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| ==A framework for the laboratories in our lives== | | ==This is demo code demoing math== |
| Below (Fig. 1) is a diagrammatic expression of one method of organizing laboratories of the world. The idea behind the framework is that you could name a specific laboratory and be able to put it somewhere within the framework. For example:
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| * The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation's mobile forensics laboratory<ref name="StephensInside15">{{cite web |url=http://www.kctv5.com/story/28266161/inside-look-at-fbis-new-mobile-forensics-lab |title=Inside look at FBI's new mobile forensics lab |author=Stephens, B. |work=KCTV5 News |publisher=Gannaway Web Holdings, LLC |date=04 March 2015 |accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref> would fall under Government > Public > Compliance and Legal > Wet (or Dry) > Mobile.
| | As a typical example, from a [[calibration plot]] following a [[linear equation]] taken here as the simplest possible model: |
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| * An engineering design laboratory based within a for-profit car manufacturing company would fall under Private > Internal Customer > Research / Design > Dry > Fixed.
| | : <math>f(x) = ax + b </math> |
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| * A chemistry laboratory housed in a secondary school in Germany would fall under Academic > Teaching > Secondary > Wet > Fixed.
| | where, <math>f(x)</math> corresponds to the signal measured (e.g. voltage, luminescence, energy, etc.) |
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| [[File:Laboratory types diagram.png|1400px]]
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| | style="background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;"| <blockquote>'''Figure 1.''' A diagrammatic representation of laboratory types using both client type and function as the key organizational elements</blockquote>
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| The original inspiration for this diagram came from Jain and Rao's attempt to diagram Indian diagnostic laboratories in 2015.<ref name="JainMedical15">{{cite journal |title=Medical diagnostic laboratories provisioning of services in India |journal=CHRISMED Journal of Health and Research |author=Jain, R.; Rao, B. |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=19–31 |year=2015 |doi=10.4103/2348-3334.149340}}</ref> While their diagram focused entirely on the clinical sphere of laboratories, it was easy to envision expanding upon their work to express laboratories of all types. Additional inspiration came from KlingStubbins architecture textbook ''Sustainable Design of Research Laboratories: Planning, Design, and Operation''<ref name="KlingstubbinsSustainable10">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZQhTvvVD7sC&pg=PA18 |title=Sustainable Design of Research Laboratories: Planning, Design, and Operation |author=KlingStubbins |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2010 |pages=17–18 |isbn=9780470915967 |accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref>, which lists several methods for organizing types of laboratories; Daniel D. Watch's ''Building Type Basics for Research Laboratories''<ref name="WatchBuilding01">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EGpDgUNppIC&pg=PA37 |chapter=Chapter 2: Laboratory Types |title=Building Type Basics for Research Laboratories |author=Watch, D.D. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2001 |pages=37–99 |isbn=9780471217572 |accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref>; and Walter Hain's ''Laboratories: A Briefing and Design Guide''.<ref name="HainLab03">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPB4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Laboratories: A Briefing and Design Guide |author=Hain, W. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2003 |pages=2–5 |isbn=9781135822941 |accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref>
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| The benefit of this diagrammatic approach — with client type at its base — becomes more apparent when we start considering the other two methods we could use to categorize laboratories, as described by KlingStubbins ''et al.'': by science and by function. Organizing by science quickly becomes problematic, emphasizes KlingStubbins<ref name="KlingstubbinsSustainable10" />:
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| <blockquote>Gone are the days when the division was as simple as biology and chemistry. New science fields emerge rapidly now and the lines between the sciences are blurred. A list based on science types would include not just biology and chemistry, but biochemistry, biophysics, electronics, electrophysiology, genetics, metrology, nanotechnology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, physics, and so on.</blockquote>
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| As for function, we can look at what type of activity is primary to the lab. Is it designed to teach students, function as a base for research, provide quality control functions, calibrate equipment, or act as a routine analytical station? Another benefit of looking at labs by function is it helps with our organization of labs within industry (discussed in the next section) by ''what they do''. For example, we don't have a "manufacturing lab"; rather, we have a laboratory in a manufacturing company — perhaps making cosmetics — that serves a particular function, whether its quality control or research and development. This line of thinking has utility, but upon closer inspection, we discover that we need to look further up the chain at who's running it.
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| As such, we realize these functions can be integrated with client type to provide a more complete framework. Why? When we look at laboratories by science type — particularly when inspecting newer fields of science — we realize 1. they are often interdisciplinary (e.g., molecular diagnostics integrating molecular biology with clinical chemistry) and 2. they can serve two different functions within the same science (e.g., a diagnostic cytopathology lab vs. a teaching cytopathology lab). Rather than build a massively complex chart of science types, with numerous intersections and tangled webs, it seems more straightforward to look at laboratories by client type and then function, following from the architectural viewpoints presented by KlingStubbins ''et al.''
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| However, this doesn't mean looking at laboratories by science is entirely fruitless. But rather than focus directly on the sciences, why not look at the industries employing laboratory science? While there is crossover between industries (e.g., the cosmetic and petrochemical industries both lean on various chemical sciences), we can extend from the previous diagram (or work in parallel with it) and paint a broader picture of just how prevalent laboratories are in our life.
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| In the next section, we look at the private, government, and academic labs in various industries; provide real-life examples; and discuss the various subdivisions (functions) and sciences performed in them.
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| ==Labs by industry==
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| Note: This is not a thorough listing of industry categories. More will be added when necessary.
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| ===Agriculture and forestry===
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| [[File:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| Laboratories within the agriculture and forestry field are focused on analyzing, improving, and ensuring the safety of the various plants, animals, and fungi that are cultivated or bred to sustain and enhance human life. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including:
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| * analysis and assessment of seeds and soils<ref name="GliessmanField07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pENYREeyGHoC&printsec=frontcover |title=Field and Laboratory Investigations in Agroecology |author=Gliessman, S.R. |publisher=CRC Press |pages=302 |year=2007 |isbn=9780849328466}}</ref>
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| * analysis and assessment of fertilizers and pesticides<ref name="GliessmanField07" />
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| * studies of farm and field systems<ref name="GliessmanField07" />
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| * studies of plant and feedstock nutrition<ref name="AskeyFeedstocks16">{{cite web |url=https://www.ornl.gov/news/feedstocks-increasing-nutrition |title=Feedstocks - Increasing nutrition |author=Askey, K. |work=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science |date=07 December 2016 |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
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| * analysis and assessment of plant and tree fibers and chemicals<ref name="FSResearchUnitFiber">{{cite web |url=https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/research/units/4709.php |title=Research Unit: Fiber and Chemical Sciences Research |work=Forest Products Laboratory |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
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| * tracking and analysis of plant and tree diseases<ref name="FSSRSForestHealth">{{cite web |url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/research/forest-health/ |title=Forest Health & Conditions |work=USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
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| * tracking and analysis of invasive plants and insects<ref name="FSSRSForestHealth" />
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| * risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and microorganisms<ref name="OTAANew92">{{cite book |url=https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1992/9201/9201.PDF |chapter=Chapter 8: Scientific Issues: Risk Assessment and Risk Management |title=A New Technological Era for American Agriculture |author=U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=225–256 |year=August 1992 |isbn=9780160379784}}</ref>
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| * tracking and analysis of agricultural animal disease<ref name="NRCMeeting12">{{cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13454/meeting-critical-laboratory-needs-for-animal-agriculture-examination-of-three |title=Meeting Critical Laboratory Needs for Animal Agriculture: Examination of Three Options |author=National Academies Press |publisher=National Academy of Science |pages=144 |year=2012 |isbn=9780309261296}}</ref>
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| ''How do agriculture and forestry laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' The most obvious way these labs touch our lives on a daily basis is through the food and beverages we consume. Though we talk about the food and beverage industry and its laboratories separately in this guide, agriculture labs are at the forefront of humanity's push to provide greater, more efficient, healthy, and safe agricultural yields. Ag lab personnel work to better feed humans and animals alike, while also considering the environmental impact of research-based advances in fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs. Without these laboratories in place, we would surely face an even more dire future of struggling to maintain crop yields in a world of increasing population and decreasing natural resources.<ref name="SinghClimate12">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtPmQIEXZVcC&pg=PT31 |chapter=Chapter 1: Climate Change and Food Security |title=Improving Crop Productivity in Sustainable Agriculture |author=Singh, R.B. |editor=Tuteja, N.; Gill, S.S.; Tuteja, R. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2012 |pages=1–22 |isbn=9783527665198}}</ref>
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - Agriculture labs in the private sector typically serve as third-party or contract laboratories to other entities conducting agricultural activities while unable or unwilling to invest in their own private laboratory. Aside from analytical services, these labs often include consulting services on plant nutrition, soil sciences, and water management.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://www.al-labs-west.com/ A&L Western Laboratories, Inc.]
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| * [http://www.agrianalysis.com/ Agri Analysis, Inc.]
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| * [https://watersag.com/ Waters Agricultural Laboratories, Inc.]
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| '''Government''' - Government-run agriculture and forestry laboratories conduct specialized topical research, provide analytical services, and oversee federal, state, and local programs in the industry. From bee research to interstate milk shipping program service to compliance testing, these public or public-private labs may act as major research hubs or checkpoints of regulated testing.
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| Examples include:
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| * [https://www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/ISCP/Pages/LaboratoryServices.aspx Oregon Department of Agriculture Lab Services Program]
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| * [https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/ames/nlae/ U.S. Department of Agriculture National Laboratory for Agriculture and The Environment]
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| * [http://wyagric.state.wy.us/divisions/asl Wyoming Department of Agriculture Analytical Services Lab]
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| '''Academic''' - Agriculture laboratories associated with higher education institutions are often of a hybrid client type and function. They may multi-purpose a laboratory for research, teaching, and analytical testing purposes. Many higher-education agriculture labs also process samples from external third-party clients, acting in some ways like a private analytical lab would. In some cases, non-profit and private entities partner with higher education (public-private) to provide research and training opportunities beneficial to both the entities and the students. (See for example the Cornell-affiliated non-profit Hudson Valley Research Laboratory.<ref name="HVRL">{{cite web |url=http://www.hudsonvalleyresearchlab.org/ |title=Hudson Valley Research Laboratory |publisher=Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc |date=2017 |accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref>)
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/ag_svc_lab/index.html Clemson University Agricultural Service Laboratory]
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| * [http://agsci.psu.edu/aasl Penn State Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory]
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| * [http://extension.unl.edu/statewide/panhandle/hpal/ University of Nebraska-Lincoln High Plains Ag Lab]
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| ====Functions====
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| ''What are the most common functions?'' Analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
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| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' animal tissue, compost, feed and forage, fertilizers, insects, irrigation water, manure, pesticides, plant tissue, seeds, soil
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| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' agroecology, agronomy, agrophysics, animal science, biological engineering, biology, biotechnology, chemistry, environmental science, food science, microbiology, nematology, soil science, water management
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| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
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| Common test types include:
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| [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#A|Absorption, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Allergy, Antimicrobial, Atterberg limits,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#B|Bioaccumulation, Biodegradation,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#C|Chronic toxicity, Composition, Conductivity, Consolidation, Contamination, Cytology,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#D|Density, Developmental and reproductive toxicology,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#E|Efficacy, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Expiration dating,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#F|Fluorescence, Formulation,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#G|Genotoxicity, GMO detection,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#H|Hydraulic conductivity]], [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#I|Impurity,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#L|Labeling,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#M|Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Mobility, Moisture, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Mutagenicity,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#N|Nutritional,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#O|Organic carbon, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#P|Pathogen, Pathogenicity, PDCAAS, Permeability, pH, Phytosanitary, Plant metabolism, Proficiency, Purity,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#R|Radioactivity, Radiochemical,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#S|Sanitation, Sensory, Shelf life, Soil microflora, Solubility, Specific gravity, Subchronic toxicity,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#T|Terrestrial toxicology, Toxicokinetic,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#V|Vigor and germination,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#W|Water activity, Wildlife toxicology]]
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| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
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| automated weather stations, colorimeters, conductivity analyzers, dry ovens, fat analyzers, incubators, moisture testers, nitrogen/oxygen analyzers, pH meters, porometers
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| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the agriculture industry?'' The food and beverage industry is closely linked. For example, the State of Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture includes a food safety laboratory division.<ref name="PAFoodSafety">{{cite web |url=http://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Protect/FoodSafety/Laboratory/Pages/default.aspx |title=Food Safety Laboratory Division |publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture |date=2017 |accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref> However, for the purposes of this guide, food, beverages, and ingredients are separated out as its own industry. Even raw materials that can be consumed alone such as cow milk or apples require some processing and handling (e.g., cleaning and packaging). In other words, the agriculture industry is arguably worried about the research, development, growth, and safety of what goes into what the food and beverage industry provides. Agriculture labs also have obvious tie-ins to environmental laboratories, as agricultural activities impact the environment and vice versa. Ties to veterinary labs may seem evident, and in fact many universities lump veterinary science programs with agriculture programs. However, animal science as a scientific discipline is arguably more closely aligned with agriculture science, as animal science takes a broader approach to the production, care, nutrition, and processing of animal-based products.<ref name="FlandersExploring11">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38 |title=Exploring Animal Science |author=Flanders, F. |publisher=Cengage Learning |pages=38–39 |year=2011 |isbn=9781435439528}}</ref>
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| ====LIMSwiki resources====
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| * [[Agriculture industry]]
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| * [[Forest informatics]]
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| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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| ===Automotive, aerospace, and marine===
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| [[File:Delphi Automotive (6944417073).jpg|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| Laboratories in the automotive, aerospace, and maritime travel industry are focused on the design, development, and testing of components, materials, fluids, etc. that make up vehicles that operate on land, on sea, in air, and in outer space. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
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| * analysis and assessment of chemicals and petrochemicals<ref name="PhlegmTheRole09">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRzfAwbzbNMC&printsec=frontcover |title=The Role of the Chemist in Automotive Design |author=Phlegm, H.K. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2009 |pages=216 |isbn=9781420071894}}</ref>
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| * analysis and assessment of materials<ref name="ElmarakbiAdvanced13">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfxQAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness |editor=Elmarakbi, A. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2013 |pages=472 |isbn=9781118535264}}</ref><ref name="DaviesMaterials12">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fZsIeCavO8C&printsec=frontcover |title=Materials for Automobile Bodies |author=Davies, G. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2012 |pages=416 |isbn=9780080969800}}</ref>
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| * analysis and assessment of safety<ref name="ElmarakbiAdvanced13" /><ref name="DaviesMaterials12" />
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| * tracking and analysis of structural integrity<ref name="StaszewskiHealth04">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzSPVBZ_Yg0C&printsec=frontcover |title=Health Monitoring of Aerospace Structures: Smart Sensor Technologies and Signal Processing |editor=Staszewski, W.; Boller, C.; Tomlinson, G.R. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2004 |pages=288 |isbn=9780470092835}}</ref>
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| * design and analysis of lighting<ref name="WördenweberAuto07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yatUXs8QQAMC&printsec=frontcover |title=Automotive Lighting and Human Vision |author=Wördenweber, B.; Wallaschek, J.; Boyce, P.; Hoffman, D.D. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2007 |pages=410 |isbn=9783540366973}}</ref>
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| * design and analysis of chassis<ref name="ReimpellTheAuto01">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuXf3wmahM8C&printsec=frontcover |title=The Automotive Chassis: Engineering Principles |editor=Reimpell, J.; Stoll, H.; Betzler, J. |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=2001 |pages=456 |isbn=9780080527734}}</ref>
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| * design and analysis of fuel cells<ref name="KochaPolymer12">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LE99dRxwtVcC&pg=PA473 |chapter=Chapter 15: Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells, Automotive Applications |title=Fuel Cells: Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology |author=Kocha, S.S. |editor=Kreuer, K.-D. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |pages=473–518 |isbn=9781461457855}}</ref>
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| * failure analysis<ref name="ReddyInvestigation04">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkXRBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Investigation of Aeronautical and Engineering Component Failures |author=Reddy, A.V. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2004 |pages=368 |isbn=9780203492093}}</ref>
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| ''How do automotive, aerospace, and marine laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' While much scientific effort has gone into the development of modern vehicles — a significant portion of it in some sort of laboratory — from the ergonomic shift knob and regenerative braking system to the quantum accelerometer<ref name="MarksQuantum14">{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229694-000-quantum-positioning-system-steps-in-when-gps-fails/ |title=Quantum positioning system steps in when GPS fails |author=Marks, P. |work=New Scientist |publisher=New Scientist Ltd |date=14 May 2014 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref> and solid rocket booster, the laboratory testing that goes into designing safer products and systems is the easiest for the layperson to relate to. From Volvo and Nils Bohlin's contribution of the three-point seat belt<ref name="HistoryThree10">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/three-point-seatbelt-inventor-nils-bohlin-born |title=Three-point seatbelt inventor Nils Bohlin born |work=History.com |publisher=A+E Networks |date=2010 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref> to the continuing improvement of automotive and pedestrian impact safety standards<ref name="AtiyehNHTSA15">{{cite web |url=http://blog.caranddriver.com/nhtsa-overhauling-crash-tests-for-2019-model-year-cars/ |title=NHTSA Overhauling Crash Tests for 2019 Model Year Cars |author=Atiyeh, C. |work=Car and Driver |publisher=Hearst Communications, Inc |date=09 December 2015 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref>, traditional and non-traditional laboratories alike are responsible for advances in keeping drivers, passengers, and pedestrians safer. Without these laboratories in place — and without the related efforts of pioneering automotive engineers developing and propagating tested standards in the 1910s<ref name="ThompsonIntercomp54">{{cite journal |title=Intercompany Technical Standardization in the Early American Automobile Industry |journal=The Journal of Economic History |author=Thompson, G.V. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |year=1954 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2115223}}</ref> — the safety of vehicles arguably wouldn't be anything like what it is today. Secondarily, vehicle reliability and longevity would also suffer.
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - Private laboratories in this industry are usually either associated directly with a vehicle manufacturer (e.g., Ford Motor Company, Boeing Company, Gulf Craft) or act as a third-party contract laboratory for manufacturers and designers who are unable or unwilling to invest in their own private laboratory. Aside from analytical services, these labs often include consulting services on design management and analysis as well as team and project management.
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| Examples include:
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| * [https://www.araiindia.com/ Automotive Research Association of India]
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| * [http://www.calspan.com/services/transportation-testing-research-equipment/automotive-safety-testing/ Calspan Corporation]
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| * [http://www.intertek.com/automotive/ Intertek Group PLC]
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| '''Government''' - Government-run transportation-related laboratories conduct specialized topical research, provide analytical services, and oversee federal, state, and local programs in the industry. From aircraft fatigue research to emissions testing to transportation system modelling, these public or public-private labs may act as major research hubs or checkpoints of regulated testing.
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| Examples include:
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| * [https://www.dst.defence.gov.au/content/ha-wills-structures-and-materials-test-centre H.A. Wills Structures and Materials Test Centre]
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| * [https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-laboratory-nvfel U.S. EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory]
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| * [https://www.tracc.anl.gov/ U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Transportation Research And Analysis Computing Center]
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| '''Academic''' - Automotive, aerospace, and maritime transportation laboratories associated with higher education institutions act as both teaching locations for new students and fundamental and applied research locations for more advanced students. That academic research may be funded by industry sources, by a government, or by a non-profit or foundation, and some academic laboratories may act as a public-private entity when a non-profit or private entity partners with the higher education institution.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://web.mit.edu/sloan-auto-lab/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Sloan Automotive Laboratory]
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| * [http://www.egr.msu.edu/me/research/earl-engines Michigan State University's Energy & Automotive Research Laboratory]
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| * [http://www.martrans.org/ National Technical University of Athens' Laboratory for Maritime Transport]
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| ====Functions====
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| ''What are the most common functions?'' Analytical, research/design, and QA/QC
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| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' combustion, emissions, fluid dynamics, lubricants, materials and components, paints and coatings, power conversion and control, propulsion and power generation, safety, structural mechanics, transportation system modeling
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| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' biomechanics, chemical, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, environmental, ergonomics, materials science, mathematics, mechanical engineering, physics, safety engineering, software engineering
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| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
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| Common test types include:
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| Accelerated stress testing, Accelerated weathering, Acceleration, Acoustical, Adhesion, Aging, Altitude, Ash, Case depth, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Cleanliness, Climatics, Combustion, Comparative Tracking Index, Compliance/Conformance, Compression, Conductivity, Contact mechanics, Corrosion, Damage tolerance, Degredation, Design review and evaluation, Dielectric withstand, Dimensional, Discoloration, Dynamics, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Emissions, Endurance, Environmental stress-cracking resistance, Ergonomics, Etching, Failure, Fatigue, Feasibility, Flammability, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Friction, Functional testing, Hazard analysis, Heat resistance, Hydraulic, Immersion, Impact, Inclusion, Inflatability, Ingress, Iterative, Lightning, Lubricity, Macroetch, Mass, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Oxidation reduction potential, Passivation, Performance, Permeability, pH, Photometric, Plating and coating evaluations, Proficiency, Qualification, Quality control, Reliability, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Safety, Shear, Shock, Stress corrosion cracking, Surface topography, Tensile, Thermal, Torque, Ultraviolet, Usability, Velocity and flow, Vibration, Visibility, Voltage, Weathering
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| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
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| battery load tester, carbon sulfur analyzer, circuit tester, colorimeter, compression tester, demonstration and simulation equipment, digital multimeter, gas analyzer, hardness tester, heat treatment furnace, salt spray chamber, temperature and humidity chamber, tension tester, thermal shock chamber
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| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the automotive, aerospace, and maritime travel industry?'' A September 2010 Brookings report stated that "innovation activity undertaken in the private sector of the auto industry extends far beyond the automaker itself, as nearly three-fourths of the value of a vehicle is added by companies other than the automaker."<ref name="KlierTheFed10">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/0927_great_lakes_auto.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Federal Role in Supporting Auto Sector Innovation |author=Klier, T.; Sands, C. |work=Metropolitan Policy Program |publisher=Brookings Institution |date=September 2010 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref> Though the report doesn't directly mention who makes up those companies, presumably industry-focused R&D, QA, and compliance testing laboratories make up at least a small portion of them. As for intersections with other industries, the petrochemical, environmental, and energy industries are closely linked, providing insight and advances in combustion, emissions control, and alternative fuel sources to automobile, airplane, boat, and space vehicle designers and manufacturers.
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| * None
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Calibration and standards===
| |
| [[File:Calibrate scale.JPG|left|200px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| Laboratories in the calibration and standards industry are focused on testing the accuracy of measurement devices and reference standards, correcting inaccuracies in measurement devices, and developing and using standards/reference equipment and devices for calibration testing. Broadly speaking, these laboratories will appear as stand-alone, accredited laboratories performing calibrations for customers on request; as in-house calibration laboratories found in production facilities testing their equipment against working standards tested by the third-party accredited lab; or in a university setting, which may or may not offer accredited third-party calibration services.<ref name="CzichosSpringerHand11">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpTE1Z5UfsQC&pg=PA47 |chapter=Chapter 3: Quality in Measurement and Testing |title=Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing |editor=Czichos, H.; Saito, T.; Smith, L.E. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |pages=45–49 |year=2011 |isbn=9783642166419}}</ref> These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
| |
| | |
| * calibration of working or reference standards used in other calibration activities<ref name="BucherTheQualChapt12_07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3 |chapter=Chapter 12: Calibration Environment |title=The Quality Calibration Handbook: Developing and Managing a Calibration Program |author=Bucher, J.L. |publisher=ASQ Quality Press |year=2007 |pages=113–116 |isbn=9780873897044}}</ref>
| |
| * calibration of mechanical, electronic, and other instruments and components, in lab or onsite<ref name="CzichosSpringerHand11" /><ref name="BucherTheQualChapt12_07" />
| |
| * maintenance and repair of instruments
| |
| * documentation of tests for regulatory or audit purposes
| |
| * enact measurement assurance programs<ref name="NISTPolicies">{{cite web |url=https://www.nist.gov/calibrations/policies |title=Policies |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |date=25 August 2016 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ''How do calibration and standards laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' Let's turn to an introductory section of Jay L. Bucher's ''The Quality Calibration Handbook'' to help visualize an answer to this question<ref name="BucherTheQual07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3 |chapter=Chapter 1: Preventing the Next Great Train Wreck |title=The Quality Calibration Handbook: Developing and Managing a Calibration Program |author=Bucher, J.L. |publisher=ASQ Quality Press |year=2007 |pages=3–8 |isbn=9780873897044}}</ref>:
| |
| | |
| <blockquote>Without calibration, or by using incorrect calibrations, all of us pay more at the gas station, for food weighed incorrectly at the checkout counter, and for speeding tickets. Incorrect amounts of ingredients in your prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs can cost more, or even cause illness or death. Because of poor or incorrect calibration, killers and rapists are either not convicted or are released on bad evidence. Crime labs cannot identify the remains of victims or wrongly identify victims in the case of mass graves. Airliners fly into mountaintops and off the ends of runways because they don't know their altitude and/or speed. Babies are not correctly weighed at birth. The amount of drugs confiscated in a raid determines whether the offense is a misdemeanor or a felony; which weight is correct? ... Satellites and everything they affect would be a thing of the past, as would be the manufacturing and production of almost everything made in the world today.</blockquote>
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - As previously mentioned, private industry labs are largely either in a production facility or act as a third-party contract laboratory for manufacturers who are unable or unwilling to invest in their own private calibration laboratory. Aside from making the calibration (comparison), these labs may also provide maintenance and repair services as well as compliance documentation.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.classiclab.in/ Classic Calbration & Testing Laboratories]
| |
| * [http://www.emtest.com/service_support/calibration_laboratory.php EM TEST]
| |
| * [http://www.esscolab.com/ Essco Calibration Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - These government-affiliated labs are often at or near the top of the chain of calibration labs, working with others to link their equipment to national or even international measurement standards. They can be found not only at the federal level but also at the state/territory level and may even exist as public-private partnership.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [https://www.nist.gov/calibrations National Institute of Standards and Technology]
| |
| * [http://www.dgs.pa.gov/Businesses/Pennsylvania-Standards-Laboratory/Pages/default.aspx Pennsylvania Standards Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.sandia.gov/psl/ Sandia National Laboratories' Primary Standards Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - Like agriculture labs, calibration and standards laboratories associated with higher education institutions are often of a hybrid client type and function. They may multi-purpose a laboratory for research, teaching, and professional calibration services, processing equipment and instruments from external third-party clients, acting in some ways like a private analytical lab would. Some university labs may have strong ties (through contracts or received funding) with commercial and government entities, leveraging university research and knowledge to those external parties to further fund university laboratory teaching efforts.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/engineering/facilities/labs/ University of Colorado - Boulder's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics]
| |
| * [http://www.me.umn.edu/labs/pcl/index.shtml University of Minnesota's Particle Calibration Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://uwrl.usu.edu/hydraulics/hydraulic-testing Utah State's Utah Water Research Laboratory, Hydraulics Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' Calibration, research/design, QA/QC, teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled?'' Electronics, measurement tools, mechanical devices, primary standards; chronometric, dimensional, hardness, photometric, sensitivity, thermal, volumetric
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' applied statistics, engineering, metrology, physics
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Acceleration, Acoustical, Compression, Dimensional, Grain and particle size, Humidity, Mass, Optical, Oxidation reduction potential, pH, Photometric, Power quality, Pressure, Proficiency, Reflectance, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Temperature, Tensile, Torque, Validation, Velocity and flow,
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| benchtop precision meters, calibration mass sets, dry block probe calibrators, heated calibration bath, infrared calibrator, milliamp loop calibrator, multifunction calibrator, pressure calibrator, stage micrometer, standard resistors, standard capacitors, standard inductors, surface probe tester, thermocouple calibrator, torque reference transducer
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the calibration industry?'' Calibration laboratories, whether located in a manufacturing facility or as a stand-alone third-party facility, have special placement and environmental requirements that must be met to ensure optimal operations. This includes maintaining a strict range of relative humidity; maintaining temperature stability and uniformity; and managing air flow, vibration, and dust issues properly.<ref name="BucherTheQualChapt12_07" /> Many calibration labs found in higher education facilities seem to be multipurpose, capable of handling not only teaching and research functions but also able to provide independent calibration services to external customers, public and private. In the U.S. at least, the government is engaged in several public-private ventures involving calibration and standards laboratories.
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| * [[Reference laboratory]]
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Chemical===
| |
| [[File:Chemistry lab of HTG.jpg|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| Broadly speaking, laboratories in the chemical industry are focused on testing the properties and constituents of chemicals, bodily fluids, and other organic/inorganic materials. More narrowly, while such testing may be the sole function of a chemical laboratory (perhaps as a contract laboratory), it may also function as part of a manufacturer's greater research and development effort, a clinical facility's quality control program, a government's public safety program, or an agriculture company's environmental research division. In all these cases the work falls under the general concepts of either pure chemistry (research simply for the sake of knowledge) or applied chemistry (activities towards a short term goal, as part of a company or institution).<ref name="DummiesWhatChemists">{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/education/science/chemistry/what-chemists-do-and-where-they-work/ |title=What Chemists Do and Where They Work |work=Dummies.com |publisher=Wiley |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref> These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
| |
| | |
| * analysis and assessment of what and how much is in a substance<ref name="DummiesWhatChemists" />
| |
| * analysis and assessment of the physical properties of a substance<ref name="DummiesWhatChemists" />
| |
| * creation and synthesis of new substances<ref name="DummiesWhatChemists" />
| |
| * development of chemical models, theories, and test methods<ref name="DummiesWhatChemists" /><ref name="FHAChemLab">{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/tfhrc/labs/materialscomplex/chemistry/ |title=Chemistry Laboratory |work=Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |date=27 January 2017 |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref>
| |
| * quality testing and assurance<ref name="FHAChemLab" />
| |
| | |
| ''How do chemical laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' To answer this question, it's best to first point out that matter = chemicals. Matter has mass and occupies space, and it is made of chemicals. Or as the The University of Waikato in New Zealand puts it, matter is constructed from atoms, and "if atoms are LEGO blocks, chemicals are the structures you can build with them."<ref name="WaikatoChemicals12">{{cite web |title=Chemicals everywhere |work=Science Learning Hub |publisher=University of Waikato |date=04 September 2012 |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref> Therefore, chemistry is about the study of matter, it's properties, and how it changes by external forces.<ref name="ACSChemistry">{{cite web |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/everywhere.html |title=Chemistry if Everywhere |publisher=American Chemical Society |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref> Laboratories performing chemistry activities are, by extension, pivotal to most every aspect of our life. From pharmaceuticals to food, paint to drinking water, a chemistry lab is behind the scenes, with people dedicate to improving our lives.
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - The chemical labs of private companies can be found in many professional spaces and contexts. They may appear as part of manufacturing, R&D, and contract lab contexts, located within a facility or as a stand-alone facility. Aside from any of the above mentioned activities, a private lab may also provide consulting services.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.kojundo.co.jp/English/ Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co. Ltd.]
| |
| * [http://www.ncl-india.org/ National Chemical Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.trane.com/commercial/north-america/us/en/services/operate-maintain/chemical-laboratory.html Trane Chemical Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - Government-based chemical labs are often part of a regulatory process or provide research that guides regulation development. They may provide mandated laboratory testing of materials for toxic chemicals or material research studies for the improvement of highway construction materials, for example.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/ECL/ California's Environmental Chemistry Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/Materials/Pages/ChemicalLaboratory.aspx North Carolina Department of Transportation Chemistry Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/tfhrc/labs/materialscomplex/chemistry/ U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration Chemistry Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - A majority of chemical labs in the academic environment are traditional, in that they act as both teaching spaces and a place for faculty research.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://chemistry.dartmouth.edu/undergraduate/general-chemistry-lab Dartmouth General Chemistry Lab]
| |
| * [https://www.osu.edu/map/building.php?building=053 Ohio State University's McPherson Chemical Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://chemistry.princeton.edu/research-facilities/frick-chemistry-laboratory Princeton University's Frick Chemistry Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' Analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' biological materials, ceramics, dyes and pigments, fragrances, glass, inorganics, lubricants, manufactured materials, metals, petrochemicals, polymers, raw chemicals
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Acid and base number, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Adhesion, Amino acid analysis, Anion, Antimicrobial, Ash, Biomolecular, Biosafety, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Carcinogenicity, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Combustion, Compliance/Conformance, Conductivity, Composition, Congealing point, Contamination, Corrosion, Decomposition, Density, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Efficacy, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Flammability, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Formulation, Geochemistry, Hazard analysis, Impact, Iodine value, Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Moisture, Neurotoxicity, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, pH, Polarimetry, Process safety, Proficiency, Quality control, Sensitization, Shelf life, Solubility, Stability, Subchronic toxicity, Thermal, Toxicokinetic, Vapor pressure, Virucidal efficacy, Viscosity
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| balance, Bunsen burner, burette, colorimeter, centrifuge, chromatographic, crucible, desiccator, dropper, electrophoresis equipment, Erlenmeyer flask, Florence flask, fume hood, funnel, graduated cylinder, hot plate, moisture analyzer, mortar and pestle, multi-well plate, oven, pH meter, pipestem triangle, reagent dispenser, ring stand, rotary evaporator, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, stirring rod, thermometer, vibratory disc mill, viscometer
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the chemical industry?'' It's important to note that by itself, chemistry as a branch of science — and as a science that deals with the study of matter itself — is a central science, one that bridges multiple other sciences.<ref name="BrownChemistry13">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSziBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Chemistry: The Central Science |author=Brown, T.L.; LeMay Jr., H.E.; Bursten, B.E. et al. |publisher=Pearson Australia |year=2013 |pages=1359 |isbn=9781442559462}}</ref> As such, we see significant crossover into the many of the other industries listed in this guide; clinical chemistry ties to the world of clinical analysis (clinical and veterinarian), medicinal chemistry to the pharmaceutical industry, and chemurgy to the agriculture industry.
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| * [[Chemical industry]]
| |
| * [[Chemical informatics]]
| |
| * [[Clinical chemistry]]
| |
| * [[Molecular informatics]]
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Clinical, public and private===
| |
| [[File:Pathology Lab.png|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| To talk of clinical (serving the patient) and public health (serving the population) laboratories requires a broad look at those laboratories that serve in the direct analysis, treatment, and prevention of illness. From large third-party reference laboratories like Quest Diagnostics that handle laboratory analysis of patient samples for doctors to the tiny physician office laboratory performing CLIA-waived tests, from the hospital lab to a state's public health lab, from the mobile diabetes testing unit to the national disease prevention lab, it's difficult not to bump into a clinical or public health lab of some sort. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
| |
| | |
| ''Clinical''
| |
| * diagnostic analysis of patient samples<ref name="DouglasTypes14">{{cite web |url=https://www.limsforum.com/lessons/02-types-of-clinical-labs/ |title=02. Types of Clinical Labs |work=Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Informatics – LII 006 |author=Douglas, S. |publisher=Laboratory Informatics Institute, Inc |date=05 July 2014 |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref>
| |
| * identification of infectious agents<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
| |
| * assurance of the quality of blood for transfusions<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
| |
| * analysis, management, and storage of reproductive tissues and fluids<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
| |
| * provision of basic point-of-care testing<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
| |
| * screening or testing of employees for drugs of abuse<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
| |
| | |
| ''Public health''
| |
| * prevention, control, and surveillance of diseases<ref name="MMWR2">{{cite journal |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5114a1.htm |title=Core Functions and Capabilities of State Public Health Laboratories |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |author=Witt-Kushner, J.; Astles, J.R.; Ridderhof, J.C. et al. |volume=51 |issue=RR14 |pages=1–8 |date=20 September 2002 |accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref>
| |
| * collection, monitoring, and analysis of laboratory data submitted to national databases<ref name="MMWR2" />
| |
| * analysis and specialized testing of patient samples<ref name="MMWR2" />
| |
| * detection and analysis of toxic contaminants in environmental and food samples<ref name="MMWR2" />
| |
| * develop and promote laboratory improvement programs as well as state and federal policy<ref name="MMWR2" />
| |
| | |
| ''How do clinical and public health laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' As the debate about whether healthcare access should be universal<ref name="EvansUniversal13">{{cite journal |title=Universal health coverage and universal access |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |author=Evans, D.B.; Hsu, J.; Boerma, T. |volume=91 |pages=546–546A |year=2013 |doi=10.2471/BLT.13.125450}}</ref> or is a human right<ref name="PBSIsHealth13">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/student_voices/debating-health-care-right-america/ |title=Is Healthcare A Right? |work=PBS Newshour Extra: Student Voices |publisher=NewsHour Productions LLC |date=30 September 2013 |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref> wages on, many people still receive medical care but some do not. While it's bad for the "have nots," can you imagine a different world, one where it's not a fight for the have nots but a fight for most everyone to survive? Try, if you will, to imagine a universe where laboratory medicine never existed. Without laboratorians diagnosing and researching, today's healthy population would be significantly smaller. Clinical and public laboratories have brought us advances in antibiotics, which without many more people would die from surgical site infections post-surgery.<ref name="DallWHO16">{{cite web |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2016/11/who-guidance-says-no-routine-post-surgery-antibiotics |title=WHO guidance says no routine post-surgery antibiotics |author=Dall, C. |work=CIDRAP |publisher=Regents of the University of Minnesota |date=03 November 2016 |accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref> These laboratories have helped bring medical diagnostics to more people more conveniently and efficiently, and they are at the forefront of most people's health care.<ref name="ShirtsClinical15">{{cite journal |title=Clinical laboratory analytics: Challenges and promise for an emerging discipline |journal=Journal of Pathology Informatics |author=Shirts, B.H.; Jackson, B.R.; Baird, G.S. et al. |volume=6 |pages=9 |year=2015 |doi=10.4103/2153-3539.151919 |pmid=25774320 |pmc=PMC4355825}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - Private clinical (or sometimes referred to as reference) labs usually appear in either stand-alone facilities that outpatients go to or in a medical facility such as a physicians group, hospital, or some other form of care facility. Occasionally, you may find private clinical labs in manufacturing facilities to handle mandated drug testing or even in a mobile environment.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [https://www.accureference.com/ Accu Reference Medical Labs]
| |
| * [http://www.bostonclinicallab.com/ Boston Clinical Laboratories]
| |
| * [http://www.questdiagnostics.com Quest Diagnostics]
| |
| *
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - You'll find public health labs almost exclusively on the government side, managing disease outbreaks, monitoring public health, and acting as a third-party analysis option for clinical labs struggling to identify or characterize a sample.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [https://www.cdc.gov/labstandards/nsqap.html CDC Newborn Screening and Molecular Biology Branch]
| |
| * [http://health.mo.gov/lab/ Missouri State Public Health Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.australia.gov.au/directories/australia/nrl National Serology Reference Laboratory, Australia]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - The laboratories found in the academic sphere are often multi-purpose, serving as teaching facilities for students while at the same time providing vital in-house testing to the academic facility's affiliated medical center. However, some may be stand-alone teaching labs designed to provide hands-on education in a lab outside a medical facility.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://mt.ctust.edu.tw/files/11-1030-23.php?Lang=en Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology]
| |
| * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767850/ Emory University Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine]
| |
| * [https://www.medicalcenter.virginia.edu/human-resources/careers/recruitment/allied-health-recruitment/clinical-specialities/medical-laboratories-at-uva.html University of Virginia Health System]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' Analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' Biological specimens, cadavers
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, cytopathology, genetics, hematology, histopathology, immunohematology, immunology, parasitology, pathophysiology, reproductive biology, surgical pathology, toxicology, virology
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Alcohol level, Allergy, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Bioaccumulation, Blood culture, Blood gases, Biocompatibility, Biomolecular, Biophysical profile, Blood typing, Calorimetry, Clinical diagnostic, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Complete blood count, Compliance/Conformance, Composition, Cytopathology, Detection, Dietary exposure, Efficiency, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Electrophoresis, Endurance, Genetic, Genotype, Hematotoxicity, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Identification, Immunoassay, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Kidney function, Infectious disease, Lipid profile, Liver function, Medical toxicology, Metabolic, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Pathogen, pH, Proficiency, Radiochemical, Red blood cell count, Refractive index, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific gravity, Sports performance, Stress, Subchronic toxicity, Temperature, Thermal, Thyroid function, Urine culture, Validation, Verification
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, fume hood, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, urinalysis device, water bath
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical and public health industry?'' At least in the United States, clinical labs are some of the most prevalent labs in the country; as of January 2017 there was approximately one CLIA-regulated clinical laboratory for every 1,271 people.<ref name="CMS17LabTypes">{{cite web |url=https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA/downloads/factype.pdf |format=PDF |title=Laboratories by type of facility |author=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Division of Laboratory Services |date=January 2017 |accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="USCBPopClock">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |title=U.S. and World Population Clock |work=United States Census Bureau |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |accessdate=31 May 2017 |quote=Used population value from January 1, 2017}}</ref> While many of the diagnostic techniques and laboratory instruments specific to clinical diagnostic laboratories can also be found in the clinical research setting, clinical research labs tend to be a somewhat different beast. As such, we cover clinical research labs separately, in the next section.
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| '''Clinical'''
| |
| | |
| * [[Anatomical pathology]]
| |
| * [[Clinical chemistry]]
| |
| * [[Clinical laboratory]]
| |
| * [[Clinical pathology]]
| |
| * [[Cytopathology]]
| |
| * [[Health informatics]]
| |
| * [[Hematology]]
| |
| * [[Histopathology]]
| |
| * [[Imaging informatics]]
| |
| * [[Immunoinformatics]]
| |
| * [[Physician office laboratory]]
| |
| | |
| '''Public health'''
| |
| | |
| * [[E-epidemiology]]
| |
| * [[Infectious disease informatics]]
| |
| * [[Public health informatics]]
| |
| * [[Public health laboratory]]
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Clinical and academic research===
| |
| [[File:Methoxamine in it's current manufactured form in a solution in both a syringe and vial..jpg|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| | |
| Clinical research laboratories provide a regulated environment for the testing of the safety and efficacy of a variety of medical treatments and diagnostic devices, including medications, implants, and physician test kits. These facilities form the backbone of today's effective medical treatments, from cholesterol-lowering medications to pacemakers for the heart. In the U.S., these types of labs are overseen by the Food and Drug Administration, unlike the previously mentioned clinical and public health laboratories. Clinical research labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
| |
| | |
| * clinical studies<ref name="FCRDefinition">{{cite web |url=https://firstclinical.com/fda-gcp/?show=2004/Definition+of+Central+Laboratory |title=Definition of Central Laboratory |work=First Clinical Research |publisher=First Clinical Research, LLC |date=19 April 2004 |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| * bioequivalence studies<ref name="FCRDefinition" />
| |
| * study design and management
| |
| * custom assay development
| |
| * high-volume specimen testing
| |
| * test kit development and supply
| |
| | |
| Clinical studies and trials aside, other types of research may require laboratory services as well. (For the purposes of this guide, we refer to it as "academic research," a broad catch-all category for other research involving laboratories that doesn't readily fit into other industry categories.) Take for example the archeology laboratory, which is responsible for cleaning, analyzing, and identifying artifacts and remains from various sites either as part of a greater research effort or as a contract laboratory service.<ref name="AugustanaArchLab">{{cite web |url=http://www.augie.edu/archeology-laboratory |title=Archeology Laboratory |publisher=Augustana University |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="SLUArchLab">{{cite web |url=http://www.slu.edu/department-of-sociology-and-anthropology/research-labs-and-facilities/archaeology-laboratory |title=Archeology Laboratory |publisher=Saint Louis University |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref> Research in information technology and communication also occurs in (dry) laboratories; examples include the privately owned Nokia Bell Laboratory<ref name="NokiaHistoryBell">{{cite web |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/explore/history-bell-labs/ |title=History - Bell Labs |publisher=Nokia Group |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref> and the university-affiliated University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory.<ref name="UNH-IOL_FAQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.iol.unh.edu/about/faq |title=UNH-IOL FAQ |publisher=University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ''How do clinical and academic research laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' If you've had a medical device implanted, taken a prescription medication, visited an archeological exhibit in a museum, or experienced improvements in how you communicate with others, then you've been touched by a clinical or academic research laboratory. Without these facilities we'd have fewer medications and assistive devices, and by extension shorter life spans. We'd know less about humanity's past growth and development, and we'd lack the technology to rapidly disseminate those findings around the globe.
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - Private clinical research labs are most often "central laboratories" (see the end of this section for more on this term) that are contracted by pharmaceutical companies and medical device manufacturers.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.acmgloballab.com/Central-Laboratory-Services/Clinical-Trials-Research-Central-Lab-Services-Clinical-Research-Laboratory.aspx ACM Global Central Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.covance.com/services/clinical-testing/central-laboratory-services.html Covance Central Labs]
| |
| * [https://www.jmilabs.com/clinical-trial-support/ JMI Laboratories]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - These labs are typically set up by a government agency to perform specific research into medical conditions such as cancer, depression, or HIV infection.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [https://frederick.cancer.gov/ Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research]
| |
| * [https://clinicalcenter.nih.gov/ccc/crc/ NIH Clinical Trial Center]
| |
| * [https://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/FieldScience/ Office of Regulatory Affairs' Field Laboratories]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - Many academic institutions set up their own clinical research activities, often within an affiliated medical center. These research efforts often serve as training grounds for students to learn more about clinical research and its administration.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://ictr.johnshopkins.edu/clinical/clinical-resources/human-subjects-research-core/ictr-clinical-research-units-crus/services/clinical-research-unit-core-lab/ Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Unit Core Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://careers.insidehighered.com/job/1326323/clinical-research-laboratory-assistant/ University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus]
| |
| * [https://www.mir.wustl.edu/research/research-support-facilities/clinical-research-lab-crl Washington University Clinical Research Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' Research, clinical studies, contract lab work
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed and researched?'' artifacts, biological specimens, communication networks, medical devices, etc. (depending on academic discipline practiced in the lab)
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' archeology, clinical research, information theory, etc. (depending on academic discipline practiced in the lab)
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Acoustic startle, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Adhesion, Age determination, Amino acid analysis, Angle of repose, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Behavioral, Blood culture, Blood gases, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Bioequivalence, Biomechanical, Biomolecular, Biosafety, Calorimetry, Carcinogenicity, Clinical diagnostic, Colorimetric, Compaction, Compendial, Complete blood count, Cytology, Cytopathology, Cytotoxicity, Detection, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Dietary exposure, Ecotoxicology, Efficacy, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrophoresis, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Endotoxin, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Extractables and leachables, Feasibility, Fluid dynamics, Functional observational battery, Genetic, Genotoxicity, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Hematotoxicity, Human factors, Immunohistochemistry, Impact, Impurity, Inhalation, Irritation, Kidney function, Learning and memory, Lipid profile, Liver function, Locomotor activity, Metabolic, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Nanoparticulate, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Parasitic, Pathogen, Pathogenicity, pH, Pharmacokinetic, Phototoxicity, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Red blood cell count, Refractive index, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific gravity, Thyroid function, Toxicokinetic, Urine culture, Validation, Verification, Virucidal efficacy, Wildlife toxicology
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, electrophoresis system, ELISA plate reader, fluorometer, freezers, fume hood, genetic analyzer and sequencer, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, mass spectrometry equipment, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermal cycler, thermometer, urinalysis device, water bath
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical and academic research fields?'' It's important to note that some clinical research laboratories may be referred to as "central laboratories." Though mentioned occasionally in its regulation and guidance, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration doesn't seem to provide a definition of the term. However, it seems to be used by some in the context of an analytical laboratory that provides analyses of biological specimens associated with clinical and bioequivalence studies (including multi-site studies, prompting the idea of a "central" lab handling sample analysis) performed at medical institutions.<ref name="FCRDefinition" /><ref name="KarelinSelecting13">{{cite web |url=http://www.contractpharma.com/issues/2013-05/view_features/selecting-a-central-laboratory/ |title=Selecting a Central Laboratory |author=Karelin, A.; Belotserkovskiy, M.; Khokhlova, V.; Kumar, A. |work=Contract Pharma |publisher=Rodman Media, Inc |date=06 May 2013 |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| * [[Translational research]]
| |
| * [[Translational research informatics]]
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Cosmetic===
| |
| [[File:Cosmetics-1078712 1280.jpg|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| Cosmetic labs provide research and development as well as quality control functions to the world of cosmetics. From makeups and moisturizers to hair dyes and lipsticks, the cosmetic laboratory is responsible for making safe and effective products of many types. Cosmetic chemists tend to mostly work in private laboratories or as part of a private-public research partnership, though some work in academic labs.<ref name="BrowneTheJob">{{cite web |url=http://work.chron.com/job-description-cosmetic-chemist-17987.html |title=The Job Description of a Cosmetic Chemist |author=Browne, C. |work=Chron |publisher=Hearst Newspapers, LLC |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref> Cosmetic labs are found largely in the private sector, though they exist in the government and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
| |
| | |
| * formulation and development of products<ref name="BrowneTheJob" />
| |
| * safety testing of products<ref name="BrowneTheJob" />
| |
| * process engineering improvement<ref name="BrowneTheJob" />
| |
| * chemical and material research<ref name="BrowneTheJob" />
| |
| * substantiation of compatibility and efficacy claims<ref name="NWUCEL">{{cite web |url=http://health-sciences.nwu.ac.za/pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-services/cel |title=CEL |publisher=North-West University |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| * allergy testing
| |
| * contaminate testing
| |
| | |
| ''How do cosmetic laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' In private industry, cosmetic scientists are tasked with creating a safe product free from contaminates and allergens that may negatively affect a user. At the higher government level, some labs are responsible for substantiating manufacturer claims, testing cosmetics, and even manufacturing cosmetic components<ref name="NWUCEL" />; the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for example, certifies some color additives as safe for consumers in its own lab.<ref name="FDASmallBus16">{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/resourcesforyou/industry/ucm388736.htm |title=Small Businesses & Homemade Cosmetics: Fact Sheet |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |date=05 October 2016 |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref> Without these labs, the soaps, shampoos, moisturizers, and makeup on the market wouldn't likely exist, or they did, they would be of unknown quality, posing a threat to human health. When we use such a product, we are reminded that a laboratory was at some point involved in its creation.
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - Private cosmetic labs are either found as part of a major company initiative (think L’Oréal Group and its laboratories<ref name="LOrealUSAResearch">{{cite web |url=http://www.lorealusa.com/group/discover-l%27or%C3%A9al-usa/l%E2%80%99or%C3%A9al-usa-research-and-innovation |title=L’Oréal USA Research And Innovation |publisher=L’Oréal Group |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref>) or as a third-party contract lab that provides development, manufacturing, and consulting services to clients.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://ariellabs.com/ Ariel Laboratories]
| |
| * [http://cosmeticlaboratories.com/ Cosmetic Laboratories]
| |
| * [http://cla-cosmeticlabs.com/services/ Cosmetic Laboratories of America]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - Governments around the world differ in how they regulate and test cosmetics. Though not common, some governments will dedicate space for laboratory testing, certification of constituents, and testing of efficacy and compatibility claims.<ref name="NWUCEL" /><ref name="FDASmallBus16" />
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.fdaghana.gov.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25&Itemid=3 Ghana Food and Drugs Authority, Cosmetic Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-government-identifies-land-for-cosmetic-testing-lab/article8514721.ece Government of Odisha's Central Cosmetic Testing Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.hsa.gov.sg/content/hsa/en/Applied_Sciences/Pharmaceuticals_Cosmetics_Tobacco/Overview/Cosmetics.html Singapore Health Sciences Authority's Cosmetics Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - Academic programs in cosmetic science aren't abundant, but they can be found. (The Society of Cosmetic Chemists lists a few U.S.-based programs [http://www.scconline.org/resources/ here].) The laboratories associated with this course of study are presumably similar in makeup to a chemistry teaching laboratory in a typical university, with a few additions, including research facilities.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://view2.fdu.edu/academics/university-college/school-of-natural-sciences/academic-programs/ms-in-cosmetic-science/ Farleigh Dickinson University Cosmetic Science Programs]
| |
| * [http://pharmacy.uc.edu/program-information/graduate/cosmetic/overview University of Cincinnati Cosmetic Science Programs]
| |
| * [http://health-sciences.nwu.ac.za/pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-services/cel North-West University Cosmetics Efficacy Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled?'' colorants, dyes, emulsions, lacquers, polymers, silicones, surfactants
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' biochemistry, biology, chemical engineering, chemistry, cosmetic science, macromolecular science, pharmaceutical science, process engineering
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Allergy, Antimicrobial, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Comparison, Compliance/Conformance, Composition, Contamination, Detection, Efficacy, Expiration dating, Flammability, Fluorescence, Formulation, Fragrance, Impurity, Ingredient, Irritation, Labeling, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, Performance, pH, Photostability, Preservative challenge, Proficiency, Purity, Pyrogenicity, Quality control, Safety, Sensitization, Stability, Water activity
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| autoclave, balance, chromatographic, digital imaging devices, ESR spectroscopy equipment, fluorescent laser scan microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipment, microscope, multiphotone tomography equipment, pH meter, Raman spectroscopy equipment, test tube and rack, thermometer, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) instrumentation
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the cosmetic industry?'' In the U.S., whereas the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) regulates clinical laboratory testing<ref name="CMSCLIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA/index.html |title=Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) |publisher=Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services |date=05 April 2017 |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref> , the FDA regulates cosmetic laboratories.<ref name="FDAAuthority">{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/guidanceregulation/lawsregulations/ucm074162.htm |title=FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |date=15 November 2016 |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref> Regulation of cosmetic laboratories in other countries varies; in Singapore, for example, the Health Sciences Authority helps enforce cosmetic testing of its Health Products Act.<ref name="HSACosmetics">{{cite web |url=http://www.hsa.gov.sg/content/hsa/en/Applied_Sciences/Pharmaceuticals_Cosmetics_Tobacco/Overview/Cosmetics.html |title=Cosmetics |publisher=Health Sciences Authority |date=17 July 2014 |accessdate=01 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| * None
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Energy===
| |
| [[File:Pomiary rezystancji uzwojenia transformatora z rdzeniem amorficznym miernikiem Sonel MMR-6000.jpg|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| The energy laboratory is largely a place for the research and development of energy sources and devices, though it also is a place for researchers to focus on improving energy efficiency in current fuels, systems, and structures. These labs are found in the government and academic sectors, and occasionally in the private sector, providing many different services, including (but not limited to)<ref name="NRELResearch">{{cite web |url=https://www.nrel.gov/research/ |title=Research |work=National Renewable Energy Laboratory |publisher=Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC |accessdate=02 June 2017}}</ref>:
| |
| | |
| * chemical and biomolecular engineering
| |
| * applied research and development
| |
| * analysis and improvement of energy efficiency
| |
| * analysis and improvement of transportation systems
| |
| * development of energy systems
| |
| * discovery and development of materials
| |
| * integration of energy systems
| |
| | |
| ''How do energy laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' "I want my phone's battery to last longer!" you shout, as you put it on the charger for the second time in a day. The truth is your device probably has a better battery life than the generation before it, and the generation before it, etc., but you're at the same time making it do more demanding tasks than it used to at the same time. Yet advances continue to be made in energy storage.<ref name="ArgonneResearchers16">{{cite web |url=https://phys.org/news/2016-03-pave-battery.html |title=Researchers continue to pave way for improved battery performance testing |author=Argonne National Laboratory |work=Phys.org |publisher=Science X |date=31 March 2016 |accessdate=02 June 2017}}</ref> You can thank an energy laboratory and its scientists for that and similar advances that affect you on a daily basis.
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - Insert applicable text here.
| |
| | |
| Examples include: Private laboratories tend to focus on a company's R&D or provide third-party analysis of materials used as fuel sources.
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.biomassenergylab.com/index.htm Biomass Energy Lab]
| |
| * [https://www.energylab.com/ Energy Laboratories]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - Insert applicable text here.
| |
| | |
| Examples include: Along with academic labs, government labs (public and public-private) make up the majority of energy laboratories and typically provide much of the funding for energy research, at least in the United States.<ref name="KotokFinancing06">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2006/07/financing-your-research-alternative-energy |title=Financing Your Research in Alternative Energy |work=Science |author=Kotok, A. |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |date=14 July 2006 |accessdate=02 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| * [https://www.netl.doe.gov/ National Energy Technology Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.nrel.gov/ National Renewable Energy Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://energy.usgs.gov/GeochemistryGeophysics/GeochemistryLaboratories.aspx#3898249-overview U.S. Geological Survey's Geochemistry Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - Higher education continues to be a major source for the study, research, and application of energy sources and equipment. From the optimization of commercial and industrial buildings to alternative fuels and clean energy systems, the academic-affiliated energy lab is pushing energy science forward at a significant pace.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://esl.tamu.edu/ Texas A&M's Energy Systems Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://rael.berkeley.edu/ University of California - Berkeley's Renewable & Appropriate Energy Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/ University of Hawaii at Manoa's Hawaii Natural Energy Institute]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, and QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled?'' biomass, emissions, energy efficiency, energy storage and retrieval, hydropower, petrochemicals, solar energy, thermal energy, thin films, wind power
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' chemical engineering, chemistry, engineering, environmental science, material science, mechanical design, microbiology, thermodynamics
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Accelerated stress testing, Aging, Calorimetry, Characterization, Climatics, Combustion, Contact mechanics, Contamination, Degredation, Design verification testing, Dielectric withstand, Durability, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Emissions, Endurance, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Friction, Geothermal, Hydraulic, Lightning, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Power quality, Proficiency, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Solar, Temperature, Thermal, Torque, Validation, Velocity and flow, Voltage
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| calorimeter, climate test chamber, gas turbine, geothermal energy absorber, hydrogen fuel cell, impulse turbine, light sensor, photovoltaic trainer/system, plasma light system, porosimeter, reaction turbine, solar thermal system, temperature sensor, viscometer, wind turbine
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the energy industry?'' By and far, energy laboratories seem to have the most prominent footprint in the government and academic sectors. Privately run energy laboratories exist but appear to be the minority, appearing as either an R&D lab inside a larger manufacturing company or as a niche third-party testing facility for biomass and/or petrochemicals. As an aside, since agriculture and forest biomass<ref name="FSForestBiorefine">{{cite web |url=https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/research/research_emphasis_areas/introduction.php?rea_id=3 |title=Forest Biorefinery - Introduction |work=Forest Products Laboratory |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |accessdate=02 June 2017}}</ref> as well as petrochemicals can be used as fuel sources, the energy industry has ties to the agriculture, forestry, and petrochemical industries. Of course, the power and utility industry — which focuses on large-scale energy solutions for communities — is closely linked as well.
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| *
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Environmental===
| |
| [[File:K4641-1rootscientists.jpg|left|300px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| Environmental laboratories are responsible for the analysis and research of a wide variety of materials and environments with the purpose of promoting human, animal, and ecosystem health. These labs also act as compliance enforcement entities for regulators. These labs provide services to energy and utility companies, engineering firms, pharmaceutical companies, governments, and other industry forces. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
| |
| | |
| * exposure testing<ref name="BangertEnviro96">{{cite web |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/9191/chapter/6 |chapter=Chapter 5: Environmental Testing Laboratories and Instruments |title=Risk & Innovation: Small Companies in Six Industries: Background Papers Prepared for the NAE Risk and Innovation Study |author=Bangert, C.E.; Lynch, R.A. |publisher=National Academies Press |date=1996 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.17226/9191}}</ref>
| |
| * field testing<ref name="BangertEnviro96" />
| |
| * radiological testing<ref name="MNDoHEnviro">{{cite web |url=http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/phl/environmental/ |title=Environmental Laboratory |publisher=Minnesota Department of Health |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="STLCoEnviro">{{cite web |url=http://www.stlouisco.com/HealthandWellness/EnvironmentalServices/EnvironmentalLaboratories |title=Environmental Laboratories |publisher=Saint Louis County |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| * heavy metals testing<ref name="BangertEnviro96" />
| |
| * air quality monitoring<ref name="BangertEnviro96" />
| |
| * environmental assessments<ref name="BangertEnviro96" />
| |
| * environmental engineering<ref name="SarigiannisWelcoming">{{cite web |url=http://www.enve-lab.eu/index.php/about/welcoming-letter/ |title=Welcoming Letter: Message from the director Prof. Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis |work=EnvE-Lab |publisher=Aristotle University of Thessaloniki |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ''How do environmental laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' The easiest way environmental labs tie into the average person's life is through the potable water supply. Without these labs, more people would become ill or even die due to improperly or non-treated drinking water supplies. We need not look further than the Flint, Michigan water crisis, one where improper funding for testing and treatment of contaminated water lead to the metal lead leaching into the drinking water.<ref name="CNNFlint17">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/04/us/flint-water-crisis-fast-facts/ |title=Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts |work=CNN |publisher=Turner Broadcasting System, Inc |date=10 April 2017 |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref> It may be easy to take clean drinking water for granted, but remember that a lab is most likely in place to ensure it's clean in the first place.
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - Private environmental labs cater to industry and the government, providing third-party testing services, often under contract.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://aellabs.com/ American Environmental Laboratories]
| |
| * [http://www.caduceonlabs.com/ Caduceon Environmental Laboratories]
| |
| * [https://www.pacelabs.com/ Pace Analytical Services]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - Government-affiliated labs not only provide analytical services for states and municipalities; they also may conduct academic and field research to better guide local, state, and federal environmental policy.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/phl/environmental/ Minnesota Department of Health's Environmental Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.stlouisco.com/HealthandWellness/EnvironmentalServices/EnvironmentalLaboratories Saint Louis County Environmental Health Laboratories]
| |
| * [https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-health-and-environmental-effects-research-laboratory-nheerl U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - The environmental labs affiliated with higher education are usually researched-based, though they may occasionally provide third-party analyses. These labs are often directly affiliated with a local or even international watershed or ecosystem, providing valuable field training to students while monitoring changes to the location over time and issuing public reports.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.enve-lab.eu/ Aristotle University of Thessaloniki's Environmental Engineering Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://web.plattsburgh.edu/academics/envsci/chemlab.php SUNY Plattsburgh's Lake Champlain Research Institute]
| |
| * [http://www.wm.edu/as/kecklab/ William & Mary's Keck Environmental Field Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' acoustics, air quality, allergens, biological specimens, contaminates, finished products, hazardous waste, pesticides, raw materials, sediment, soil, solid waste, water quality
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, environmental science, microbiology, organic and inorganic chemistry, radiation chemistry
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Allergy, Anion, Antimicrobial, Atterberg limits, Bioaccumulation, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biodegradation, Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, Colorimetric, Conductivity, Consolidation, Contamination, Decomposition, Degradation, Density, Ecotoxicology, Emissions, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Environmental monitoring, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Humidity, Hydraulic conductivity, Isotope analysis, Leak, Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Mobility, Organic carbon, Oxidation reduction potential, Permeability, pH, Photostability, Plant metabolism, Pressure, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Refractive index, Seismic, Sensory, Soil microflora, Specific gravity, Temperature, Terrestrial toxicology, Turbidity, Wildlife toxicology
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| balance, Bunsen burner, burette, colorimeter, centrifuge, chromatographic, crucible, desiccator, dropper, enzyme immunoassay, Erlenmeyer flask, extractor, Florence flask, flow meter, fume hood, funnel, graduated cylinder, hot plate, moisture analyzer, mortar and pestle, multi-well plate, organic carbon analyzer, oven, particle counter, pH meter, pipestem triangle, reagent dispenser, remote sensors, ring stand, rotary evaporator, sediment analyzer, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, stirring rod, thermometer, viscometer
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the environmental industry?'' "The environmental laboratory industry will be undergoing continuous radical change in coming years as environmental markets continue to evolve," stated Bangert and Lynch in a 1996 study for the National Research Council. "The model laboratory of the future, therefore, is likely to be far different from that of today," they added.<ref name="BangertEnviro96" /> Fast forward 20 years, and we see their then vision for the future of environmental testing labs came to fruition: today's environmental testing lab uses a [[laboratory information management system]] (LIMS) to manage data in an automated, innovative lab that provides analytical services as well as research.<ref name="BangertEnviro96" /><ref name="DePalmaInsights13">{{cite web |url=http://www.labmanager.com/insights/2013/09/insights-on-starting-and-running-an-environmental-lab |title=Insights on Starting and Running an Environmental Lab |author=DePalma, A. |work=Lab Manager |publisher=LabX Media Group |date=10 September 2013 |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref> And they need to be agile as the concepts of "climate change," "biodiversity," and "sustainable ecosystems" continue to weave their way into the focus of environmental laboratories.<ref name="SimmondsTheImport09">{{cite web |url=http://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/library/water-and-land/science/newsletter/2009/june/0906-3-monitoring-import.pdf |title=The Importance of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis |work=King County's SciFYI |author=Simmonds, J. |publisher=King County |date=June 2009 |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="ERDCEnvironmental">{{cite web |url=http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/Fact-Sheets/Fact-Sheet-Article-View/Article/476745/environmental-laboratory/ |title=Environmental Laboratory |publisher=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Engineer Research & Development Center |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref> As such, these labs will play an ever-increasing role in helping scientists better understand how we are impacting our environment.
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| * [[Environmental informatics]]
| |
| * [[Hydroinformatics]]
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Food and beverage===
| |
| [[File:Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos.jpg|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| Food and beverage laboratories are responsible for developing, protecting, and supporting the food, beverages, and nutritional supplements humans and animals consume. From creating new flavor enhancers for food to ensuring the quality and safe consumption of a wine, these labs play a vital role in most parts of the world where processed food and agricultural products are produced. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<ref name="NielsenFood15">{{cite book |title=Food Analysis Laboratory Manual |author=Nielsen, S. |publisher=Springer |pages=177 |edition=2nd |year=2015 |isbn=9781441914620}}</ref>:
| |
| | |
| * reverse engineering
| |
| * claims testing
| |
| * contaminate testing
| |
| * batch variation testing
| |
| * extractable and leachable testing
| |
| * allergen testing
| |
| * shelf life testing
| |
| * non-routine quality testing
| |
| * packaging testing
| |
| | |
| ''How do food and beverage laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' Have you ever enjoyed a candy bar, soda, or snack cake? A laboratory and food scientists were behind its production. Don't care much for processed foods? A laboratory is still involved in the quality and safety testing of raw fruits and vegetables, milk, and nuts. And when food supplies get contaminated, government testing labs are often in the thick of determining the source of the contamination as quickly as possible before more people become ill. Whether it's the unique flavor profile of a potato chip you love or the fact you can reliably acquire safe foods, remember that a laboratory is often behind it.
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - From manufacturers seeking help with a formulation problem or a government subcontracting contamination analysis, private food and beverage labs are there. These labs may appear within a major food corporation or act as third-party contact labs for work as needed.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [https://www.avomeen.com/services/food-and-beverage-testing/ Avomeen Analytical Services]
| |
| * [http://www.dtsfoodassurance.com.au/ DTS Food Assurance]
| |
| * [http://www.eag.com/food/ EAG Laboratories]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - The government-affiliated labs of the food and beverage industry typically act as protectors of the local, regional, or national food supply. Some may be responsible for developing and enforcing regulations as well.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.ava.gov.sg/explore-by-sections/food/laboratory-services/food-testing Agi-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore's Food and Food Product Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://health.mo.gov/lab/foodbeverageanalysis.php Missouri State Public Health Laboratory, Chemistry Unit]
| |
| * [http://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Protect/FoodSafety/Laboratory/Pages/default.aspx Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Food Safety Laboratory Division]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - Academic food and beverage labs are usually teaching labs, often associated with a university's agriculture department.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.fshn.chhs.colostate.edu/research/BSL/index.aspx Colorado State University Brewing Science and Food Microbiology Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://ifstl.jifsan.umd.edu/about/ University of Maryland, Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's International Food Safety Training Lab]
| |
| * [http://www.fst.vt.edu/aboutus/facilities.html VirginiaTech's Food Analysis, Meat Chemistry, and Enology Laboratories]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' candy, dairy, fruits, grains, meats, nuts, oils, proteins, soft drinks, starches, sugars, vegetables, vitamins
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' biochemistry, chemical engineering, chemistry, fermentation science, microbiology, molecular gastronomy, nutrition and food science
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types, terminology, and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Active ingredient, Alcohol level, Allergy, Altitude, Amino acid analysis, Ash, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biodegradation, Biomolecular, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Comparison, Compliance/Conformance, Contamination, Density, Detection, Efficacy, Expiration dating, Extractables and leachables, Flavor, Fluid dynamics, Fluorescence, Fragrance, Genotoxicity, GMO detection, HACCP, Hazard analysis, Identification, Ingredient, Iodine value, Isotope analysis, Labeling, Moisture, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Mutagenicity, Nutritional, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Pathogen, PDCAAS, Permeability, Peroxide value, pH, Plant metabolism, Polarimetry, Preservative challenge, Proficiency, Purity, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Refractive index, Safety, Sanitation, Saponification value, Sensory, Shelf life, Smoke point, Sulfide, Thermal, Total viable count, Turbidity, Viscosity, Water activity
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| alcohol analyzer, balance, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chiller, chromatographic, colorimeter, ELISA equipment, evaporator, fat analyzer, freezer, fume hood, gravimetric diluter, hot/forced air oven, incubator, Kjeldahl digestion apparatus, laminar airflow workstation, media sterilizer, microscope, moisture analyzer, muffle furnace, Petri dish, photometric analyzer, protein analyzer, refractometer, spectrometer, titrator
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the food and beverage industry?'' As previously mentioned in the agriculture section, the food and beverage industry has strong ties to the agriculture industry, though broadly speaking the food and beverage industry is typically dealing with the end products of agriculture.
| |
| | |
| While most industries see global standards coalesce around their industry, this holds especially true for food and beverage laboratories. Given the vital nature of a clean and safe food supply, regulation and global standardization remains a strong goal for the industry.<ref name="NitaGlobal17">{{cite web |url=http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/signature-series/global-standards-impacting-food-and-beverage-processors/ |title=Global Standards Impacting Food and Beverage Processors |author=Nita, I. |work=Food Safety Magazine |date=18 January 2017 |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| *
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Geology and mining===
| |
| [[File:Mining near the city of Tomsk in Russia.jpg|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| Geology and mining laboratories are responsible for analyzing rocks, minerals, and metals; monitoring and reporting on the status of mining operation effects on the environment; and teaching and promoting research of geological and mining science and engineering concepts. These labs are involved at most stages of geological and mining operations, from exploration to production to remediation. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<ref name="RajasthanTesting">{{cite web |url=http://www.dmg-raj.org/docs/Vol%2024(4).doc |title=Testing Facilities Available at Mines & Geology Department Laboratory |work=Department of Mines & Geology |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="AGATMetals">{{cite web |url=http://www.agatlabs.com/minerals-and-metals/ |title=Metals and Minerals Services |publisher=AGAT Laboratories Ltd |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="MichTechGeo">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtu.edu/geo/labs/equipment/ |title=Labs and Equipment |publisher=Michigan Tech |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref>:
| |
| | |
| * chemical analysis
| |
| * physical testing
| |
| * earth magnetism measurement
| |
| * petrological imaging
| |
| * soil suitability and fertility
| |
| * environmental analysis and remediation
| |
| * drill core analysis
| |
| * purity testing
| |
| | |
| ''How do geology and mining laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' Tracking down how these labs intersect our lives is comparatively a bit more difficult than the industries we've looked at previously. From an environmental standpoint, when regulated, contamination testing is important to the ecosystems in and around a mining site. The oxidation of sulfide minerals and the corresponding acidification of the environment is well known in the mining community, requiring tested and standardized methods to limit the effects.<ref name="AGICanWe">{{cite web |url=https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/can-we-mitigate-environmental-impacts-mining |title=Can we mitigate environmental impacts from mining? |publisher=American Geosciences Institute |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref> Secondarily, research coming out of geology and mining labs is helping to make current and future mining activities safer for humans and guiding the implementation of early-warning systems for earthquakes.<ref name="USGSEarthquake">{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/earlywarning/ |title=Earthquake Early Warning |work=Earthquake Hazards Program |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref> Without these laboratories in place, there's a higher likelihood humans and animals alike would face a higher risk of poisoning or death.
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - These labs focus on providing third-party analysis and consultation services to industry and government, including explorations services, environmental chemistry, and purity testing.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.agatlabs.com/minerals-and-metals/ AGAT Laboratories]
| |
| * [http://expinsco-inspection.com/laboratory-testing-and-analysis/ Expert Inspection Company]
| |
| * [http://www.huffmanlabs.com/?page_id=154 Huffman Hazen Laboratories]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - Many governments around the world have geology and mining departments, divisions, etc. responsible for contamination testing, water quality monitoring, and applied research. They also occasionally offer their services to outside parties and agencies.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.dmg.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=72 Government of Kerala, Department of Mining and Geology Chemical Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.ggmc.gov.gy/main/?q=content/guyana-geology-and-mines-chemical-laboratory Guyana Geology and Mines Chemical Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://www.mgd.gov.jm/services/products/analytical-lab-services.html Jamaica's Mines and Geology Division]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - Like other industries, academic labs in geology and mining programs contribute diverse research programs to society while teaching the next generation of geologists, engineers, and miners.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [https://geology.mines.edu/Laboratories Colorado School of Mines' Geology and Geological Engineering Laboratories]
| |
| * [http://www.mtu.edu/geo/labs/equipment/ Michigan Tech's Geological Engineering Laboratories]
| |
| * [https://engineering.und.edu/geology-and-geological-engineering/research/ University of North Dakota's Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' alloys, base and minor metals, minerals, precious metals, sediment, soil, water
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' chemistry, environmental science, geology, geotechnical engineering, metallurgy, mineralogy, mining engineering, petrology, seismology
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Age determination, Angle of repose, Atterberg limits, Bioaccumulation, Carbon-hydrogen ratio, Characterization, Compression, Compaction, Consolidation, Density, Durability, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Grain and particle size, Grindability, Hydraulic conductivity, Identification, Inclusion, Isotope analysis, Macroetch, Metallurgical analysis, Mobility, Moisture, Nuclear density, Organic carbon, Oxidation reduction potential, Passivation, Permeability, pH, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Refractive index, Seismic, Shear, Stability, Stress corrosion cracking, Ultraviolet
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| autoclave, balance, calorimeter, chromatographic, compressive strength tester, furnace, jaw crusher, magnetic separator, microscope, mill (various), pH meter, photoelectric flame photometer, reflectance/gloss meter, roll crusher, sieve shaker, spectrophotometer, titrator, thermogravimetric analyzer, viscometer
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical research industry?'' While many geology laboratories are indoors, outdoor labs — i.e., field studies — are an important part of the industry. Those that are indoors tend to stand out; take for instance the approximately 20 luminescence geological dating laboratories in the U.S., responsible for dating geological substances.<ref name="USGSOtherUSLabs">{{cite web |url=https://gec.cr.usgs.gov/projects/lumlab/other_labs.shtml |title=For Prospective Users: Other U.S. Laboratories for Luminescence Dating |work=Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |date=26 March 2015 |accessdate=03 June 2017}}</ref> Also note there is often industry crossover with the petrochemical industry, which depends on sound geological science for much of its operations.
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| * [[Geoinformatics]]
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Law enforcement and forensics===
| |
| [[File:Day 253 - West Midlands Police - Forensic Science Lab (7969822920).jpg|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| The forensic laboratory is responsible for aiding in crime investigations, helping investigators identify remains, place an alleged killer at a particular crime scene, or identify and characterize crime scene evidence. They also serve as training grounds for future forensic scientists. Less occasionally forensic laboratories operate as private, third-party contract labs that work with government investigators or private industry to analyze DNA, fire debris, paint, etc. These labs provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<ref name="FBILabServ">{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/services/laboratory |title=Laboratory Services |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |accessdate=06 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="ArmstrongServ">{{cite web |url=http://www.aflab.com/services/ |title=Forensic Services |publisher=Armstrong Forensic Laboratory, Inc |accessdate=06 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="LSUFACESServ">{{cite web |url=http://www.lsu.edu/faceslab/leo.html#srv" |title=Laboratory Services |publisher=Louisiana State University |accessdate=06 June 2017}}</ref>:
| |
| | |
| * DNA analysis
| |
| * fire debris analysis
| |
| * metallurgical analysis
| |
| * vehicle fluid analysis
| |
| * trauma analysis
| |
| * skeletal identification
| |
| * body fluid identification
| |
| * evidence screening
| |
| * facial reconstruction
| |
| * audio/image enhancement
| |
| * carbon dating of remains
| |
| | |
| ''How do law enforcement and forensic laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' Your average person won't feel much impact from a forensic lab, at least in a direct sense. Indirectly, forensic labs help capture criminals, which in theory reduces the chances of a criminal running free to intersect your life. Should you find yourself in the unfortunate situation of requiring the services of a forensic laboratory (whether to help solve a crime that has impacted you or help clear you of wrongdoing), you'll feel the impact more succinctly; this lab depends on tried and true techniques employed by knowledgeable laboratorians to solve crimes and give some measure of peace to those negatively affected by them. Without these labs, we'd arguably have more criminals get away with their crimes, leaving more cases unsolved.
| |
|
| |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - These labs are less common than government and academic labs, but where they do exist, they tend to take on contract analysis and consultation work for a variety of clients.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.aflab.com/ Armstrong Forensic Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://www.bodecellmark.com/ Bode Cellmark Forensics]
| |
| * [http://www.sigsciforensics.com/ Signature Science]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - Government forensic labs make up a significant chunk of the bunch, whether at the federal, state, or local level.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [https://www.atf.gov/resource-center/fact-sheet/fact-sheet-atf-laboratory-services U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Laboratory Services Division]
| |
| * [https://www.fbi.gov/services/laboratory U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://www.secretservice.gov/investigation/ U.S. Secret Service Forensic Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - Academic forensic labs may be used by undergraduate students, but they are largely reserved for graduate level training of students. Some university forensic labs may also provide their facilities and services to government agencies and coroner's offices.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.lsu.edu/faceslab/ Louisiana State University's FACES Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://polytechnic.purdue.edu/facilities/cyber-forensics-lab Purdue Polytechnic Cyber Forensics Lab]
| |
| * [https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/forensics/ University of California - Davis' Veterinary Genetics Laboratory Forensic Unit]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What aspects and/or technologies are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' biological specimens, bullets and casings, computers, evidence, explosive devices, fingerprints, firearms, ink, insects, pollen and spores, remains
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' biology, chemistry, cryptography, digital forensics, entomology, forensic anthropology, forensic engineering, forensic imaging, forensic odontology, medical science, molecular biology, physics, psychology, toxicology, veterinary forensics
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Age determination, Amino acid analysis, Biomolecular, Counterfeit detection, Cross-drive, DNA profiling, Failure, File carving, Fire debris, Forensic toxicology, Gunshot residue, Isotope analysis, Proficiency, Solubility
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| balance, binocular microscope, blood analyzer, burette, centrifuge, chemical storage cabinet, chromatographic, compound microscope, confocal microscope, cryostat, elecrophoresis equipment, evaporator, evidence drying cabinet, extractor, fingerprint development chamber, fluorescent plate reader, freezers and refrigerators, FTIR microscope, fume hood, fuming chamber, graphite furnace, hyperspectral imaging system, microplate handler, microscope, microtome, PCR system, refractometer, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, stereo microscope, viscometer
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the law enforcement and forensics industry?'' Forensic science is significantly cross-discipline in nature, with anthropology, biology, chemistry, cryptography, entomology, medical science, toxicology, and a host of other disciplines getting involved with the analysis and characterization of a wide variety of evidence types. As such, gaps may exist in knowledge and know-how in some areas of analysis, requiring the recruitment of outside help for more esoteric analyses.<ref name="NRCStrength09">{{cite book |title=Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward |author=National Research Council |publisher=National Academies Press |year=2009 |pages=348 |doi=10.17226/12589 |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12589/strengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-path-forward}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| * [[Forensic science]]
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Life sciences and biotechnology===
| |
| [[File:PAPRs in use 01.jpg|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| Life sciences is a broad category of scientific disciplines associated with the study of living organisms. Studies at the molecular level as well as the use of living systems and organisms to make products for human purposes (biotechnology) have expanded the concept of life sciences even further. Biological and health sciences are at the heart of life science and biotechnology laboratories, with a broad array of branches/disciplines falling under the umbrella. From the plant experiments and analyses at Space Florida's Space Sciences Lab<ref name="SFSLSL">{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceflorida.gov/why-florida/facilities/space-life-sciences-lab |title=Space Life Sciences Lab |publisher=Space Florida |accessdate=07 June 2017}}</ref> to the neurological and brain studies at the Neuroinformatics and Brain Connectivity Lab at Florida International University<ref name="FIUNBCL">{{cite web |url=http://neurolab.fiu.edu/ |title=Neuroinformatics and Brain Connectivity Lab |publisher=Florida International University |accessdate=07 June 2017}}</ref>, just about anything to do with living organisms and their components is being analyzed, researched, and synthesized in a life science and biotechnology lab. These laboratories are often research-focused, intent on making discoveries to improve plant, animal, and human life. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
| |
| | |
| * researching neuropsychiatric disorders<ref name="SFSLSL" />
| |
| * researching plant stress tolerances<ref name="FIUNBCL" />
| |
| * molecular imaging<ref name="WillardGenomic08">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RBXqL7x-bcC&printsec=frontcover |title=Genomic and Personalized Medicine |editor=Willard, H.F.; Ginsburg, G.S. |publisher=Academic Press |year=2008 |pages=1558 |isbn=9780080919034}}</ref>
| |
| * gene targeting<ref name="WillardGenomic08" />
| |
| * gene base sequence analysis<ref name="WillardGenomic08" />
| |
| * antibody analysis<ref name="WillardGenomic08" />
| |
| * protein and peptide analysis<ref name="WillardGenomic08" />
| |
| * DNA sequencing and fragment analysis<ref name="WillardGenomic08" />
| |
| * biomarker discovery and validation<ref name="WillardGenomic08" />
| |
| | |
| ''How do life sciences and biotechnology laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' Have you received treatment for cancer? A life science lab was behind the development and/or improvement of that therapy. Have you ever eaten a soybean? The plant that grew it was likely improved in some way by the research at life science lab. From the new medicine you take for your medical condition to the new advances in genetics that allow you to detect disease earlier, don't forget your life has most likely been touched by a life science and biotechnology lab in some way.
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - Some private labs in the life sciences are foundations or institutes, others are companies.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://foreign.macrogen.co.kr/eng/rnd/bi.html Macrogen Bioinformatics Research Institute]
| |
| * [https://neogenomics.com/ NeoGenomics Laboratories]
| |
| * [https://www.jax.org/about-us The Jackson Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - Government-based life science labs are often part of a branch, agency, etc. and have focused goals either as part of the branch/agency or as mandated research from higher up in the government.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [https://www.ils.res.in/ India Institute of Life Sciences]
| |
| * [http://www.spaceflorida.gov/why-florida/facilities/space-life-sciences-lab Space Florida, Space Life Sciences Lab]
| |
| * [https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WorkingatFDA/BuildingsandFacilities/WhiteOakCampusInformation/ucm073522.htm U.S. Food and Drug Administration, White Oak Campus, Life Sciences Laboratory I]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - These labs are typically graduate-level and act as hotbeds for researchers of all types.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://neurolab.fiu.edu/ Florida International University's Neuroinformatics and Brain Connectivity Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://soybeangenomics.missouri.edu/ University of Missouri's Molecular Genetics and Soybean Genomics Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://crl.berkeley.edu/ University of California - Berkeley's Cancer Research Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' biological specimens, cancers, DNA, genes, organs and systems, plant materials, proteins
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' anatomy, bioinformatics, biology, botany, cardiology, genetics, genomics, hematology, kinesiology, medical imaging, microbiology, molecular biology, nephrology, neurology, oncology, pathology, physiology, proteomics, pulmonology, toxicology, and many more
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Adhesion, Age determination, Aging, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Biomolecular, C- and N-terminal, Carcinogenicity, Circular dichroism, Colorimetric, Compression, Cytology, De novo protein, Degradation, Detection, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Dietary exposure, Disulfide bridge, DNA hybridization, Electrophoresis, Genotype, Identification, Isotope analysis, Macro- and microstructure, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Molecular weight, Pathogenicity, Peptide mapping, Post-translational modification, Proficiency, Protein analysis, Protein characterization, Terrestrial toxicology
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| balance, bioreactor, biosafety cabinet, cell counter, centrifuge, DNA sequencer, dry bath, electrophoresis equipment, Erlenmeyer flask, flow cytometer, freezer, fume hood, gel documentation system, immunoassay system, incubator, laminar flow cabinet, microplate equipment, mixer/shaker, molecular imager, osmometer, PCR workstation, pipettor, protein sequencer, reagents, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, thermal cycler
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the life sciences and biotechnology industry?'' Many laboratories in the life sciences and biotechnology sector are funded by significant external investments, grants, and initial public offerings (IPOs). For example, the National Institutes of Health awarded 7,328 grants worth a total of $3.3 billion to California life science labs in 2014.<ref name="CLSACalif16">{{cite web |url=http://califesciences.org/member-resources/industry-intelligence/2016report/ |title=California Life Sciences Industry 2016 Report |author=California Life Sciences Association |date=2016 |accessdate=08 June 2017}}</ref> Others turn to private charitable foundations or even biotech and pharmaceutical companies to help fund research efforts.<ref name="GrantFollow15">{{cite web |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/42799/title/Follow-the-Funding/ |title=Follow the Funding |author=Grant, B. |work=The Scientist |publisher=LabX Media Group |date=01 May 2015 |accessdate=08 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| '''Life sciences'''
| |
| * [[Biodiversity informatics]]
| |
| * [[Cancer informatics]]
| |
| * [[Genome informatics]]
| |
| * [[Genomics]]
| |
| * [[Life sciences industry]]
| |
| * [[Life sciences life cycle]]
| |
| * [[Neuroinformatics]]
| |
| | |
| '''Bioinformatics'''
| |
| * [[Bioinformatics]]
| |
| * [[Bioimage informatics]]
| |
| * [[Biotechnology]]
| |
| * [[Molecular informatics]]
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Logistics===
| |
| [[File:AMS-02 Transport.png|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| Laboratories related to the logistics industry serve several different functions. Academic research laboratories are key to the analysis and development of transportation systems and safety, traffic models, geographic information systems, freight logistics systems, supply chains, and transit systems. Secondarily, private logistics labs may provide third-party analytical services on cargo to verify authenticity, assisting in custody transfers. These labs are found in the private and academic sectors, and occasionally in government, providing many different services, including (but not limited to):
| |
| | |
| * analysis of cargo for custody transfer<ref name="CertispecLab">{{cite web |url=https://certispec.myshopify.com/products/laboratory-services |title=Laboratory Services |publisher=Certispec Services, Inc |accessdate=08 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| * analysis of cargo for dispute resolution<ref name="CertispecLab" />
| |
| * detection of radiation<ref name="SavannahAnal">{{cite web |url=http://srnl.doe.gov/facilities/analytical.htm |title=Our Facilities - Analytical Laboratories |work=Savannah River National Laboratory |publisher=SRNS Corporate Communications |accessdate=08 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| * detection of explosives and evaluation of detection tools<ref name="HS-TSL">{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/transportation-security-laboratory |title=Transportation Security Laboratory |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |accessdate=08 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| * development and improvement of material flow management components<ref name="HNULogiLab">{{cite web |url=https://www.hs-neu-ulm.de/en/research/centres-at-the-hnu/logistics/logistics-laboratory/ |title=HNU Logistics Laboratory |publisher=Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences |accessdate=08 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="TTLOGLab">{{cite web |url=http://ttlog.civ.uth.gr/the-laboratory/ |title=The Laboratory |publisher=University of Thessaly, Department of Civil Engineering |accessdate=08 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| * development and improvement of transportation and routing policies<ref name="HNULogiLab" /><ref name="TTLOGLab" />
| |
| * modeling and analysis of traffic and driving behavior<ref name="HNULogiLab" /><ref name="TTLOGLab" />
| |
| * analysis of logistics data<ref name="HNULogiLab" /><ref name="TTLOGLab" />
| |
| | |
| ''How do logistics laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' Research-based logistics labs produce laboratorians who, for example, may be knowledgeable in the ways of traffic flow and civil engineering. Those individuals may go on to learn more and provide contributions to the transportation department of a city, state, or even federal entity, finding ways to improve your daily commute to work. Those same laboratorians may also have background and experience with electric and self-driving vehicles, contributing their expertise to the growing infrastructure required to run self-driving vehicles effectively, again improving your commute. Secondarily, logistics laboratories may reduce the changes of dangerous materials such as malicious radioactive materials and explosive devices making their way into the country via port, which is beneficial to dock workers and end users of products.
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - Private logistics labs tend to provide analytical testing services of cargo, facilitating custody transfers and providing expertise in legal disputes.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.bureauveritas.com/home/about-us/our-business/commodities/your-industry/marine/ Bureau Veritas Commodoties]
| |
| * [http://www.camincargo.com/agassi/laboratoryservices.aspx Camin Cargo Control]
| |
| * [https://certispec.myshopify.com/products/laboratory-services Cetispec Services]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - Governments occasionally engage in research into and investigation of logistics issues of a region or country.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://srnl.doe.gov/ Savannah River National Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/transportation-security-laboratory U.S. Department of Homeland Security Transportation Security Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - Universities provide laboratory resources to undergraduates and graduates keen to learn more about logistics issues and apply research to real-life problems.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.labtrans.ufsc.br/en Federal University of Santa Catarina's LabTrans Transportation and Logistics Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://www.hs-neu-ulm.de/en/research/centres-at-the-hnu/logistics/logistics-laboratory/ Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences' Logistics Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://ise.utk.edu/lab-center/logistics-transportation-and-supply-chain-engineering-lts-lab/ University of Tennessee - Knoxville's Logistics, Transportation, and Supply Chain Engineering Lab]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' coal and coke, concentrates, fertilizers, food stuffs, land transportation, marine transportation, mass transit systems, petrochemicals, policy and governance, supply chains, traffic, user/driving behavior, vegetable oils, waste water
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' data science, economics, engineering, logistics, management, mathematics, physics, process optimization, risk management, social science, statistics
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Accelerated stress testing, Cargo inspection and sampling, Climatics, Contamination, Corrosion, Counterfeit detection, Damage tolerance, Dimensional, Drop, Durability, Edge crush, Electromagnetic compatibility, Emissions, Flammability, Flash point, Freight flow, Immersion, Impact, Incline impact, Integrity, Last-mile distribution, Leak, Metallurgical analysis, Permeability, Phytosanitary, Proficiency, Radioactivity, Reliability, Safety, Shear, Shock, Stress corrosion cracking, Tear, Tensile, Thermal, Traffic modeling and analysis, Ultraviolet, Vibration, Weathering
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, colorimeter, computer workstations, desiccator, dry bath, fume hood, [[geographic information system]], homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, personal protective equipment, pH meter, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, simulation software, spectrophotometer, statistics software, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, water bath
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical research industry?'' A majority of logistics laboratories are dry labs, meaning they're not analyzing "wet" biological samples, applying reagents, etc. Instead they often heavily rely on software systems to conduct their research and educate new students. However, wet labs do exist in the logistics industry, usually for product and commodity testing of shipments — often petrochemicals — for custody transfer and dispute resolution.<ref name="CertispecLab" />
| |
| | |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| *
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Manufacturing and R&D===
| |
| [[File:Assembly Line in America.JPG|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| A manufacturing and R&D laboratory is what it sounds like: a lab associated with the manufacturing process as well as the research and development (R&D) activities that come before it. These labs can be found as part of the company structure, inside a manufacturing facility or separate from one. They may also appear as independent, third-party businesses that contract their services and expertise out to manufacturers and inventors who don't have their own laboratory resources or design knowledge.
| |
| | |
| It's important to note that when looking at many of the other industry categories in this guide, prior and after, you should notice serious crossover with manufacturing and R&D. In fact, laboratories associated with the "automotive, aerospace, and marine," "food and beverage," and "pharmaceutical" industries are almost entirely affiliated with manufacturing and R&D activities. As such, you may notice some redundancy in the test types listed below and those listed in the previously mentioned industry sections. This section is focused on manufacturing and R&D in a more generic, all-encompassing way.
| |
| | |
| These labs are found heavily in the private sector. Some labs may also appear in the government as part of state-funded effort, and others show up in the academic departments of some universities as an extension of their graduate-level research programs. Manufacturing and R&D laboratories provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
| |
| | |
| * development of advanced materials for manufacturing
| |
| * reverse engineering of products
| |
| * miniaturization of products
| |
| * analysis of shelf life
| |
| * quality control testing
| |
| * biocompatibility testing
| |
| * comparison testing
| |
| * formulation of recipes
| |
| * characterization of materials
| |
| * review and evaluation of designs
| |
| * innovation of manufacturing processes
| |
| | |
| ''How do manufacturing and R&D laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' Unless you live a life of simplicity, growing and making your own food and materials, free of the industrial world, you most likely already know your life is touched by manufacturing and R&D labs on a daily basis. The mobile phone you use, the vehicle you drive or ride in, the pre-packaged food you eat, and the pharmaceuticals you take largely exist because scientists in a laboratory — wet or dry — designed, tested, and quality controlled it. Without these labs, the industrial and technological world you know today would fall apart rapidly.
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - Private manufacturing and R&D labs are a staple of the industry, putting people's ideas to work. From a company's internal labs to third-party contract labs, much of the research, development, and quality control activities in manufacturing runs through here.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.covestro.com/en/innovation/overview Covestro]
| |
| * [http://www.lddavis.com/about-us/lab-capabilities/ L. D. Davis]
| |
| * [http://www.solvay.com/en/company/innovation/our-research/our-ri-centers/laboratory-of-the-future.html Solvay]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - While not super common, government at times sets up and/or funds laboratories that are dedicated to advancing the field of manufacturing through new and improved fabrication and engineering techniques.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.anff-nsw.org/category1/epitaxial-growth-laboratory/ Australian National Fabrication Facility, NSW Node, Epitaxial Growth Laboratory]
| |
| * [http://web.ornl.gov/sci/manufacturing/about/ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Advanced Manufacturing Division]
| |
| * [http://web.ornl.gov/sci/manufacturing/about/ Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Manufacturing Demonstration Facility]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - These laboratories are typically part of a graduate research program, training future engineers and laboratorians while spawning new ideas. As seen with the examples below, the focus on learning and researching manufacturing processes may specialize into specific industries such as food and beverage or nanotechnology.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [https://foodscience.cals.cornell.edu/about-us/facilities/ithaca-facilities/food-processing-and-development-laboratory Cornell University's Food Processing and Development Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://lmp.mit.edu/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity]
| |
| * [http://www.min.uc.edu/ucman University of Cinicnnati's Micro and Nano Manufacturing Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' The list is seemingly infinite, but a few examples include adhesives, battery electrolytes, ceramics, fiber composites, food preservatives, lubricants, metals, nutritional supplements, plant extracts, polymers, rocket engines, semiconductors, and valves.
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' Again, the list is long, and the type of science used will depend on what is being developed. The most obvious scientific disciplines include all types and variations of biology, biomechanics, chemistry, engineering, food science, materials science, mathematics, molecular science, nanoscience, and physics.
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Absorption, Accelerated stress testing, Accelerated weathering, Acceleration, Acoustical, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Adhesion, Aging, Alcohol level, Allergy, Altitude, Antimicrobial, Artificial pollution, Ash, Bioavailability, Bioburden, Biocompatibility, Biodegradation, Biomechanical, Biosafety, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Calorimetry, Carcinogenicity, Case depth, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Chronic toxicity, Cleanliness, Climatics, Combustion, Compaction, Comparative Tracking Index, Comparison, Compliance/Conformance, Composition, Compression, Conductivity, Contact mechanics, Contamination, Corrosion, Cytotoxicity, Damage tolerance, Deformulation, Degradation, Design review and evaluation, Design verification testing, Detection, Dielectric withstand, Dimensional, Discoloration, Disintegration, Dissolution, Dissolved gas, Drop, Dynamics, Edge crush, Efficacy, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Elongation, Emissions, Endotoxin, Endurance, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Environmental stress-cracking resistance, Ergonomics, Etching, Expiration dating, Extractables and leachables, Failure, Fatigue, Fault simulation, Flammability, Flash point, Flavor, Fluid dynamics, Fluorescence, Formulation, Fragrance, Friction, Functional testing, Genotoxicity, Grain and particle size, Hazard analysis, Heat resistance, Human factors, Hydraulic, Identification, Immersion, Impact, Impurity, Incident analysis, Incline impact, Inclusion, Inflatability, Ingredient, Ingress, Inhalation, Integrity, Irritation, Iterative, Labeling, Leak, Lightning, Load, Lot release, Lubricity, Macroetch, Macro- and microstructure, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Metallurgical analysis, Microfluidics, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Mobility, Moisture, Molecular weight, Mutagenicity, Nanoparticulate, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Optical, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Passivation, Pathogen, Penetration, Performance, Permeability, pH, Pharmacokinetic, Photometric, Photostability, Phototoxicity, Plant metabolism, Plating and coating evaluations, Polarimetry, Power quality, Preservative challenge, Pressure, Process safety, Proficiency, Purity, Pyrogenicity, Qualification, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Reflectance, Refractive index, Reliability, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Safety, Sanitation, Saponification value, Seismic, Sensory, Shear, Shelf life, Shock, Smoke point, Solar, Stability, Sterility, Stress corrosion cracking, Subchronic toxicity, Surface topography, Tear, Tensile, Thermal, Torque, Total viable count, Ultraviolet, Usability, Validation, Velocity and flow, Verification, Vibration, Visibility, Viscosity, Voltage, Weathering, Water activity
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| Like materials tested and sciences applied, the lab equipment of a manufacturing and R&D lab will vary based upon what is being designed, tested, and quality controlled. Food R&D is going to depend on a somewhat different set of laboratory tools than say a lab developing a jet engine, pharmaceutical, or mobile phone.
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the manufacturing and R&D industry?'' When it comes to labs that are prevalent but behind the scenes, manufacturing and R&D laboratories stand out. It's easy to take for granted the products we use in our lives; most of the time they taste good, function as expected, or cause the desired effect. That's not to say that shoddy laboratory processes, equipment, and raw materials don't produce bad tasting, non-functional, poorly advertised products because they do; the lab is only part of the equation. But in our industrialized, technological world, we shouldn't forget just how ubiquitous these sorts of labs are. In U.S. colleges and universities alone, 211.8 million net assignable square feet of research space were set aside in 2013 for laboratories, panels, and test rooms to conduct research in all types of sciences, clinical and R&D.<ref name="NSBScience16">{{cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsb20161/#/report |title=Science & Engineering Indicators 2016 |author=National Science Board |publisher=National Science Foundation |volume=NSB-2016-1 |date=2016 |accessdate=08 June 2017}}</ref> Now think about how many private businesses are doing the same thing? Put together, the National Science Board estimated that U.S. R&D activities totaled $456.1 billion in 2013.<ref name="NSBScience16" />
| |
| | |
| ====LIMSwiki resources====
| |
| | |
| * [[Biomedical engineering]]
| |
| * [[Clinical engineering]]
| |
| * [[Materials informatics]]
| |
| | |
| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
| |
| | |
| ===Nanotechnology===
| |
| [[File:Two microgrippers.jpg|left|400px]]
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| Nanoscience is the study of objects (materials, structures, devices) and phenomena on the nanometer scale. Physicist Richard Feynman's talk titled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at the end of 1959 helped spark an exploration today of the world of the fantastically small<ref name="NanoGovWhatIs">{{cite web |url=https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition |title=What is Nanotechnology? |work=Nano.gov |publisher=United States National Nanotechnology Initiative |accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref>, one that has spawned a great number of discoveries and inventions based on nanoscience.<ref name="NanoGovNanoTime">{{cite web |url=https://www.nano.gov/timeline |title=Nanotechnology Timeline |work=Nano.gov |publisher=United States National Nanotechnology Initiative |accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> From quantum computing to cellulose nanomaterials, private, public, and academic labs of all types are improving the way we construct, work, and play. These labs provide many different services, including (but not limited to)<ref name="GoddardHandbook12">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJ-jIv1Hv2EC&printsec=frontcover |title=Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology |editor=Goddard, W.A.; Brenner, D.W.; Lyshevski, S.E.; Iafrate, G.J. |publisher=CRC Press |edition=3rd |pages=1093 |year=2012 |isbn=9781439860151}}</ref> :
| |
| | |
| * characterization and testing of nanoscale devices and materials
| |
| * improvement of the performance of existing technologies and materials
| |
| * development of new materials
| |
| * research and development of nanosafety plans
| |
| * research and development of nanotech standards
| |
| * research and development of nanomanufacturing and -measurement equipment
| |
| * development of nanomedicines
| |
| | |
| ''How do nanotechnology laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' As the technology and research around nanotechnology is still in somewhat of an infant phase, it's less clear how these labs affect the average person. The fact that by definition visualizing the design of nanotechnology due to its nano scale is challenging doesn't make relating to nanotech labs any easier either. The idea of the quantum computer, a computational device utilizing nature's small-scale physics, is still in its infancy, but nanotechnology labs such as MIT's Lincoln Lab continue to research and apply nanoscience to the hardware that could make up the first practical quantum computer.<ref name="HardestyToward16">{{cite web |url=http://news.mit.edu/2016/toward-practical-quantum-computers-0808 |title=Toward practical quantum computers |author=Hardesty, L. |work=MIT News |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=08 August 2016 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> Moving from the theoretical to the more applicable, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative list several applications of nanotechnology found in products today, including solar panel films, windmill blades, gas lift valves, and airplane cabin filters.<ref name="NanoGovBenefits">{{cite web |url=https://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits |title=Benefits and Applications |work=Nano.gov |publisher=United States National Nanotechnology Initiative |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====Client types====
| |
| | |
| '''Private''' - Private nanotech labs are usually associated with a major company or part of a private-public partnership, as the equipment to analyze and manufacture at the nano scale can be costly.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/qip/ Hewlett-Packard Laboratories' Quantum Information Processing Group]
| |
| * [https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/52508.wss IBM Research's NanoLab]
| |
| * [http://english.nanoctr.cas.cn/au/bi/ National Center for Nanoscience and Technology]
| |
| | |
| '''Government''' - Government-based nanotechnology labs are typically themed towards a certain sub-branch, from nanomedicine (cancer research) to military (war machines).
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/collaborative/nint_index.html Canada National Institute for Nanotechnology]
| |
| * [https://ncl.cancer.gov/ U.S. National Cancer Institute's Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://www.nrl.navy.mil/nanoscience/about U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Nanoscience Research Laboratory]
| |
| | |
| '''Academic''' - The nanotech labs of higher education tend to have a focus on post-graduate education and research, occasionally subcontracting its expertise out to the private domain.
| |
| | |
| Examples include:
| |
| | |
| * [http://cni.columbia.edu/shared-labs/ Columbia University's Columbia Nano Initiative Shared Labs Facilities]
| |
| * [http://snl.mit.edu/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Space Nanotechnology Laboratory]
| |
| * [https://mntl.illinois.edu/ University of Illinois' Micro+Nanotechnology Lab]
| |
| | |
| ====Functions====
| |
| | |
| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
| |
| | |
| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' nanoemulsions, nanomaterials, nanomedicines,
| |
| | |
| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' astrophysics, biology, biomedical engineering, chemistry, electrical engineering, microfabrication, molecular biology, molecular engineering, organic chemistry, physics, statistics
| |
| | |
| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
| |
| | |
| Common test types include:
| |
| | |
| Acute toxicity, Biocompatibility, Characterization, Chronic toxicity, Design review and evaluation, Ecotoxicology, Electrophoresis, Efficacy, Friction, Grain and particle size, Irritation, Nanoparticulate, Proficiency, Safety, Spectral, Subchronic toxicity, Surface topography
| |
| | |
| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
| |
| | |
| atom probe, atomic force microscope, atomic force microscopy-Raman system, atomic layer deposition system, calorimeter, cryogenic probe station, dynamic light scattering equipment, electron backscattered diffraction system, ellipsometer, flow chemistry reactor, helium ion beam microscope, micro hardness tester, micropositioning system, nanoparticle characterization system, optical tweezers, particle size analyzer, plasma etching system, safety cabinet, scanning electron microscope, scanning near-field optical microscope, separation membrane, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope, viscometer, X-ray camera, X-ray diffractometer
| |
| | |
| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the nanotech industry?'' The laboratory equipment of a nanotechnology lab stands out among other industry labs, in so much that it tends to be specialized and expensive, regardless of what sub-field of nanotechnology is being studied.<ref name="BoysenNano08">{{cite web |url=http://www.nanotech-now.com/columns/?article=182 |title=For Rent: One Nano Research Lab… |author=Boysen, E. |work=Nanotechnology Now |publisher=7th Wave, Inc |date=24 March 2008 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="DamaseOpen15">{{cite journal |title=Open source and DIY hardware for DNA nanotechnology labs |journal=Journal of Biological Methods |author=Damase, T.R.; Stephens, D.; Spencer, A.; Allen, P.B. |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=e24 |year=2015 |doi=10.14440/jbm.2015.72 |pmid=26457320 |pmc=PMC4598940}}</ref> This extends to the laboratory space itself, where conditions must be specifically maintained for optimal results; this includes electromagnetic shielding, reduced acoustic levels, reduced vibrations, and carefully maintained temperatures.<ref name="USNRLAbout">{{cite web |url=https://www.nrl.navy.mil/nanoscience/about |title=About the NSI |work=U.S. Naval Research Laboratory |publisher=Department of the Navy |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref>
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| ====LIMSwiki resources====
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| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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| ===Petrochemical===
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| [[File:TASNEE 001.jpg|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| A petrochemical laboratory is focused on analyzing the properties and constituents of various petrochemicals for the purposes of ensuring their safety, quality, development, and improvement.
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| ''How do petrochemical laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated that of the approximately 7.19 billion barrels of petroleum consumed in the U.S. in 2016, 48 percent of it went towards motor gasoline, 20 percent of it went to distillate fuel, and eight percent was used as jet fuel.<ref name="EIAWhatAre17">{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=41&t=6 |title=What are petroleum products, and what is petroleum used for? |work=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=10 March 2017 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> The EIA also notes that while crude oil is used as a feedstock for the creation of plastic in the U.S., it's not the main feestock for plastic, and regardless, the EIA is unable to determine what percentage of petroleum consumed in the U.S. went towards the creation of plastics<ref name="EIAHowMuch17">{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=34&t=6 |title=How much oil is used to make plastic? |work=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=17 May 2017 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> (though simple math using the numbers previously provided prove that it must be 24 percent or less). Even so, these facts alone can't but cement the idea that the world as we know it today would not be as it is without petrochemical laboratories and their laboratorians. One could argue that laboratories developing renewable source of energy and the equipment to harness it are more important from an environmental standpoint, but the point still stands: we currently depend heavily on petrochemicals as energy and to create thousands of products.<ref name="SpeightTheChem14">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDPOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA773 |title=The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum |chapter=Chapter 27: Petrochemicals |author=Speight, J.G. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2014 |pages=773–795 |isbn=9781439873908}}</ref>
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - These labs provide an array of analytical services as third-party testers and consultants, or they work as company-based or independent research and development laboratories developing new petrochemical-based products.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://www.huffmanlabs.com/?page_id=160 Huffman Hazen Laboratories]
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| * [http://www.sgs.com/en/oil-gas/downstream/refining-processing-and-supply/laboratory-services/petrochemical-testing SGS]
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| * [https://www.sumitomo-chem.co.jp/english/rd/laboratories/petrochemicals.html Sumitomo Chemical]
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| '''Government''' - At least in the United States, government petrochemical labs are typically working to ensure consistent fuel quality, product safety, and fuel transportation methods. Secondarily they may act as environmental response centers, reacting to petroleum spills and natural spills or developing improved remediation methods.
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| Examples include:
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| * [https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/OSPR/Science/Petroleum-Chemistry-Lab California Petroleum Chemistry Lab]
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| * [https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/ops/PetroleumLaboratory Colorado Petroleum Laboratory]
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| * [http://agr.georgia.gov/state-fuel-oil-lab.aspx Georgia State Fuel Oil Laboratory]
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| '''Academic''' - Academic petrochemical labs are providing education to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as driving new research into petrochemical extraction and infrastructure.
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| Examples include:
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| * [http://www.delmar.edu/Chemical_Lab_Tech/chemical_lab_tech.aspx Del Mar College's Environmental/Petrochemical Lab Technology Program]
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| * [https://engineering.tamu.edu/petroleum/research Texas A&M University's Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering]
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| * [https://cpe.drupal.ku.edu/research%20labs University of Kansas' Tertiary Oil Recovery Program]
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| ====Functions====
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| ''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
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| ''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' aromatics, feedstocks, intermediate chemicals, monomers, polymers, sediment, solvents, sulfur, trace metals, water, wear metals
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| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' chemistry, environmental science, geology, geophysics, mathematics, petroleum engineering, physics, thermodynamics
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| ''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
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| Common test types include:
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| Acid and base number, Aniline point, API gravity, Basic sediment and water, Biodegradation, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Calorimetry, Carbon-hydrogen ratio, Cargo inspection and sampling, Cetane, Chemical and materials compatibility, Cloud point, Combustion, Compliance/Conformance, Conductivity, Congealing point, Conradson Carbon Residue, Contamination, Corrosion, Damage tolerance, Decomposition, Density, Dissolved gas, Doctor test, Emissions, Evaporation loss, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Heating value, Hydraulic, Hydrocarbon group type, Immersion, Impurity, Kauri-butanol value, Leak, Lightning, Lubricity, Macroetch, Mobility, Moisture, Molecular weight, Octane, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, Passivation, Permeability, Peroxide value, pH, Plating and coating evaluations, Pour point, Pressure, Process safety, Proficiency, Quality control, Radioactivity, Radiochemical, Ramsbottom Carbon Residue, Refractive index, Salt content, Saponification value, Seismic, Smoke point, Stress corrosion cracking, Surface tension, Thermal, Vapor pressure, Velocity and flow, Viscosity, Weathering
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| Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
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| balance, chromatographic, combustion analyzer, constant temperature bath, density meter, dissolved oxygen meter, evaporation loss analyzer, flashpoint tester, flocculator, fume hood, hot plate, iodine flask, metallic iron analyzer, muffle furnace, oil-in-water analyzer, oxidation stability analyzer, pH meter, pycnometer, refractometer, rheometer, shakers and stirrers, specific gravity flask, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, thermometer, thin film oven, titrator, turbidity meter, vapor pressure analyzer, viscometer, water bath
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| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the petrochemical industry?'' Because of the environmental consequences of petrochemical pollution of the environment, petrochemical labs share some of the same characteristics of environmental labs. Also like environmental labs, petrochemical labs have their fair share of field analyses, both on land and on the water.
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| ====LIMSwiki resources====
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| *
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| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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| ===Pharmaceutical===
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| [[File:Generic Propecia.jpg|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| Insert broad information about the industry here.
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - Insert applicable text here.
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| Examples include:
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| *
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| '''Government''' - Insert applicable text here.
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| Examples include:
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| '''Academic''' -
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| Examples include:
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| *
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| *
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| ====Functions====
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| ''What are the most common functions?'' Insert text here
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| ''What aspects and/or technologies are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled?'' Insert text here
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| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' Insert text here
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| ''What are some examples of test types, terminology, and equipment?'' Insert text here
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| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical research industry?'' Insert text here
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| ====LIMSwiki resources====
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| * [[Pharmacoinformatics]]
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| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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| ===Power and utility===
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| [[File:Iwachishi-51-r1.JPG|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| Insert broad information about the industry here.
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - Insert applicable text here.
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| Examples include:
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| *
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| '''Government''' - Insert applicable text here.
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| Examples include:
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| '''Academic''' -
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| Examples include:
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| *
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| ====Functions====
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| ''What are the most common functions?'' Insert text here
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| ''What aspects and/or technologies are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled?'' Insert text here
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| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' Insert text here
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| ''What are some examples of test types, terminology, and equipment?'' Insert text here
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| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical research industry?'' Insert text here
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| ====LIMSwiki resources====
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| *
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| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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| ===Veterinary===
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| [[File:Iranian cat in clinic.jpg|left|400px]]
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| {{clear}}
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| Insert broad information about the industry here.
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| ====Client types====
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| '''Private''' - Insert applicable text here.
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| Examples include:
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| *
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| *
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| '''Government''' - Insert applicable text here.
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| Examples include:
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| * http://agi.alabama.gov/divisions/veterinary-diagnostic-labs/diagnostic-laboratories
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| *
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| *
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| '''Academic''' -
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| Examples include:
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| *
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| *
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| *
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| ====Functions====
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| ''What are the most common functions?'' Insert text here
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| ''What aspects and/or technologies are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled?'' Insert text here
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| ''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' Insert text here
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| ''What are some examples of test types, terminology, and equipment?'' Insert text here
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| ''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical research industry?'' Insert text here
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| ====LIMSwiki resources====
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| *
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| <div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| <!--Place all category tags here-->
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