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| We conclude our examination of 20 broad industry categories and the laboratories associated with them, looking at the final five. For each you'll find a brief description with common services and how the lab type affects the average person. As discussed previously, using our client type + function model we dig into examples found in the private, government, and academic sectors and then outline function through activities, sciences, test types, equipment, and unique attributes. A discussion follows in the section after.
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| | | text = This is sublevel11 of my sandbox, where I play with features and test MediaWiki code. If you wish to leave a comment for me, please see [[User_talk:Shawndouglas|my discussion page]] instead.<p></p> |
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| <div align="center">-----Return to [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel4|the beginning]] of this guide-----</div> | | ==Sandbox begins below== |
| __TOC__
| | In their 1974 multi-volume series ''Systematic Materials Analysis'', Richardson and Peterson say the following about the then state of materials testing<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=James H. |last2=Peterson |first2=Ronald V. |date= |year=1974 |title=Systematic Materials Analysis, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNocpYI8gJkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Systematic+Materials+analysis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB1OeQx-aAAxWnmmoFHSV2BSsQ6AF6BAgMEAI#v=onepage&q=Systematic%20Materials%20analysis&f=false |chapter=Preface |series=Materials science series |publisher=Academic Press |place=New York |page=xiii |isbn=978-0-12-587801-2 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-587801-2.X5001-0}}</ref>: |
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| ==Labs by industry: Part 4==
| | <blockquote>It is both exciting and dismaying to observe the parade of new and refined instrumental methods available for the analysis of materials—exciting because these instruments provide opportunities for faster and more reliable answers to material analysis problems, dismaying because one is hard pressed to evaluate these various instruments for a given task. Materials analysis often involves the complete characterization of a material, including structural and textural analyses in addition to chemical analysis ... These volumes not only comprise a brief, comprehensive reference for the materials analyst but also provides a source of information for the engineer or researcher who must select the appropriate instrument for his immediate needs.</blockquote> |
| ===Nanotechnology===
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| [[File:Two microgrippers.jpg|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| Nanoscience is the study of objects (materials, structures, devices) and phenomena on the nanometer scale. Physicist Richard Feynman's talk titled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at the end of 1959 helped spark an exploration today of the world of the fantastically small<ref name="NanoGovWhatIs">{{cite web |url=https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition |title=What is Nanotechnology? |work=Nano.gov |publisher=United States National Nanotechnology Initiative |accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref>, one that has spawned a great number of discoveries and inventions based on nanoscience.<ref name="NanoGovNanoTime">{{cite web |url=https://www.nano.gov/timeline |title=Nanotechnology Timeline |work=Nano.gov |publisher=United States National Nanotechnology Initiative |accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> From quantum computing to cellulose nanomaterials, private, public, and academic labs of all types are improving the way we construct, work, and play. These labs provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<ref name="GoddardHandbook12">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJ-jIv1Hv2EC&printsec=frontcover |title=Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology |editor=Goddard, W.A.; Brenner, D.W.; Lyshevski, S.E.; Iafrate, G.J. |publisher=CRC Press |edition=3rd |pages=1093 |year=2012 |isbn=9781439860151}}</ref> :
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| * characterization and testing of nanoscale devices and materials
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| * improvement of the performance of existing technologies and materials
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| * development of new materials
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| * research and development of nanosafety plans
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| * research and development of nanotech standards
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| * research and development of nanomanufacturing and -measurement equipment
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| * development of nanomedicines
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| ''How do nanotechnology laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' As the technology and research around nanotechnology is still in somewhat of an infant phase, it's less clear how these labs affect the average person. The fact that by definition visualizing the design of nanotechnology due to its nano scale is challenging doesn't make relating to nanotech labs any easier either. The idea of the quantum computer, a computational device utilizing nature's small-scale physics, is still in early development, but nanotechnology labs such as MIT's Lincoln Lab continue to research and apply nanoscience to the hardware that could make up the first practical quantum computer.<ref name="HardestyToward16">{{cite web |url=http://news.mit.edu/2016/toward-practical-quantum-computers-0808 |title=Toward practical quantum computers |author=Hardesty, L. |work=MIT News |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=08 August 2016 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> Moving from the theoretical to the more applicable, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative list several applications of nanotechnology found in products today, including solar panel films, windmill blades, gas lift valves, and airplane cabin filters.<ref name="NanoGovBenefits">{{cite web |url=https://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits |title=Benefits and Applications |work=Nano.gov |publisher=United States National Nanotechnology Initiative |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref>
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - Private nanotech labs are usually associated with a major company or part of a private-public partnership, as the equipment to analyze and manufacture at the nano scale can be costly.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/qip/ Hewlett-Packard Laboratories' Quantum Information Processing Group]
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| * [https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/52508.wss IBM Research's NanoLab]
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| * [http://english.nanoctr.cas.cn/au/bi/ National Center for Nanoscience and Technology]
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| '''Government''' - Government-based nanotechnology labs are typically themed towards a certain sub-branch, from nanomedicine (cancer research) to military (war machines).
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/collaborative/nint_index.html Canada National Institute for Nanotechnology]
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| * [https://ncl.cancer.gov/ U.S. National Cancer Institute's Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory]
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| * [https://www.nrl.navy.mil/nanoscience/about U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Nanoscience Research Laboratory]
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| '''Academic''' - The nanotech labs of higher education tend to have a focus on post-graduate education and research, occasionally subcontracting its expertise out to the private domain.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://cni.columbia.edu/shared-labs/ Columbia University's Columbia Nano Initiative Shared Labs Facilities]
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| * [http://snl.mit.edu/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Space Nanotechnology Laboratory]
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| * [https://mntl.illinois.edu/ University of Illinois' Micro+Nanotechnology Lab]
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| ====Functions====
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| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
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| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' nanoemulsions, nanomaterials, nanomedicines
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| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' astrophysics, biology, biomedical engineering, chemistry, electrical engineering, microfabrication, molecular biology, molecular engineering, organic chemistry, physics, statistics
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| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
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| '''Common test types include''':
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| Acute toxicity, Biocompatibility, Characterization, Chronic toxicity, Design review and evaluation, Ecotoxicology, Electrophoresis, Efficacy, Friction, Grain and particle size, Irritation, Nanoparticulate, Proficiency, Safety, Spectral, Subchronic toxicity, Surface topography
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| '''Industry-related lab equipment may include''':
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| atom probe, atomic force microscope, atomic force microscopy-Raman system, atomic layer deposition system, calorimeter, cryogenic probe station, dynamic light scattering equipment, electron backscattered diffraction system, ellipsometer, flow chemistry reactor, helium ion beam microscope, micro hardness tester, micropositioning system, nanoparticle characterization system, optical tweezers, particle size analyzer, plasma etching system, safety cabinet, scanning electron microscope, scanning near-field optical microscope, separation membrane, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope, viscometer, X-ray camera, X-ray diffractometer
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| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the nanotech industry?'' The laboratory equipment of a nanotechnology lab stands out among other industry labs, in so much that it tends to be specialized and expensive, regardless of what sub-field of nanotechnology is being studied.<ref name="BoysenNano08">{{cite web |url=http://www.nanotech-now.com/columns/?article=182 |title=For Rent: One Nano Research Lab… |author=Boysen, E. |work=Nanotechnology Now |publisher=7th Wave, Inc |date=24 March 2008 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="DamaseOpen15">{{cite journal |title=Open source and DIY hardware for DNA nanotechnology labs |journal=Journal of Biological Methods |author=Damase, T.R.; Stephens, D.; Spencer, A.; Allen, P.B. |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=e24 |year=2015 |doi=10.14440/jbm.2015.72 |pmid=26457320 |pmc=PMC4598940}}</ref> This extends to the laboratory space itself, where conditions must be specifically maintained for optimal results; this includes electromagnetic shielding, reduced acoustic levels, reduced vibrations, and carefully maintained temperatures.<ref name="USNRLAbout">{{cite web |url=https://www.nrl.navy.mil/nanoscience/about |title=About the NSI |work=U.S. Naval Research Laboratory |publisher=Department of the Navy |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref>
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| ====LIMSwiki resources====
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| * None
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| ====Further reading====
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| * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGtYBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=A Laboratory Course in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology |author=Poinern, G.E.J. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2014 |pages=260 |isbn=9781482231038}}
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| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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| ===Petrochemical===
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| [[File:TASNEE 001.jpg|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| A petrochemical laboratory is focused on analyzing the properties and constituents of various petrochemicals (and their feedstock, including petroleum, natural gas, and coal) for the purposes of ensuring their safety, quality, development, and improvement. Secondarily, these labs may provide a platform for R&D and teaching. Petrochemical labs are found in the private and academic sectors, and occasionally in government, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)<ref name="ChaudhuriFund16">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKQnDet5IUoC&printsec=frontcover |title=Fundamentals of Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering |author=Chaudhuri, U.R. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2016 |pages=411 |isbn=9781439851616}}</ref>:
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| * analysis for purity
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| * analysis for contaminates
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| * corrosion testing
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| * characterization testing
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| * environmental testing
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| * quality control testing
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| ''How do petrochemical laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated that of the approximately 7.19 billion barrels of petroleum consumed in the U.S. in 2016, 48 percent of it went towards motor gasoline, 20 percent of it went to distillate fuel, and eight percent was used as jet fuel.<ref name="EIAWhatAre17">{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=41&t=6 |title=What are petroleum products, and what is petroleum used for? |work=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=10 March 2017 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> The EIA also notes that while petroleum is used as a feedstock for the creation of plastic in the U.S., it's not the main feestock for plastic, and regardless, the EIA is unable to determine what percentage of petroleum consumed in the U.S. went towards the creation of plastics<ref name="EIAHowMuch17">{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=34&t=6 |title=How much oil is used to make plastic? |work=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=17 May 2017 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> (though simple math using the numbers previously provided proves that it must be 24 percent or less). Even so, these facts alone can't but cement the idea that the world as we know it today would not be as it is without petroleum and petrochemical laboratories and their laboratorians. One could argue that laboratories developing renewable source of energy and the equipment to harness it are more important from an environmental standpoint, but the point still stands: we currently depend heavily on petrochemicals as energy and to create thousands of products.<ref name="SpeightTheChem14">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDPOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA773 |title=The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum |chapter=Chapter 27: Petrochemicals |author=Speight, J.G. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2014 |pages=773–795 |isbn=9781439873908}}</ref>
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - These labs provide an array of analytical services as third-party testers and consultants, or they work as company-based or independent research and development laboratories developing new petrochemical-based products.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://www.huffmanlabs.com/?page_id=160 Huffman Hazen Laboratories]
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| * [http://www.sgs.com/en/oil-gas/downstream/refining-processing-and-supply/laboratory-services/petrochemical-testing SGS]
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| * [https://www.sumitomo-chem.co.jp/english/rd/laboratories/petrochemicals.html Sumitomo Chemical]
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| '''Government''' - At least in the United States, government petrochemical labs are typically working to ensure consistent fuel quality, product safety, and fuel transportation methods. Secondarily they may act as environmental response centers, reacting to petroleum spills and natural spills or developing improved remediation methods.
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| Examples include:
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| * [https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/OSPR/Science/Petroleum-Chemistry-Lab California Petroleum Chemistry Lab]
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| * [https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/ops/PetroleumLaboratory Colorado Petroleum Laboratory]
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| * [http://agr.georgia.gov/state-fuel-oil-lab.aspx Georgia State Fuel Oil Laboratory]
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| '''Academic''' - Academic petrochemical labs are providing education to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as driving new research into petrochemical extraction and infrastructure.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://www.delmar.edu/Chemical_Lab_Tech/chemical_lab_tech.aspx Del Mar College's Environmental/Petrochemical Lab Technology Program]
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| * [https://engineering.tamu.edu/petroleum/research Texas A&M University's Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering]
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| * [https://cpe.drupal.ku.edu/research%20labs University of Kansas' Tertiary Oil Recovery Program]
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| ====Functions====
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| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
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| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' aromatics, coal, feedstocks, intermediate chemicals, monomers, natural gas, petroleum, polymers, sediment, solvents, sulfur, trace metals, water, wear metals
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| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' chemistry, environmental science, geology, geophysics, mathematics, petroleum engineering, physics, thermodynamics
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| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
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| '''Common test types include''':
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| Acid and base number, Aniline point, API gravity, Basic sediment and water, Biodegradation, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Calorimetry, Carbon-hydrogen ratio, Cargo inspection and sampling, Cetane, Chemical and materials compatibility, Cloud point, Combustion, Compliance/Conformance, Conductivity, Congealing point, Conradson Carbon Residue, Contamination, Corrosion, Damage tolerance, Decomposition, Density, Dissolved gas, Doctor test, Emissions, Evaporation loss, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Heating value, Hydraulic, Hydrocarbon group type, Immersion, Impurity, Kauri-butanol value, Leak, Lightning, Lubricity, Macroetch, Mobility, Moisture, Molecular weight, Octane, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Passivation, Permeability, Peroxide value, pH, Plating and coating evaluations, Pour point, Pressure, Process safety, Proficiency, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Ramsbottom Carbon Residue, Refractive index, Salt content, Saponification value, Seismic, Smoke point, Stress corrosion cracking, Surface tension, Thermal, Vapor pressure, Velocity and flow, Viscosity, Weathering
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| '''Industry-related lab equipment may include''':
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| amperostat, balance, chromatographic, combustion analyzer, constant temperature bath, density meter, dissolved oxygen meter, evaporation loss analyzer, flashpoint tester, flocculator, fume hood, hot plate, hygrometer, iodine flask, metallic iron analyzer, muffle furnace, oil-in-water analyzer, oxidation stability analyzer, pH meter, pycnometer, refractometer, rheometer, shakers and stirrers, specific gravity flask, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, thermometer, thin film oven, titrator, turbidity meter, vapor pressure analyzer, viscometer, water bath
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| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the petrochemical industry?'' Because of the environmental consequences of petrochemical and feedstock pollution of the environment, petrochemical labs share some of the same characteristics of environmental labs. Also like environmental labs, petrochemical labs have their fair share of field analyses, both on land and on the water.
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| ====LIMSwiki resources====
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| * None
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| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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| ===Pharmaceutical===
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| [[File:Generic Propecia.jpg|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| The pharmaceutical laboratory is complex, but at its core the laboratorians in them aim to better develop, analyze, improve, and quality control the drugs and medical devices that improve humans' and animals' quality of life. Due to the potential health risks of ingesting/implanting a poorly tested pharmaceutical/medical device, these labs tend to be heavily regulated by governments. In fact, the governments themselves will often have their own labs to test for product quality and lab compliance. Universities provide not only education programs for students and graduate research opportunities but also pharmaceutical analysis and outreach programs. Pharmaceutical labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)<ref name="WuAssay10">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxKqC1aGLBIC&pg=PA347 |title=Assay Development: Fundamentals and Practices |chapter=13.6 HTS Operation Management |author=Wu, G. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2010 |pages=347–354 |isbn=9780470583111}}</ref><ref name="AvomeenPharmLab">{{cite web |url=https://www.avomeen.com/industries/pharma/ |title=cGMP Pharmaceutical Development Laboratory |publisher=Avomeen Analytical Services |accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="HansenIntro12">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7S6a4OYTasC&printsec=frontcover |title=Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemical Analysis |author=Hansen, S.; Pedersen-Bjergaard, S.; Rasmussen, K. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2012 |pages=624 |isbn=9781119954330}}</ref>:
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| * hit picking/screening of potential therapeutics
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| * method development and validation
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| * stability and photostability testing
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| * shelf life testing
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| * bioequivalence testing
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| * dissolution testing
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| * impurities testing
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| * counterfeit testing
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| * formulation optimization
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| * quality control
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| ''How do pharmaceutical laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' In a 2000 journal article published in ''Journal of Automated Methods & Management in Chemistry'', author Juanita M. Hawkins of Jansen Pharmaceutica noted the following: "Understanding the contributions that the laboratory can make in product/process development, process improvement, market surveillance and general business is key to the pharmaceutical business today. Poor laboratory practice yields compliance issues, increased cost, increased cycle time and delayed product introductions."<ref name="HawkinsTheImport00">{{cite journal |title=The Importance of the Laboratory to the Pharmaceutical Business |journal=Journal of Automated Methods & management in Chemistry |author=Hawkins, J.M. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=47–52 |year=2000 |doi=10.1155/S1463924600000067 |pmid=18924858 |pmc=PMC2548258}}</ref> While a very business-centered statement, reading between the lines — and further into the journal article — reveals why properly run pharmaceutical labs are important to the average person: "customers expect the product to be safe and efficacious" and "that it meets all specifications."<ref name="HawkinsTheImport00" /> All but those participating in a primitive society will at one point (if not frequently) have the need to be treated with a pharmaceutical drug or device. Without the associated laboratories and quality control procedures in place, the pharmaceuticals would be of poor quality (if they existed at all) and endanger many lives. Even if you take something as simple as an aspirin, remember that a lab developed it, improved it, and/or quality controlled it for your benefit.
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - These labs are either part of a pharmaceutical company's portfolio or are third-party contract labs that provide extensive analysis and consulting services.
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| Examples include:
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| * [https://www.avomeen.com/industries/pharma/ Avomeen Analytical Services]
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| * [http://www.medipharmlab.com/services/pharmaceutical-analysis.php Medipharm Laboratories]
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| * [https://www.pacelabs.com/life-sciences/pharmaceuticals.html Pace Analytical Services]
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| '''Government''' - Government pharmaceutical labs typically act as either research centers or in an official regulatory capacity to ensure product quality and lab compliance.
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| Examples include:
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| * [https://frederick.cancer.gov/Science/Bdp/Default.aspx Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research's Biopharmaceutical Development Program]
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| * [http://www.govtlab.gov.hk/english/abt_aasd_pcs.htm Hong Kong's Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section of the Analytical & Advisory Services Division]
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| * [https://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/FieldScience/ucm258937.htm U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Detroit District Laboratory]
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| '''Academic''' - The pharmaceutical engineering labs in the academic sector provide not only education programs for students and graduate research opportunities but also pharmaceutical analysis and outreach programs.
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| Examples include:
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| * [https://pharmlabs.unc.edu/ University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill's Pharmaceutics and Compounding Laboratory]
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| * [http://padproject.nd.edu/get-involved/distributed-pharmaceutical-analysis-lab/ University of Notre Dame's Distributed Pharmaceutical Analysis Lab]
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| * [http://egr.uri.edu/biolab/ University of Rhode Island's Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory]
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| ====Functions====
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| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
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| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' biological agents and samples, contaminates, drug substances, elemental metals, microbials, proteins, raw materials, solvents
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| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' biochemistry, biology, chemistry, genetics, molecular biology, neuroscience, pathology, pharmacology, physiology, posology, toxicology
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| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
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| '''Common test types include''':
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| Absorption, Active ingredient, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Alcohol level, Allergy, Altitude, Amino acid analysis, Angle of repose, Antimicrobial, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Bioequivalence, Biosafety, Boiling - freezing - melting point, C- and N-terminal, Carcinogenicity, Characterization, Chronic toxicity, Circular dichroism, Cleanliness, Clinical diagnostic, Colorimetric, Compendial, Compliance/Conformance, Composition, Congealing point, Contamination, Cytotoxicity, De novo protein, Detection, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Disintegration, Dissolution, Disulfide bridge, Efficacy, Electrophoresis, Endotoxin, Expiration dating, Extractables and leachables, Flavor, Formulation, Fragrance, Friability, Functional observational battery, Genotoxicity, Human factors, Identification, Impurity, Ingredient, Ingress, Inhalation, Irritation, Iterative, Locomotor activity, Lot release, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Moisture, Molecular weight, Mutagenicity, Nanoparticulate, Organic carbon, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, Peptide mapping, Permeability, pH, Pharmacokinetic, Photostability, Phototoxicity, Polarimetry, Post-translational modification, Preservative challenge, Process safety, Proficiency, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Purity, Pyrogenicity, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Safety, Saponification value, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific rotation, Stability, Sterility, Subchronic toxicity, Surface tension, Thermal, Total viable count, Toxicokinetic, Ultraviolet, Usability, Validation, Verification, Virucidal efficacy, Water activity
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| '''Industry-related lab equipment may include''':
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| animal monitoring equipment, balance, biological safety cabinet, blood and hematology analyzers, calorimeter, cell counter, cell disruptor, cell harvesting system, centrifuge, chemical synthesizer, chromatographic, cryocooler, dissolution equipment, dissolved oxygen meter, DNA shearing sonicator, drying and heating chamber, electrophoresis equipment, flow cytometer, flow injection analyzer, freeze dryer, freezer, fume hood, glove box, hit-picking system, incubator, inhalation chamber, interferometer, laminar flow cabinet, liquid handling equipment, metallic iron analyzer, microplate equipment, particle counter, PCR equipment, pH meter, powder analyzer, pumps and sprayers, refractometer, rheometer, solid phase extraction equipment, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, steam sterilizer, sonicator, turbidity meter, UV chamber, vacuum evaporator, viscometer, water purification system
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| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the pharmaceutical industry?'' Quality control is important to any laboratory; however, in the pharmaceutical industry, many countries like the U.S. place extra emphasis on pharmaceutical quality control labs. "The pharmaceutical quality control laboratory serves one of the most important functions in pharmaceutical production and control ... This includes pharmaceutical laboratories used for in-process and finished product testing," says the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.<ref name="USFDAPharmGuide14">{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/InspectionGuides/ucm074918.htm |title=Guide to Inspections of Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=25 November 2014 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> Even the World Health Organization puts focus on their importance, pointing out<ref name="WHOGoodPract10">{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js18681en/ |title=WHO Good Practices for Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2010 |pages=49 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref>:
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| <blockquote>The government, normally through the national medicines regulatory authority (NMRA), may establish and maintain a pharmaceutical quality control laboratory to carry out the required tests and assays to verify that APIs, excipients and pharmaceutical products meet the prescribed specifications. Large countries may require several pharmaceutical quality control laboratories which conform to national legislation, and appropriate arrangements should, therefore, be in place to monitor their compliance with a quality management system.</blockquote>
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| As Maura May notes for ''Pharmaceutical Manufacturing'', the importance of these labs not only lies in protecting the public and company; they're a product of a competitive environment, where spending, cleanliness, and lead times are vital.<ref name="MayLeaning14">{{cite web |url=http://www.pharmamanufacturing.com/articles/2014/leaning-the-quality-control-laboratory/ |title=Leaning the Quality Control Laboratory |author=May, M. |work=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing |publisher=Putman Media |date=16 September 2014 |accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref>
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| ====LIMSwiki resources====
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| * [[Pharmacoinformatics]]
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| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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| ===Power and utility===
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| [[File:Iwachishi-51-r1.JPG|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| The labs in the power and utility industry cover at least two broad categories: power generation and transmission (electrical engineering and its sub-branches) and water treatment and distribution (water engineering and management, including water purification chemistry). Natural gas transmission and distribution (natural gas engineering) is a third type, though more often than not these labs appear in the upstream and midstream distribution chain (i.e., within the petrochemical industry). In several parts of the world, the development and maintenance of local, regional, and even national broadband internet infrastructure is increasingly also considered a responsibility of the public utility system. These labs are found in the private and academic sectors, and occasionally in government, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)<ref name="BartiromoElect16">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tt37CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Electrical Measurements in the Laboratory Practice |author=Bartiromo, R.; De Vincenzi, M. |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |pages=286 |isbn=9783319311029}}</ref><ref name="PizziWater05">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nDIGStFlyMC&pg=PA153 |chapter=Chapter 12: Testing and Laboratory Procedures |title=Water Treatment Operator Handbook |author=Pizzi, N.G. |publisher=American Water Works Association |year=2005 |edition=2nd |pages=153–164 |isbn=9781583213711}}</ref>:
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| * hardware design, verification, and optimization
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| * real-time digital power system (RTDS) simulation
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| * magnetic material characterization
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| * short circuit analysis
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| * high-voltage analysis
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| * forensic and incident analysis
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| * environmental simulation testing
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| * certification testing
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| * water quality monitoring and analysis
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| ''How do power and utility laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' If you live in a location where access to power and clean water are regular, to the point of being easy to take for granted, then your life is positively affected by a power and utility laboratory. Sometimes things go wrong, though, as they have done in the city of Flint, Michigan, where government leadership failures and cost-cutting measures led to a problematic water treatment plant and water source to continue to be used despite warnings the water was dangerous.<ref name="AugensteinFlint17">{{cite web |url=https://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2017/06/flint-water-crisis-five-michigan-officials-charged-involuntary-manslaughter |title=Flint Water Crisis: Five Michigan Officials Charged with Involuntary Manslaughter |author=Augenstein, S. |work=Laboratory Equipment |publisher=Advantage Business Media |date=14 June 2017 |accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref> The Flint crisis is a reminder that when processes break down in a public utilities lab — whether caused internally or from higher up in government — people get hurt or even die. Power, water, natural gas, and even broadband internet: most enjoy and expect these basic services on a daily basis, and sound laboratory analysis and research ensures this holds true.
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - These company labs provide a wide array of testing services to third-party clients, conduct research, and even provide certification testing.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://www.powertechlabs.com/testing/high-power/ Powertech Labs]
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| * [https://www.sandc.com/en/products--services/services/laboratory-services/ S&C Electric Company]
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| * [https://www.sintef.no/en/all-laboratories/sintef-energy-lab/ SINTEF]
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| '''Government''' - These are federal, state, or local laboratories responsible for testing and maintaining the safety of water supplies, developing and improving electrical infrastructure, or researching new technologies for public utilities. Occasionally local municipalities will post requests for proposal to contract out regulation-mandated water quality testing rather than invest in the infrastructure to do it their self.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://pompanobeachfl.gov/index.php/pages/utilities/utilities City of Pompano Beach, Florida's Utilities Laboratory]
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| * [http://ei.pnnl.gov/ Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's Electricity Infrastructure Group]
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| * [http://www.powerlab.dk/about_powerlabdk PowerLabDK]
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| '''Academic''' - Academic power and utility labs are largely instructional, with graduate level research helping to expand the field.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://sites.psu.edu/microgridtestbedpsh/ Penn State Harrisburg University's PPL Electric Utilities Lab]
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| * [http://www.oit.edu/wilsonville/academics/labs/power-lab Oregon Tech Wilsonville's Power Lab]
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| * [http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/Engineering/Programs/Electrical-Engineering/Laboratories/Pages/PowerLab.aspx University of Colorado Denver's Power Laboratory]
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| ====Functions====
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| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
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| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' actuators, conductors, electrical converters, energy storage, high-voltage direct-current links, hydroelectric generators, networking equipment, superconductors, transformers, transmission lines, wastewater, water
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| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' chemistry, control engineering, electrical engineering, electrochemistry, electromagnetism, electronics, forensic science, nanotechnology, physics, power engineering, signal processing
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| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
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| '''Common test types include''':
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| Accelerated stress testing, Accelerated weathering, Acoustical, Aging, Anion, Antimicrobial, Artificial pollution, Bioburden, Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, Cleanliness, Climatics, Comparative Tracking Index, Compliance/Conformance, Compression, Corrosion, Current and current switching, Damage tolerance, Decomposition, Degradation, Dielectric withstand, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Emissions, Endurance, Environmental stress-cracking resistance, Failure, Fatigue, Fault simulation, Flash point, Geothermal, Hydraulic, Immersion, Impact, Incident analysis, Induction motor fault, Internal arc, Lightning, Macroetch, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Out-of-phase making and breaking, Partial discharge, pH, Plating and coating evaluations, Power quality, Pressure, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Radio interference voltage, Reliability, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Short-circuit withstand, Short-line fault, Solar, Stress corrosion cracking, Temperature-rise, Tensile, Thermal, Torque, Turbidity, Velocity and flow, Voltage, Weathering
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| '''Industry-related lab equipment may include''':
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| ''Electrical engineering'': arbitrary waveform generator, circuit simulator, configurable test grids, current and voltage probes, inverter systems, LCR meter, machine drive and controller systems, magnetometer, microcontroller systems, multimeter, oscilloscope, potentiometer, primary metering unit, real-time digital power system simulator, Rogowski coil, semiconductor curve tracer, spectrum analyzer, tachometer, temperature camera
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| ''Water engineering'': adenosine triphosphate meter, biocide test kit, borescope, burette, centrifuge, chlorination test kit, colorimeter, conductivity meter, dissolved oxygen meter, Erlenmeyer flask, hydrometer, incubator, ''Legionella'' test kit, oxidation-reduction potential meter, pH meter, purge and trap equipment, reagents, salinity meter, settling cone, spectrophotometer, thermometer, total dissolved solids meter, turbidity meter
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| ''Natural gas engineering'': See Petrochemical section.
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| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the power and utility industry?'' Looking at the lab equipment list above, it's relatively easy to tell that those labs focusing on electrical engineering are by and far dry labs, whereas water engineering labs are (no pun intended) of the more typical wet type. A reliable power supply and clean drinking water are easy to take for granted in first-world countries, but both are backed by laboratorians working in very differently equipped labs.
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| ====LIMSwiki resources====
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| * None
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| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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| ===Veterinary===
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| [[File:Iranian cat in clinic.jpg|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| Veterinary laboratories are to animals as clinical reference/diagnostic labs are to humans. These labs are designed with many of the same instruments found in a human diagnostic lab, with slight variations, and they conduct both clinical (serving the patient) and public health (serving the population) activities. Veterinary labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<ref name="UCDVGLForensics">{{cite web |url=https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/forensics/ |title=VGL Forensics |publisher=University of California - Davis |accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="AVDLS">{{cite web |url=http://agi.alabama.gov/divisions/veterinary-diagnostic-labs/diagnostic-laboratories |title=State Diagnostic Laboratories |publisher=Alabama Department of Agriculture & Industries |accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="SiroisLab14">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW3XBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians |author=Sirois, M. |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2014 |edition=6th |pages=448 |isbn=9780323243575}}</ref>:
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| * diagnostic consultation
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| * toxicology
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| * DNA profiling and testing
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| * disease surveillance
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| * educational outreach
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| ''How do veterinary laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' The most obvious way veterinary labs impact our lives is via the animals we care for. From hamster to elephant, a veterinary laboratory is responsible for diagnosing disease in animals, aiding veterinarians in the treatment process. They also work behind the scenes, investigating cases of food-borne illness and disease outbreaks in animal populations, allowing quicker action against at-fault food manufacturers and potent disease vectors. Without these laboratories, feed, rescue, and companion animals of all types would face worse outcomes, and our edible meat sources would more often be contaminated, putting human health at risk as well.
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - These labs provide third-party analysis and consultation services for animal owners and other veterinary labs.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://www.abaxislabs.com/ Abaxis Veterinary References Laboratories]
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| * [http://avlstl.com/ Advanced Veterinary Laboratory]
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| * [http://nationalbiovet.com/ National Bio Vet Laboratory]
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| '''Government''' - As previously mentioned, many universities lump veterinary science programs with agriculture programs. You see some of this carry over to the government-run laboratories conducting animal health and disease diagnostic activities, typically though the government's agriculture department. Despite animal science as a scientific discipline arguably being more closely aligned with agriculture science than veterinary science<ref name="FlandersExploring11">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38 |title=Exploring Animal Science |author=Flanders, F. |publisher=Cengage Learning |pages=38–39 |year=2011 |isbn=9781435439528}}</ref>, those government animal health labs are typically overseen and operated by veterinarians (see examples).
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://agi.alabama.gov/divisions/veterinary-diagnostic-labs/diagnostic-laboratories Alabama State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories]
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| * [http://agriculture.mo.gov/animals/health/diagnosticlabs.php Missouri State Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratories]
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| * [http://www.ohioagriculture.gov/addl/ Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory]
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| '''Academic''' - At least in the United States, academic veterinary laboratories typically act as both teaching labs for students and as diagnostic or disease tracking facilities for paying clients and the public. Those providing third-party services will also be accredited by one or more associations such as the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians.
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| Examples include:
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| * [https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/forensics/ University of California - Davis' Veterinary Genetics Laboratory Forensic Unit]
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| * [http://vetmed.illinois.edu/vet-resources/veterinary-diagnostic-laboratory/ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory]
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| * [http://vmdl.missouri.edu/ University of Missouri's Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory]
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| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' avians, biological specimens, cadavers, canines, DNA, exotic animals, equines, felines
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| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, cytopathology, genetics, hematology, histopathology, immunohematology, immunology, parasitology, pathophysiology, reproductive biology, surgical pathology, toxicology, virology
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| '''Common test types include''':
| |
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| Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Allergy, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Bioaccumulation, Bioburden, Blood culture, Blood gases, Blood typing, Biophysical profile, Calorimetry, Characterization, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Complete blood count, Compliance/Conformance, Cytopathology, Detection, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Genetic, Genotype, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Immunoassay, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Infectious disease, Kidney function, Lipid profile, Liver function, Metabolic panel, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Parasitic, pH, Proficiency, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Red blood cell count, Sensitization, Specific gravity, Subchronic toxicity, Thyroid function, Urine culture, Wildlife toxicology
| |
| | |
| '''Industry-related lab equipment may include''':
| |
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| artificial insemination equipment, autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, fume hood, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, urinalysis device, veterinary table, water bath
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the veterinary industry?'' While taking a pet to the veterinarian and having a biological sample analyzed is expected and ordinary, many people tend not to also be aware of the public health role many government and academic veterinary laboratories play. Described as veterinary public health (VPH) by the World Health Organization, the veterinarian makes "contributions to the physical, mental and social well-being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science".<ref name="WHO_VPH">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/zoonoses/vph/en/ |title=Veterinary public health (VPH) |work=Zoonoses |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref> Noah and Ostrowski break this concept down into six core domains in the ''Merck Veterinary Manual''<ref name="NoahRole">{{cite web |url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/public-health/public-health-primer/role-of-the-veterinarian-in-public-health-one-health |title=Role of the Veterinarian in Public Health/One Health |work=Merck Veterinary Manual |author=Noah, D.L.; Ostrowski, S.R. |publisher=Merck & Co., Inc |accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref>:
| |
| | |
| * Diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention, and elimination of zoonotic diseases
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| * Laboratory animal facility and diagnostic laboratory health aspect management
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| * Biomedical research
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| * Health education and outreach
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| * Production and control of biologic products and medical devices
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| * Governmental and legislative activity
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| * None
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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|
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|
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | | {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
|
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| <!--Place all category tags here-->
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