessment of the training and its practical effectiveness can later be performed. Productivity of an entity or process can also be gauged over a certain date range based on tracked time, pre-determined milestones, or some other criteria.

Audit trail

Whether validating an instrument's data or an entire ELN, maintaining an audit trail is an important part of 21 CFR Part 11 compliance.
As codes and regulations like Title 21 CFR Part 11 mandate "computer systems (including hardware and software), controls, and attendant documentation" utilize electronic signatures and audit trails[41], ELN developers must put serious thought into how their software handles audit trail functionality. The audit trail — documentation of the sequence of activities that have affected an action — must be thorough and seamlessly integrated into the software.


Information recorded in the audit trail typically includes:

  • operator code
  • time stamp
  • location
  • case number
  • transaction type
  • amount and quantity prior to change
  • user notes


Chain of custody

The chain of custody (COC) of an item is of varying importance, depending on the type of laboratory. A highly regulated laboratory that works under Code of Federal Regulation or other guidelines makes tracking COC a vital part of its operations. This is especially true in forensic labs, which depend on continuous accountability of their evidence collection, retention, and disposal procedures.[42] As with an audit trail, a laboratory depends on recorded information like user ID, time stamp, and location ID to maintain a robust and accurate COC. Barcodes, inventory management, and configurable security roles all play an important part in maintaining chain of custody.

Configurable roles and security

Many roles exist within the laboratory setting, each with its own set of responsibilities. And just as the role an individual plays within the laboratory may change, so may the responsibilities associated with each role. This sort of change necessitates a flexible and configurable security system, one that allows for the placement of individual ELN users into standardized security roles which provide role-specific access to certain functionality. Additionally, as responsibilities change within roles, that same flexible configuration is necessary for assigning or restricting access to specific functionality for each existing or newly created role.

Of course, roles aren't always assigned on an individual level. Often large groups of individuals may need to be assigned to roles, necessitating group assignments for security purposes. For example, a group of laboratory trainees may only be given read-only access to the experiment management functionality of the system through a custom "Trainees" group role, while the head researcher of the lab may be given the "Administrator" role, which allows that individual to access most if not all of the ELN's functionality.

Data normalization

For the purposes of describing ELN functionality, "data normalization" specifically refers to the process of ensuring incoming/imported data into the ELN is standardized to the same format of existing data.

Here's an example to better explain this issue. When an ELN is initially configured, in most if not all cases a clear standard can be set for how logged experiment results and their associated measurements pre- and post-analysis are recorded in the system. Perhaps all temperatures will be recorded in Celsius to three decimal places. If temperature data imported from a spreadsheet or a lab instrument is not in this format, the ELN can normalize the incoming data to match the standard already set for existing temperature data. This ensures consistency within the database and typically leads to better data validation efforts later on.

Note: Some ELN developers may include data normalization functionality within what they may refer to as data validation functionality. The line between these two may be blurred or not exist at all.

Data validation

For the purposes of describing ELN functionality, "data validation" specifically refers to the process of ensuring existing data in the LIMS — either pre-analysis or post-analysis — sufficiently meets any number of standards or thresholds set for any given data management process. This validation process may be completely automatic and system-based, or it may also include additional steps on the part of the user base utilizing additional ELN functionality, including verification of standard operating procedures (SOPs), QC samples, and QA approval.[43][44]

Note: This functionality shouldn't be confused with the process of validating the application itself, which is an entirely different process partially falling under regulatory compliance and involves the process of ensuring "the software is performing in a manner for which it was designed."[45]

Data encryption

In an ELN files can be encrypted and then read by only someone who has the specific key or rights to do so.
The existence of this functionality in an ELN generally indicates the software has the ability to protect the integrity and authenticity of its housed data through the use of a variety of technologies which makes data unreadable except to those possessing a key/right/etc. to unlock/read the data. This functionality is especially vital to the web-enabled ELN, which transfers information over the Internet in a client-server relationship. As a wide variety of encryption technologies exist, it's generally a good idea to consult with the developers of an ELN to determine the strengths and weaknesses of their employed encryption methods.

Version control

Version control is a form of safeguard which helps preserve data integrity and thus ties in with the topic of regulatory compliance. This is typically done by creating a modifiable new version of a piece of information rather than allowing the original to be modified. Such versioning may be applied to a wide variety of digital information housed in the ELN, including templates, training certifications, instrument logs, specifications, and process and procedure (P&P) documentation. Information tracked with such revisions includes attributes like user name, time the edit was made, and what exactly was edited. This also benefits those managing audit trails and chains of custody.

Other ELN vendors may employ a different form of version control called file locking, which simply puts the affected information into a read-only mode for users while someone else is busy editing it. Another popular strategy is to, rather than locking the file, allow multiple people to edit a piece of information, later merging the various edits. Potential ELN buyers may need to inquire with developers to determine what type of versioning scheme is used in the vendor's software.

Automatic data backup

The existence of this piece of functionality in an ELN usually means information contained in one or more associated databases or data warehouses can be automatically preserved in an additional backup file. The save location for that file as well as the scheduled backup time is configurable, typically through the administrative module of the ELN.

Environmental monitoring

Some LIMS like Core LIMS and Oracle Health Sciences LabPas allow users to monitor the environmental conditions of not only sample storage containers but also the entire laboratory itself.[46][47] Attributes like humidity, air quality, and temperature may be monitored to ensure sample storage units and experiments maintain desired conditions. Alarms may be able to be configured to notify staff if a storage container's environmental attributes go beyond a certain threshold. Manufacturers utilizing a LIMS like NOVA-LIMS may also be able to employ more advanced environmental tracking features in the plant to guarantee a more consistent, higher quality product is created.[48]

 

Reporting, barcoding, and printing

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Custom reporting

Reporting may not be as vital in an ELN as a LIMS, but it still is useful for gaining a clearer picture of collected data and potential trends. At a minimum, a number of pre-configured report templates typically come standard with an ELN. However, other systems are more flexible than others, offering the ability to customize reports in numerous ways. The most popular attributes of custom reporting include custom headers, custom information placement, charts, pivot tables, and multiple output formats.

Note: Some ELN vendors will offer custom reporting as an option as an added cost, depending on the level of customization required.

Synoptic reporting

Report printing

Today's software almost universally offers the ability to print reports and other materials, so this feature may seem a bit redundant to list. Nonetheless, printer support is a feature worth confirming when considering a piece of laboratory informatics software.

Label support

The label — typically affixed to a sample container or piece of equipment — is a vital part of many laboratory operations.[49] Identifying information such as sample number, batch number, and barcodes are printed on such labels to ensure optimize managing the location of items in a lab. As such, some ELNs allow users to design and print labels directly from the software.

The word "Wikipedia" encoded in Code 128 and Code 39

Barcode and/or RFID support

Barcodes offer many advantages to laboratory techs handling samples, including more accurate data input, tighter sample/instrument associations, tighter sample/study associations, and more room for human-readable information on a label.[49] Given such advantages, many laboratory informatics developers have integrated barcode support into their software, including support for symbologies like Code 128, Code 39, and Interleaved 2 of 5. Aside from printing options, an ELN may also offer support for a variety of barcode readers.

Barcode support and label support are typically found together in ELN software, but not always, thus their separation into two features.

Export to PDF

An ELN with this feature is able to collect and save information into a Portable Document Format (PDF).

Export to MS Word

An ELN with this feature is able to collect and save information into a Microsoft Office Word format.

Export to HTML or XML

An ELN with this feature is able to collect and save information into a HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and/or Extensible Markup Language (XML) format.

Fax integration

A LIMS with this feature is able to connect with a fax machine and send information to it via manual input, automatically, and/or at scheduled intervals.

Email integration

An ELN with this feature is able to integrate with and use the electronic mail information exchange method to send reports, alerts, and more manually, automatically, and/or at scheduled intervals.

 

Base functionality

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Administrator management

The administrator management tools of an ELN allow researchers to set up the ELN most optimally for the facility and its projects. Through the administrator management interface, other features may be accessed like setting up user roles and scheduling automatic data backups.

Like report printing, administrator management is nearly ubiquitous in laboratory informatics software, generally considered a mandatory feature. However, for the purposes of being thorough, it's important to point out its existence.

Modular

This feature indicates that an ELN has an intentional modular design, which separates some functionality into manageable components of the overall system. Generally speaking, a modular design allows for 1. the structured addition of new functionality to an ELN and 2. the limiting of overall effects on the system design as new functionality is added.

Instrument interfacing and management

An electron microscope could potentially be connected to an ELN via instrument interfacing.
In laboratories there are instruments, and with those instruments comes scientific measurements which produce data. It's therefor natural a researcher would want to connect those instruments to an electronic laboratory notebook, which is already organizing and storing laboratory data for projects and collaborations. This sort of interfacing is typically handled with instrument-to-software interfaces, which started out as merely data-transfer mechanisms. Later that interface mechanism became much more robust as a data management tool, though often at great expense with heavy involvement from third parties.[50] Today, "vendors can act as single source providers of the entire instrument interfacing solution,"[51], providing a cheaper and smoother solution to laboratory informatics customers.

It should be noted that some ELN vendors take the approach of creating ELN integration with a laboratory information management system (LIMS), letting the LIMS handle the instrument interfacing duties. Such functionality is not exclusive; an ELN may be able to interface both with laboratory instruments and with a LIMS. This built-in interface functionality is usually conducted with the help of a parsing engine, which helps translate machine data into a formatted and manipulable format, often customized by the ELN vendor.[52][53][54]

Mobile device integration

While not ubiquitous by any means, ELN developers are increasingly including support for mobile devices in their software, usually in the form of a separate mobile version of the software. Research and development labs potentially can put mobile technology to use in the laboratory as remotely monitoring a lab or using mobile phone microscopy.[55] Those uses aside, the relatively simple action of recording and reviewing laboratory research results while on the move or at a conference gives researchers flexibility, and ELN developers like Rescentris are beginning to include that functionality.[31] And where the options aren't simply appealing, some entities like the University of California – San Francisco are making their own mobile-friendly ELN application.[56]

Third-party software integration

Some ELN vendors either incorporate third-party software into their ELN (e.g. Agilent's integration of Surety's AbsoluteProof[57]) or they provide the means to integrate the ELN with other applications. Labtronics' Nexxis ELN is such an example, integrating with other laboratory informatics software, stats packages, and molecular drawing programs.[58] Other ELNs like Evolvus' Electronic Lab Notebook simply communicate with common authoring tools like Microsoft Word, allowing users to work directly from the third-party application and then transferring the information to the ELN.[59]

In some situations, a third-party application like Labtronics' LimsLink is simply used to integrate one piece of software with another piece of software or an instrument.

Alarms and/or alerts

Alarms and alerts in an ELN can be automatic or scheduled, and they can come in the form of an e-mail, a pop-up message, or a mobile text message. For example, when an experiment result goes out-of-range, an automatic warning message can appear on the screen of the research team responsible for the experiment. Another example: a scheduled alert can be e-mailed to a lab technician every month indicating a piece of laboratory equipment needs routine maintenance. Both scenarios represent a tiny fraction of the possible implementation of alarms and alerts in an ELN, highlighting how powerful (yet easy to take for granted) this feature is.

Work-related time tracking

This feature specifically refers to a LIMS' ability to track the amount of time an employee spends at work in general (for payroll purposes) or on more specific projects and tasks (as part of an employee work evaluation program).

Voice recognition system

A LIMS with this feature allows some functions of the LIMS (for example, accessing sample analysis results) to be accessed via voice commands.

External monitoring

This feature allows clients and/or collaborators outside the laboratory to monitor the status of experiments, test results, and more via an online web portal or, less commonly, as activity alerts sent via e-mail or SMS.

An instant messaging client built into an ELN often makes it easier to collaborate.

Messaging

The messaging feature of an ELN may refer to one of two (or both) things:

  • a built-in instant messaging system that allows users to converse with each other through text messages real-time
  • an SMS text messaging integration that allows the users or the ELN itself to send messages or alerts to one or more user's mobile or smart phone

Commenting

Research collaborations require data sharing and communication tools to be most effective. One of the collaborative communication features of an ELN is commenting. Many ELNs like BiochemLab Solutions' Electronic Lab Notebook and LabArchives, LLC's LabArchives ELN allow users to comment on experiment results, observations, and conjectures as well as allow for linking to and from comments.[60][61]

Multilingual

If an ELN is listed as multilingual, its an indication the software interface can be configured to display more than one language depending on the preference a user or administrator chooses. Some ELN interfaces can only be displayed in one of two languages (English or German, for example), while others come configured with support for dozens of languages.

Network-capable

This feature is perhaps archaic and/or obvious, but it is mentioned nonetheless. It's generally applied to a non-web-based ELN installed over a local or wide-area computer network, essentially indicating the ELN is not an isolated application, but rather one that can interface with other instances or other networked instruments.

Web client or portal

An ELN with a web client or portal is either a web-based ELN (one that is not installed on every computer, but rather is hosted on a server and accessed via a web browser) or a non-web-based ELN with an included portal to access it via the Internet.

Online or integrated help

This indicates an ELN has help infrastructure integrated into the software, support documentation via the vendor's website, or both.

Software as a service delivery model

This indicates the software can be licensed and utilized via the software as a service (SaaS) delivery model.

Usage-based cost

While rare, some software vendors allow potential clients to license and utilize the vendor's software under a usage-based cost model. An example of this model in use is Bytewize AB's O3 LimsXpress, which has a cost directly related to the amount of samples processed each month.[62]

 

References

  1. ↑ "Quick Start Guide to Laboratory Information System (LIS) Implementation" (PDF). Association of Public Health Laboratories. http://www.aphl.org/aphlprograms/global/initiatives/Documents/LISQuickStartGuide.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2013. 
  2. ↑ Hice, Randy (1 July 2009). "Swimming in the Clinical Pool: Why LIMS are supplanting old-school clinical LIS applications". STARLIMS' Laboratory Informatics Blog. http://blog.starlims.com/2009/07/01/swimming-in-the-clinical-pool-why-lims-are-supplanting-old-school-clinical-lis-applications/. Retrieved 27 April 2013. 
  3. ↑ "How Do I Find the Right LIMS — And How Much Will It Cost?" (PDF). Laboratory Informatics Institute, Inc. http://files.limstitute.com/share/lbgprofiles/findlims.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2013. 
  4. ↑ "Laboratory Information Systems". Biohealthmatics.com. 10 August 2006. http://www.biohealthmatics.com/technologies/his/lis.aspx. Retrieved 27 April 2013. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Leonard, Debra G. B.; Bagg, Adam, ed. (2007). Molecular Pathology in Clinical Practice (Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 567. ISBN 0387332278. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z2YNhh51SmQC&pg=PA567. Retrieved 27 April 2013. 
  6. ↑ "PPD - Clinical Trial Sample Management". Pharmaceutical Product Development, LLC. http://www.ppdi.com/Services/Laboratories/Central-Labs/Operational-Excellence/Specimen-Management.aspx. Retrieved 27 April 2013. 
  7. ↑ Esteridge, Barbara H.; Reynolds, Anna P.; Walters, Norma J. (2000). Basic Medical Laboratory Techniques (4th, revised ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 8. ISBN 0766812065. http://books.google.com/books?id=qMgAbOHSlsMC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8. Retrieved 27 April 2013. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Murthy, Tal; Brian Hewson (1 September 2010). "Effective Forensic Sample Tracking and Handling". American Laboratory. http://new.americanlaboratory.com/914-Application-Notes/506-Effective-Forensic-Sample-Tracking-and-Handling/. Retrieved 10 February 2012. 
  9. ↑ Muntean, Edwarda; Nicoleta Munteanb; Tania Mihăiescua; Radu Mihăiescuc (2008). "LIMS use in laboratory data management" (PDF). ProEnvironment/Promediu 1 (2): 19–23. http://journals.usamvcluj.ro/index.php/promediu/article/download/2835/2696. 
  10. ↑ "Batch Sizes And QC Questions". U.S. EPA. 27 July 2011. http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/faq/faqs_qc.htm. Retrieved 27 April 2013. 
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  12. ↑ Park, Seung Lyung; Pantanowitz, Liron; Sharma, Gaurav; Parwani, Anil Vasdev (March 2012). "Anatomic Pathology Laboratory Information Systems: A Review" (PDF). Advances in Anatomic Pathology 19 (2): 81–96. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e318248b787. http://bpa-pathology.com/uploads/file/docs/Anatomic%20Pathology%20Laboratory%20Information%20Systems%20-%20A%20Review%20-%20SLPark%20et%20all.%20-%20Adv%20Anat%20Pathol%202012.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2013. 
  13. ↑ Macneil, Rory (2011). "The benefits of integrated systems for managing both samples and experimental data: An opportunity for labs in universities and government research institutions to lead the way". Automated Experimentation 3 (2). doi:10.1186/1759-4499-3-2. http://www.aejournal.net/content/3/1/2. 
  14. ↑ "data mining". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1056150/data-mining. Retrieved 29 April 2013. 
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  16. ↑ "LabWare LIMS - Public Health". LabWare, Inc. http://www.labware.com/LWCLWeb.nsf/lp/en0203. Retrieved 29 April 2013. 
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  18. ↑ "LabDAQ Laboratory Information System (LIS)". CompuGroup Medical AG. http://cgmus.com/products--solutions/laboratory/labdaq_lis.aspx. Retrieved 29 April 2013. 
  19. ↑ Foster, Kerry (February 2006). "Which comes first - the EMR or LIS?" (PDF). ADVANCE for Medical Laboratory Professionals. Merion Matters. http://www.orchardsoft.com/news_links/WhichComesFirstEMRorLIS.pdf. Retrieved 29 April 2013. 
  20. ↑ Elliot, Michael H. (December 2006–January 2007). "The state of the ELN Market". Scientific Computing World. http://www.scientific-computing.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=50. Retrieved 04 May 2011. 
  21. ↑ Elliot, Michael H. (October 2011). "Informatics Convergence Presents Opportunities and Challenges". Scientific Computing. http://www.scientificcomputing.com/articles-IN-Informatics-Convergence-Presents-Opportunities-and-Challenges-111111.aspx. Retrieved 25 February 2012. 
  22. ↑ Williams, Robert W. (2003). "Managing Your Lab Data Flux: Getting Beyond Excel" (PDF). The Bioinformatics of Brains: From Genes and Proteins to Behaviors. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. http://www.sfn.org/skins/main/pdf/ShortCourses/2003/sc1_9.pdf. Retrieved 17 February 2012. 
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  24. ↑ Vannest, Jeff (11 February 2011). "Advantages of a Data Warehouse". LABVANTAGE Solutions, Inc. http://www.labvantage.com/blog/?p=79. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
  25. ↑ Hice, Randy (1 July 2009). "Swimming in the Clinical Pool: Why LIMS are supplanting old-school clinical LIS applications". STARLIMS' Laboratory Informatics Blog. http://blog.starlims.com/2009/07/01/swimming-in-the-clinical-pool-why-lims-are-supplanting-old-school-clinical-lis-applications/. Retrieved 09 May 2011. 
  26. ↑ "Workflow Management Coalition Terminology & Glossary" (PDF). Workflow Management Coalition. February 1999. pp. 9. http://www.wfmc.org/standards/docs/TC-1011_term_glossary_v3.pdf. Retrieved 20 February 2012. 
  27. ↑ Maxwell, Glen (1 November 2003). "Using Workflows in LIMS to Reduce Customization". Scientific Computing and Instrumentation. http://www.scientificcomputing.com/using-workflows-in-lims-to-reduce.aspx. Retrieved 20 February 2012. 
  28. ↑ Beato, Brian D.; Grever, Timothy P. ; Branstrator, Laurel E.. "Using Electronic Lab Notebook Functionality for Validating Electronic Lab Notebook Workflows" (PDF). AIT Bioscience. http://aitbioscience.com/wp-content/uploads/Using-Electronic-Lab-Notebook-Functionality-for-Validating-Electronic-Lab-Notebook-Workflows.pdf. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
  29. ↑ "LabCollector's Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN)". AgileBio. http://labcollector.com/index.php/eln-add-on-newhtml. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named KalabELNPDF
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BioITNewELNS
  32. ↑ "ASTM E1578 - 06 Standard Guide for Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS)". ASTM International. http://www.astm.org/Standards/E1578.htm. Retrieved 22 February 2012. 
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  34. ↑ Price, Michael (17 August 2012). "How an ELN Mitigates the Risks Associated with Regulatory Compliance". KineMatik Ltd. http://www.kinematik.com/blog/bid/207452/How-an-ELN-Mitigates-the-Risks-Associated-with-Regulatory-Compliance. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
  35. ↑ Bolton, Steve. "Why doesn’t a Traditional Electronic Laboratory Notebook work in a QA/QC lab? - ELN Requirements for Quality Assurance and Quality Control". CambridgeSoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110722165349/http://chembionews.cambridgesoft.com/Articles/Default.aspx?articleID=740. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
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  39. ↑ Trigg, John (29 March 2010). "LIMS and ELNs again, and again…". John Trigg. http://theintegratedlab.com/2010/03/lims-and-elns-again-and-again/. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
  40. ↑ Metrick, Gloria (1 January 2011). "QA/QC: ELNs have come a long way: realizing the full potential of today's electronic laboratory notebooks". Scientific Computing. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/QA%2FQC%3A+ELNs+have+come+a+long+way%3A+realizing+the+full+potential+of...-a0272245303. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
  41. ↑ "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21: Food and Drugs - Part 11: Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures". U.S. Government Printing Office. http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=5ff3a0efed913ef8fae9e225869688a2&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:1.0.1.1.7&idno=21. Retrieved 02 March 2012. 
  42. ↑ Jones, Andrew; Craig Valli (2008). "Chapter 1: An Introduction to Digital Forensics". Building a Digital Forensic Laboratory: Establishing and Managing a Successful Facility. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 11. ISBN 1856175103. http://books.google.com/books?id=F5IU7XXKwCQC. 
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  44. ↑ Hitchcock, Noel (2005). "Chapter 10: Efficient utilization of LIMS data and integration with mining process management systems". In Dessureault, Sean D.; Rajive Ganguli; Vladislav Kecojevic; Jami Girard Dwyer. Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry. Taylor & Francis. pp. 85–88. doi:10.1201/9781439833407.ch10. ISBN 9780415374491. http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/9781439833407.ch10. 
  45. ↑ Turner, Elizabeth; Jojean Bolton (2001). "Required steps for the validation of a Laboratory Information Management System". Quality Assurance 9 (3–4): 217–224. PMID 12553085. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12553085. 
  46. ↑ "Core LIMS Features & Components". Core Informatics, LLC. http://www.corelims.com/features.htm. Retrieved 07 May 2012. 
  47. ↑ "Oracle Health Sciences LabPas" (PDF). Oracle Corporation. 2011. http://www.oracle.com/us/industries/life-sciences/health-sciences-labpas-ds-396097.pdf. Retrieved 07 May 2012. 
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  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Gilles, Clarence (1 July 2008). "Bar Code and Sample Tracking: It All Starts with the Label". Scientific Computing. http://www.scientificcomputing.com/bar-code-and-sample-tracking.aspx. Retrieved 8 May 2012. 
  50. ↑ Pavlis, Robert (May/June 2004). "Trends in instrument-to-LIMS interfacing". Scientific Computing World. http://www.scientific-computing.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=88. Retrieved 8 May 2012. 
  51. ↑ DeHeer, Larry (1 October 2009). "Instrument Interfacing - The Great Paradox of LIMS?". LIMSfinder.com. http://www.limsfinder.com/BlogDetail.aspx?id=33851_0_2_0_C. Retrieved 8 May 2012. 
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  53. ↑ "Inductive Automation: Parsing - A Powerful Built-In Parsing Tool". Inductive Automation. http://www.inductiveautomation.com/;jsessionid=F54A01880FB07A1FF12A43D2BB616D49?wicket:bookmarkablePage=:com.inductiveautomation.website.pages.mes.IgnitionInterfaceModuleParsingPage. Retrieved 16 April 2013. 
  54. ↑ "Mobile Devices: On the Move from Laboratories to Clinics". Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening. 2 July 2012. http://www.eln.slas.org/story/1/69-mobile-devices-on-the-move-from-laboratories-to-clinics. Retrieved 13 February 2013. 
  55. ↑ Nguyen, Khang (27 July 2012). "A Paperless Electronic Lab Notebook for UCSF". University of California – San Francisco. http://open-proposals.ucsf.edu/itcontest/proposal/158. Retrieved 13 February 2013. 
  56. ↑ "Agilent Technologies Integrates Surety's AbsoluteProof Service into OpenLAB Electronic Lab Notebook, Enhances Data Integrity, Protection". Agilent Technologies, Inc. 20 April 2010. http://www.agilent.com/about/newsroom/presrel/2010/20apr-ca10024.html. Retrieved 13 February 2013. 
  57. ↑ "Nexxis ELN 5.0". Scientific Computing World. 12 May 2010. http://www.scientific-computing.com/products/product_details.php?product_id=835. Retrieved 13 February 2013. 
  58. ↑ "Electronic Lab Notebook". Evolvus Pvt. Ltd. http://www.evolvus.com/Informatics/ElectronicLabNotebook.html. Retrieved 13 February 2013. 
  59. ↑ "Electronic Lab Notebook ELN - Download". BiochemLab Solutions. http://biochemlabsolutions.com/ELN/ELN.html. Retrieved 13 February 2013. 
  60. ↑ "LabArchives Online Lab Notebook - Features & Benefits". LabArchives, LLC. http://www.labarchives.com/features.php. Retrieved 13 February 2013. 
  61. ↑ "Modern web based Lims from 10 Euro cent/sample". Bytewize AB. http://www.bytewize.com/o3lims-xpress/prices/?lang=en. Retrieved 8 May 2012. 
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