Main Page/Featured article of the week/2015

Featured article of the week archive - 2015

Welcome to the LIMSwiki 2015 archive for the Featured Article of the Week.

Featured article of the week: February 2–8: Genome informatics is a field of computational molecular biology and branch of informatics that uses computers, software, and computational solution techniques to make observations, resolve problems, and manage data related to the genomic function of DNA sequences, comparison of gene structures, determination of the tertiary structure of all proteins, and other molecular biological activities. The informatics side of genomics has largely focused on analytical tools and methodologies. DNA-microarray and sequencing technology helped researchers for the Human Genome Project, for example, analyze and understand thousands of genes and their expressions. By 2000, artificial neural networks were being theorized as a possible informatics tools to aid with data analysis and the problem of "high dimensionality" of the outputted data; by 2014 artificial neural networks were being proposed for cancer genomic research. Genome informatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as analyzing DNA sequences, recognizing genes and proteins and predicting their structures, and predicting the biochemical function of new genes or fragments, as well as molecular profiling. (Full article...) Featured article of the week: January 26–February 1: Cancer informatics is a multidisciplinary field of science that "deals with the resources, devices, and methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in cancer" research and treatment. Like many other fields of science, researchers in cancer biology have seen a dramatic increase in the amount of clinical and research data, in particular with genomic and molecular cancer data. While this data can benefit researchers' understanding of cancer behavior and development of better therapies, new and improved data management and analysis tools are needed. Cancer informatics attempts to provide those tools "that interconnect research, clinical activities, and data in an organized and efficient manner, with as broad a database as possible." For many, the coupling of cancer informatics and other bioinformatics tools with computational modeling and statistical analysis will accelerate the goal of making cancer a more treatable if not curable disease. Cancer informatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the development of computational diagnosis, prognosis, and predictive models; the development of standards for the entry, annotation, and sharing of clinical cancer data; and the management and distribution of annotated molecular data for further research. (Full article...) Featured article of the week: January 19–25: Evolutionary informatics is a sub-branch of informatics that addresses the algorithmic and technological tools (like information and analytical systems) needed to better manage data from research in ecology and evolutionary biology and answer evolutionary questions. As in bioinformatics and genomics, scientists studying biological evolution have gathered an increasingly large volume of information, resulting in information management problems. Additionally, as bioinformatics and genomics are pertinent to the study of evolution, utilization of information from those areas is of concern in evolutionary informatics. Evolutionary informatics has evolved out of a wide variety of scientific, mathematical, and computational endeavors, including evolutionary biology, evolutionary computation, algorithmic and evolutionary algorithmic research, and software development. It can help tackle problems and tasks such as reducing "the growing number of lineages that lack formal taxonomic names," digitizing and semantically enhancing legacy biodiversity data while also making it more portable, and building "sustainable digital community repositories that provide access to rich data and metadata" in the field of evolutionary biology. (Full article...) Featured article of the week: January 12–18: A scientific data management system (SDMS) is a piece or package of software that acts as a document management system (DMS), capturing, cataloging, and archiving data generated by laboratory instruments (HPLC, mass spectrometry) and applications (LIMS, analytical applications, electronic laboratory notebooks) in a compliant manner. The SDMS also acts as a gatekeeper, serving platform-independent data to informatics applications and/or other consumers. As with many other laboratory informatics tools, the lines between a LIMS, ELN, and an SDMS are at times blurred. However, there are some essential qualities that an SDMS owns that distinguishes it from other informatics systems. It's built to handle unstructured, mostly heterogeneous data; it typically acts as a seamless "wrapper" for other data systems like LIMS and ELN in the laboratory; and it is designed primarily for data consolidation, knowledge management, and knowledge asset realization. An SDMS also must be focused on increasing research productivity without sacrificing data sharing and collaboration efforts. (Full article...) Featured article of the week: January 5–11: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention, and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens. The CDC combats emerging diseases and other health risks, including birth defects, West Nile virus, avian influenza, swine influenza, pandemic flu, E. coli, and bioterrorism, to name a few. In addition, the CDC researches and provides information on non-infectious diseases such as obesity and diabetes and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes. The CDC has one of the few biosafety level 4 laboratories in the country, as well as one of only two official repositories of smallpox in the world. The second smallpox store resides at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in the Russian Federation. (Full article...) Featured article of the week: December 29–January 4: Histopathology is a branch of histology and pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the tissue and cellular level. While histopathology is closely related to cytopathology, the main difference is diagnostic information gained from histopathology is acquired from solid tissue samples, whereas specific disaggregated cell preparations are used in cytopathology. Typically a biopsy or surgical specimen is examined by a pathologist after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides. Testing typically incorporates several stages, from collection and preparation using numerous methods (depending on the sample and test type) down to examination. Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow is considered by many to be one of the fathers of cellular pathology, remembered most for his collection of lectures on the topic, published as Cellular Pathology in 1858. However, his assistant, David Paul von Hansemann also played an important role in the progress of histopathology during the 1890s, producing his book The Microscopic Diagnosis of Malignant Tumours and other important research. (Full article...)

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