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| ==Sandbox begins below== | | ==Sandbox begins below== |
| <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div> | | <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div> |
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| [[File:Pressure testing (25112074227).jpg|right|400px]]
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| '''Title''': ''What types of testing occur within a materials testing laboratory?''
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| '''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas
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| '''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]
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| '''Publication date''': November 2023
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| ===Materials testing: The basics===
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| Materials science and its associated tests are largely considered a part of the applied science branch of sciences, as the study and testing of the properties of materials are put to use in the manufacture and construction of a wide variety of items. Testing methodologies can be divided into the analysis of physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties, with each test falling under the category of destructive or non-destructive. Testing of a material may involve one or more of these methodologies, and occasionally all of them may be used as part of a comprehensive analytical approach towards a material.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Ya |last2=Peng |first2=Bin |last3=Yang |first3=Yan |last4=Ma |first4=Jingzhi |last5=Haapasalo |first5=Markus |date=2015-05 |title=What do different tests tell about the mechanical and biological properties of bioceramic materials? |url=* https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/etp.12076 |journal=Endodontic Topics |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=47–85 |doi=10.1111/etp.12076 |issn=1601-1538}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kang |first=Tae-Yun |last2=Choi |first2=Ji-Won |last3=Seo |first3=Kyoung-Jin |last4=Kim |first4=Kwang-Mahn |last5=Kwon |first5=Jae-Sung |date=2021-03-30 |title=Physical, Chemical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Four Different Commercial Root-End Filling Materials: A Comparative Study |url=* https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/7/1693 |journal=Materials |language=en |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=1693 |doi=10.3390/ma14071693 |issn=1996-1944 |pmc=PMC8036496 |pmid=33808262}}</ref>
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| Material testing may happen under the umbrella of materials discovery and research, or materials quality/suitability testing. In the case of the former, computational methods may initially be used to search through existing materials databases, as well as virtually develop new material models for potential real-life development, before any actual real-world materials testing begins. In the case of the latter, the material is already discovered or created, and materials testing occurs to verify that a material's properties are suitable or of sufficient quality for their intended purpose. Technological systems such as [[laboratory information management system]]s (LIMS) may be used in both cases to better manage the associated data and information coming from their associated materials science activities.
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| Materials testing is as diverse as the available material types and industrial applications of those material types. Material testing domains include:
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| *Aerospace
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| *Automotive
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| *Carbon
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| *Coatings, linings, and sealants
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| *Construction and engineering
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| *Insulation, foam, and composites
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| *Lubricants and thickeners
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| *Medical devices
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| *Metals
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| *Packaging and labeling
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| *Paints and oils
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| *Paper
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| *Polymers and plastics
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| *Raw materials
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| *Reference materials
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| *Rubbers
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| *Electronics and energy devices
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| *Textiles
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| *Wood
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| Optimally, materials testing is performed by a [[laboratory]] that is accredited to a relevant set of standards and test methods, making materials testing more standardized and reliable, in turn adding confidence to any items made or constructed from those tested materials.
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| ===Materials testing types===
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| As noted prior, the diversity in materials testing methods is immense. As such, it's difficult to address all of them in an FAQ. That said, this article will provide examples of destructive and non-destructive test methods across the four categories of test properties: physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological. (Note that in a few cases, a test might be destructive or non-destructive, depending on the particulars, for example as found with hardness, thickness, and crimp (length) testing, which are physical tests.<ref name="BennettHard22">{{cite web |url=https://www.michlinmetals.com/hardness-testing-destructive-and-non-destructive-testing-ndt/ |title=Michael Talks Metal Video 112: Hardness Testing |author=Bennett, M. |publisher=Michlin Metals, Inc |date=08 December 2022 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="CohenDryFilm19">{{cite web |url=https://gardnerlaboratories.com/tag/destructive-film-thickness-tests/ |title=Dry Film Thickness Measurement On Non-Metal Substrates |author=Cohen, C. |work=BYK-Gardner Laboratories Blog |publisher=BYK-Gardner USA |date=05 February 2019 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="HaiderAComp18">{{Cite journal |last=Haider |first=F I |last2=Suryanto |last3=Ani |first3=M H |last4=Mahmood |first4=M H |date=2018-01 |title=A comparison between destructive and non-destructive techniques in determining coating thickness |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/290/1/012020 |journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering |volume=290 |pages=012020 |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/290/1/012020 |issn=1757-8981}}</ref><ref name="BabyNonDest22">{{Citation |last=Baby |first=Ruksana |last2=Mathur |first2=Kavita |last3=DenHartog |first3=Emiel |date=2022-11-02 |editor-last=Jeon |editor-first=Han-Yong |title=Non-destructive Characterizations of Natural Yarns and Fabrics |url=https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/80883 |work=Natural Fiber |language=en |publisher=IntechOpen |doi=10.5772/intechopen.102587 |isbn=978-1-80355-213-2 |accessdate=2023-11-01}}</ref> However, also note that physical tests aren't commonly destructive, and the classification of a biological test as destructive or non-destructive can be challenging.) Real-world examples from materials testing laboratories accredited to [[ISO/IEC 17025]] are used to exemplify the broad set of test methods in use.
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| ====Physical====
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| A physical property of a material represents the actual physical, inconstant state of the material, with its own set of measurable and observable properties, separate from the material's chemical composition, mechanical, and biological properties.<ref name="MirandaWhatIs19">{{cite web |url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=17626 |title=What is the Difference Between a Physical Property and a Mechanical Property? |author=Miranda, G.M. |work=AZO Materials |date=14 February 2019 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref>
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| Non-destructive physical tests include<ref name="ANABProdAss21">{{cite web |url=https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Product-Assurance-Services-Inc-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-02-2021_1635864735.pdf |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Product Assurance Services, Inc |publisher=ANAB |date=02 November 2021 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="ANABCharterCoat22">{{cite web |url=https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Charter-Coating-Service-2000-Ltd-Cert-and-Scope-File-11-07-2022_1667841835.pdf |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Charter Coating Service (2000) Ltd |publisher=ANAB |date=07 November 2022 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="IASR&DServ22">{{cite web |url=https://www.iasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TL-566-Cert-New.pdf |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation - R&D Services, Inc |publisher=International Accreditation Service, Inc |date=29 August 2022 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="A2LAIndustTest22">{{cite web |url=https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=90975A9E-26BB-4DCC-921A-9786F504539D |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Industrial Testing Laboratory Services |publisher=A2LA |date=01 June 2022 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="ZoppiAnIntro20">{{cite web |url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=18848 |title=An Introduction to Thermal Testing |author=Zoppi, L. |work=AZO Materials |date=06 January 2020 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Shirazi |first=A. |last2=Karbhari |first2=V.M. |date=2013 |title=Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: application of thermography for defect detection in rehabilitated structures |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780857093448500191 |work=Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of Polymer Matrix Composites |language=en |publisher=Elsevier |pages=515–541 |doi=10.1533/9780857093554.4.515 |isbn=978-0-85709-344-8 |accessdate=2023-11-01}}</ref><ref name="ANABBlachford23">{{cite web |url=https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/Blachford-Incorporated-dba-Blachford-Acoustics-Laboratory-Cert-and-Scope-File-06-21-2023_1687370807.pdf |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Blachford Incorporated |publisher=ANAB |date=21 June 2023 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref>:
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| *visual testing
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| *magnetic particle testing
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| *resonant ultrasound testing
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| *color tolerance and difference
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| *specular gloss
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| *solar reflectance index
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| *apparent density
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| *water vapor transmission
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| *ultrasonic defect testing
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| *thermogravimetric analysis
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| *infrared thermography
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| *airflow resistance
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| Tests that can be both destructive and non-destructive physical tests include<ref name="BennettHard22" /><ref name="CohenDryFilm19" /><ref name="HaiderAComp18" /><ref name="BabyNonDest22" />:
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| *hardness
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| *dry film and other coating thickness
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| *yarn crimp percentage (length)
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| ====Mechanical====
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| A mechanical property of a material represents the functional, inconstant state of the material, particularly in how it reacts when a load is applied to it. Measuring mechanical properties gives a better idea of the material's realistic service life or performance under mechanical stresses.<ref name="MirandaWhatIs19" /> Mechanical testing is frequently destructive in nature.
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| Destructive mechanical tests include<ref name="MirandaWhatIs19" /><ref name="A2LAIndustTest22" /><ref name="A2LAVartest23">{{cite web |url=https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=C07768C0-6BB2-4FAB-9D6D-C5D4F9D93403 |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Vartest Laboratories, Inc |publisher=A2LA |date=31 October 2023 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="USDOTTensile17">{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/tensile.cfm |title=Tensile Bond Tester, ACI 503.1R, ASTM C1583 |author=Praul, M. |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration |date=27 June 2017 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="A2LAPackComp23">{{cite web |url=https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=390CCBB1-6EC1-41BE-B573-2BE1CE5F8812 |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Packaging Compliance Labs, LLC |publisher=A2LA |date=19 June 2023 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref>:
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| *scratch adhesion testing
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| *flattening testing
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| *flaring testing
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| *burst strength
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| *tear strength
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| *peel strength
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| *bend testing
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| *tensile bond testing
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| *concentrated impact
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| *compressive resistance
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| *abrasion resistance
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| ====Chemical====
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| A chemical property of a material represents how the material reacts under the duress of outward pressures, which fundamentally change the material into a different material over a period of time.<ref name="ISUPhysChem">{{cite web |url=https://www.nde-ed.org/Physics/Materials/Physical_Chemical/PhysicalProperties.xhtml |title=Physical and Chemical Properties |work=Physics of Nondestructive Evaluation |publisher=Iowa State University Center for Nondestructive Evaluation |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref> As an example, one can turn to the principal of using a sacrificial anode to prevent the corrosion of a principle metal, with the anode being chemically altered into another substance rather than the principle metal. This method may be used if the principle metal's chemical property of "corrosion resistance" is low.
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| Destructive chemical tests include<ref name="A2LAVartest23" /><ref name="ISUPhysChem" /><ref name="A2LAALabCorp23">{{cite web |url=https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=A3C7BB80-EFEF-47EF-A7C6-CB4389D35AF4 |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - A-Lab Corp. |publisher=A2LA |date=22 December2022 |accessdate=02 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="A2LAAkron23">{{cite web |url=https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=A9943F18-D89C-4305-B96E-510643557B6C |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Akron Rubber Development Laboratory, Inc |publisher=A2LA |date=15 June 2022 |accessdate=02 November 2023}}</ref>:
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| *corrosion resistance
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| *flammability
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| *galvanized coating weight
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| *leaching
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| Non-destructive chemical tests include<ref name="ANABNoAm23">{{cite web |url=https://search.anab.org/public/organization_files/North-American-Stainless-Melt-Shop-Laboratory-Cert-and-Scope-File-06-08-2023_1686248550.pdf |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - North American Stainless - Melt Shop Laboratory |publisher=ANAB |date=08 June 2023 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="A2LADickson23">{{cite web |url=https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=9A2B77F6-41BA-4BE9-8A31-D9E070280D53 |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Dickson Testing Company, Inc |publisher=A2LA |date=19 June 2023 |accessdate=01 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="A2LAEurofins23">{{cite web |url=https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=3A2B89BA-4A8B-4D9F-872C-217AE166DB8B |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Eurofins EAG Materials Science - CA |publisher=A2LA |date=28 February 2023 |accessdate=02 November 2023}}</ref>:
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| *liquid dye penetration
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| *chemical composition through spectrometry, spectroscopy, or X-ray fluorescence
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| *surface tension
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| *temperature-compensated viscosity
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| ====Biological====
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| In the scope of testing quality and suitability of raw materials used in the production of an item, a biological property of a material represents how the material reacts to one or more aspects of a biological organism, or how a biological organism reacts to the introduction of the material. Examples of biological properties include<ref name="RoederAME50571">{{cite web |url=https://rroeder.nd.edu/assets/387880/bioproperties.pdf |format=PDF |title=AME 50571: Biomaterials |author=Roeder, R.K. |publisher=Roeder Research Lab, University of Notre Dame |accessdate=02 November 2023}}</ref>:
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| *toxicity, "the degree to which a material may permanently destroy or impair any part of biological organism;
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| *bioinertness, the ability of some material to go unchanged and elicit biological activity upon introduction to a biological organism; and
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| *bioactivity, the ability of a material to "elicit or modulate a favorable response" from one or more systems of a biological organism.
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| One school of thought has that ''in vitro'' testing of biological samples is non-destructive (as with bacterial endotoxins testing<ref name="CREndoTest">{{cite web |url=https://www.criver.com/products-services/qc-microbial-solutions/endotoxin-testing?region=3681 |title=Endotoxin Testing |publisher=Charles River |accessdate=02 November 2023 |quote=As the BET is an ''in vitro'' (performed outside of a living organism; not a destructive assay) assay...}}</ref>). However, one might argue that in some cases the ''in vitro'' biological sample being tested must be altered destructively, or even that microbes are living biological entities, which may get destroyed in specific bioburden test types.<ref name="MoondraSteri18">{{Citation |last=Moondra |first=Shruti |last2=Raval |first2=Nidhi |last3=Kuche |first3=Kaushik |last4=Maheshwari |first4=Rahul |last5=Tekade |first5=Muktika |last6=Tekade |first6=Rakesh K. |date=2018 |title=Sterilization of Pharmaceuticals |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128144213000142 |work=Dosage Form Design Parameters |language=en |publisher=Elsevier |pages=467–519 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-814421-3.00014-2 |isbn=978-0-12-814421-3 |accessdate=2023-11-02}}</ref> As such, these tests' classification as "destructive" or "non-destructive" may be viewed with some skepticism.
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| Destructive biological tests include<<ref name="MoondraSteri18" /><ref name="A2LABoston23">{{cite web |url=https://customer.a2la.org/index.cfm?event=directory.detail&labPID=38E3BFEF-645D-4A67-A921-873EEBAEEFED |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - Boston Analytical Inc |publisher=A2LA |date=07 March 2023 |accessdate=02 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="A2LAARLBio22">{{cite web |url=https://www.arlok.com/2992-01_0.pdf |format=PDF |title=Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 - ARL Biopharma, Inc |publisher=A2LA |date=23 May 2022 |accessdate=02 November 2023}}</ref>:
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| *bioburden testing
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| *antimicrobial effectiveness
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| *microbial immersion
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| Non-destructive biological tests include<ref name="CREndoTest" /><ref name="A2LAARLBio22" /><ref name="A2LABoston23" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pérez-Cota |first=Fernando |last2=Smith |first2=Richard J. |last3=Moradi |first3=Emilia |last4=Webb |first4=Kevin F. |last5=Clark |first5=Matt |date=2019 |title=Non destructive evaluation of biological cells |url=https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article/888534 |place=Vermont, USA |pages=020033 |doi=10.1063/1.5099737}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soncin |first=Sabrina |last2=Lo Cicero |first2=Viviana |last3=Astori |first3=Giuseppe |last4=Soldati |first4=Gianni |last5=Gola |first5=Mauro |last6=Sürder |first6=Daniel |last7=Moccetti |first7=Tiziano |date=2009-09-08 |title=A practical approach for the validation of sterility, endotoxin and potency testing of bone marrow mononucleated cells used in cardiac regeneration in compliance with good manufacturing practice |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-7-78 |journal=Journal of Translational Medicine |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=78 |doi=10.1186/1479-5876-7-78 |issn=1479-5876 |pmc=PMC2753319 |pmid=19737416}}</ref><ref name="RMBioburden">{{cite web |url=https://www.rapidmicrobio.com/applications/bioburden-testing |title=Bioburden Testing |publisher=RapidMicro BioSystems |accessdate=02 November 2023}}</ref>:
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| *bacterial endotoxin testing
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| *sterility testing
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| *cell and tissue characterization using ultrasound
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| *bioburden testing
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| ==Conclusion==
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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