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'''Free and open-source software''' ('''FOSS''') is computer [[software]] that can be classified as both free software and [[open-source software]].


FOSS is an inclusive term that covers both free software and open-source software, which despite describing similar development models, have differing cultures and philosophies.<ref name="FellerPersp05">{{cite book |last=Feller |first=Joseph (ed.) |year=2005 |title=Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software |publisher=MIT Press |pages= |isbn=978-0262062466}}</ref>
==A==


''Free'' refers to the users' freedom to copy and re-use the software. The Free Software Foundation, an organization that advocates the free software model, suggests that, to understand the concept, one should "think of free as in free speech, not as in free beer".<ref name="GNUFreeDef">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html |publisher=GNU.org |title=The Free Software Definition |accessdate=4 February 2010}}</ref> Free software focuses on the fundamental freedoms it gives to users, whereas open source software focuses on the perceived strengths of its peer-to-peer development model.<ref name="FellerPersp05" /> FOSS is a term that can be used without particular bias towards either political approach.
'''Absorption''': As a broad term, "absorption" is the process of one thing to take in another thing, be it in a gradual, natural way or in a more rapid, contrived way.<ref name="MWAbsorb">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/absorb |title=absorb |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref> As a laboratory test, this may vary based upon what is being analyzed. Examples include the D-xylose absorption test which determines how well a simple sugar is absorbed by the intestines<ref name="MPD-xylose">{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003606.htm |title=D-xylose absorption |work=MedlinePlus |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |date=28 January 2016 |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref>, water absorption tests for soil and rock<ref name="SivakuganLab11">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGx-Te4eAzIC&pg=PA170 |title=Laboratory Testing of Soils, Rocks, and Aggregates |chapter=Part D: Aggregate Testing |author=Sivakugan, N.; Arulrajah, A.; Bo, M.W. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2011 |pages=167–208 |isbn=9781604270471}}</ref>, and a 24-hour water absorption test for polymers and plastics.<ref name="IntertekWater">{{cite web |url=http://www.intertek.com/polymers/testlopedia/water-absorption-astm-d570/ |title=Water Absorption ASTM D570 |work=Testlopedia - The Plastics Testing Encyclopedia |publisher=Intertek Group plc |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref>


That is, anyone is freely licensed to use, copy, study, and change the software in any way, and the source code is openly shared so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software.<ref>{{cite web |last=Free Software Foundation|title=What is free software?|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html|accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> This is in contrast to [[proprietary software]], where the software is under restrictive copyright and the source code is usually hidden from the users.
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, calibration and standards, chemical, clinical care, clinical and academic research, cosmetic, environmental, food and beverage, geology and mining, life sciences and biotechnology, logistics, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical


The benefits of using FOSS can include decreasing software costs, increasing security and stability (especially in regard to malware), protecting privacy, and giving users more control over their own hardware. Free, open-source operating systems such as Linux and descendents of BSD are widely utilized today, powering millions of servers, desktops, smartphones (e.g. Android), and other devices.<ref name="HatlestadLinux05">{{cite news |last=Hatlestad |first=Luc |url=http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=168600351 |title=LinuxWorld Showcases Open-Source Growth, Expansion |accessdate=2007-11-25 |date=August 9, 2005 |work=InformationWeek |publisher=CMP Media, LLC |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5Tchd69ij |archivedate=2007-11-25}}</ref><ref name="ClaburnStudy07">{{cite news |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |url=http://www.informationweek.com/windows/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196901596&subSection=Open+Source |title=Study Finds Open Source Benefits Business |accessdate=2007-11-25  |date=January 17, 2007 |work=InformationWeek |publisher=CMP Media, LLC |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5TchF5fkl |archivedate=2007-11-25}}</ref> Free software licenses and open-source licenses are used by many software packages.
'''Accelerated stress test''': Intertek defines this test as a process that "simulates 'real-life' conditions to provide necessary evaluation data that helps ensure a product’s life and reliability."<ref name="IntertekAST">{{cite web |url=http://www.intertek.com/performance-testing/ast/ |title=Accelerated Stress Testing (AST) |work=Performance Testing |publisher=Intertek Group plc |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref> This sort of testing is useful for the development and improvement of energy storage systems<ref name="SNL_BATLab">{{cite web |url=http://energy.sandia.gov/about/facilities/batlab/ |title=Battery Abuse Testing Laboratory (BATLab) |work=Sandia National Laboratories |publisher=National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref>, electronic parts, and other materials. An even more intensive version of this test is the highly accelerated stress test (HAST).<ref name="ESPEC_HAST">{{cite web |url=http://www.espec.co.jp/english/products/trustee/test/pressurecooker.html |title=HAST (Highly Accelerated Stress Test) |work=Laboratory Testing Services |publisher=ESPEC Corp. |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NRELAccel13">{{cite web |url=http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58371.pdf |format=PDF |title=Accelerated Stress Testing, Qualification Testing, HAST, Field Experience – what do they all mean? |author=Wohlgemuth, J. |publisher=National Renewable Energy Laboratory |pages=27 |date=26 February 2013 |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref>


==History==
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, energy, logistics, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility
In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, it was common for computer users to have the source code for all programs they used, and the permission and ability to modify it for their own use. Software, including source code, was commonly shared by individuals who used computers. Most companies had a business model based on hardware sales, and provided or bundled the software free of charge.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Organizations of users and suppliers were formed to facilitate the exchange of software; see, for example, SHARE and DECUS.


By the late 1960s, the prevailing business model around software was changing. A growing and evolving software industry was competing with the hardware manufacturer's bundled software products; rather than funding software development from hardware revenue, these new companies were selling software directly. Leased machines required software support while providing no revenue for software, and some customers able to better meet their own needs did not want the costs of software bundled with hardware product costs. In ''United States vs. IBM'', filed 17 January 1969, the government charged that bundled software was anticompetitive.<ref name="FisherIBM83">{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Franklin M. |last2=McKie |first2=James W. |last3=Mancke |first3=Richard B. |title=IBM and the U.S. Data Processing Industry: An Economic History |publisher=Praeger |year=1983 |isbn=0-03-063059-2}}</ref> While some software might always be free, there would be a growing amount of software that was for sale only. In the 1970s and early 1980s, some parts of the software industry began using technical measures (such as only distributing binary copies of computer programs) to prevent computer users from being able to use reverse engineering techniques to study and customize software they had paid for. In 1980, the copyright law was extended to computer programs in the United States<ref>[http://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/PL96-517.pdf Computer Software 1980 Copyright Act, Pub. L. No. 96-517, 94 Stat. 3015, 3028].</ref>&mdash;previously, computer programs could be considered ideas, procedures, methods, systems, and processes, which are not copyrightable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.purdue.edu/uco/CopyrightBasics/basics.html|title=Copyright Basics}}</ref>{{sfn|Weber|2009}}
'''Acceleration''': The process of moving faster or increasing in rate of occurrence, though from a physics standpoint, it's a measure of velocity change over a period of time (a = Δv / Δt).<ref name="MWAccel">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acceleration |title=acceleration |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref> In the world of laboratory testing, an acceleration test may refer to either a pure measurement of acceleration of a moving object, or it may refer to how objects react to acceleration forces, often over extended periods of time.<ref name="NTSAccel">{{cite web |url=https://www.nts.com/services/dynamics/acceleration |title=Acceleration testing |work=Testing & Certification |publisher=National Technical Systems, Inc |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ELABSAccel">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-labsinc.com/dynamics-acceleration-testing.shtml |title=Dynamics > Acceleration testing |publisher=E-Labs, Inc |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref> Of course, calibration labs may test a device like an accelerometer to ensure it's measuring acceleration accurately.<ref name="TMSTheBasics">{{cite web |url=http://modalshop.com/filelibrary/Basics%20of%20Calibration.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Basics of Accelerometer Calibration |author=TMS and PCB Piezotronics |publisher=The Modal Shop, Inc |pages=29}}</ref>


In 1983, Richard Stallman, longtime member of the hacker community at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, announced the GNU project, saying that he had become frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and its users.<ref name="WilliamFree02">{{cite book |last=William |first=Sam |year=2002 |title=Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] |isbn=978-0596002879}}</ref> Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. An article outlining the project and its goals was published in March 1985 titled the ''GNU Manifesto''. The manifesto included significant explanation of the GNU philosophy, ''Free Software Definition'' and "copyleft" ideas.
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, calibration and standards, manufacturing and R&D


The Linux kernel, started by Linus Torvalds, was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. Initially, Linux was not released under a free or open-source software license. However, with version 0.12 in February 1992, he relicensed the project under the GNU General Public License.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12 | title=Release notes for Linux kernel 0.12 | publisher=Kernel.org }}</ref> Much like Unix, Torvalds' kernel attracted the attention of volunteer programmers.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}
'''Acid and base number''': Acid number (AN) and base number (BN) are measurements of acidity and basicity of nonaqueous solutions.<ref name="NoriaAComp07">{{cite web |url=http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/1052/acid-number-test |title=A Comprehensive Look At the Acid Number Test |author=Noria Corporation |work=Practicing Oil Analysis |publisher=Noria Corporation |date=July 2007 |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="WinterfieldANew15">{{cite web |url=http://machinerylubrication.com/Read/30156/acid-base-number |title=A New Approach for Determining the Acid and Base Number of Used Oils |author=Winterfield, C.; van de Voort, F. |work=Machinery Lubrication |publisher=Noria Corporation |date=June 2015 |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref> The acid number and base number tests are utilized most frequently in the petrochemical industry. This test differs from the pH test in that it measures the "concentration of acidic and alkaline constituents" rather than corrosive strength.<ref name="NoriaAComp07" />


FreeBSD and NetBSD (both derived from 386BSD) were released as free software when the USL v. BSDi lawsuit was settled out of court in 1993. OpenBSD forked from NetBSD in 1995. Also in 1995, The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache, was released under the Apache License 1.0.
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': chemical, petrochemical


In 1997, Eric Raymond published ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar'', a reflective analysis of the hacker community and free software principles. The paper received significant attention in early 1998, and was one factor in motivating Netscape Communications Corporation to release their popular Netscape Communicator Internet suite as free software. This code is today better known as Mozilla Firefox and Thunderbird.
'''Acoustic startle''': This reflex test is a measure of sensorimotor performance in animals and humans, often for research purposes. The measurement of muscle contractions and/or higher level brain signals upon engagement of the test can provide valuable data in assessing developmental or human anxiety disorders.<ref name="GulinelloAcoustic16">{{cite web |title=Acoustic Startle and Prepulse Inhibition |author=Gulinello, M. |publisher=Biobserve GmbH |pages=18 |date=May 2016 |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="GötzRepeated11">{{cite journal |title=Repeated elicitation of the acoustic startle reflex leads to sensitisation in subsequent avoidance behaviour and induces fear conditioning |journal=BMC Neuroscience |author=Götz, T.; Janik, V.M. |volume=12 |pages=30 |year=2011 |doi=10.1186/1471-2202-12-30 |pmid=21489285 |pmc=PMC3101131}}</ref>


Netscape's act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the FSF's free software ideas and perceived benefits to the commercial software industry. They concluded that FSF's social activism was not appealing to companies like Netscape, and looked for a way to rebrand the free software movement to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on software source code. The new name they chose was "open source", and quickly Bruce Perens, publisher Tim O'Reilly, Linus Torvalds, and others signed on to the rebranding. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term and evangelize open-source principles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opensource.org/history |title=History of the OSI | publisher=Opensource.org}}</ref>
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research


While the Open Source Initiative sought to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize the principles it adhered to, commercial software vendors found themselves increasingly threatened by the concept of freely distributed software and universal access to an application's source code. A Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that "open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I can't imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business and the intellectual-property business."<ref name="CharnyMicrosoft01">{{cite news |last=Charny |first=B. |title=Microsoft Raps Open-Source Approach |work=CNET News |date=May 3, 2001 |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-257001.html&tag=mncol%3btxt}}</ref> This view perfectly summarizes the initial response to FOSS by some software corporations.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} However, while FOSS has historically played a role outside of the mainstream of private software development, companies as large as Microsoft have begun to develop official open-source presences on the Internet. IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in today's competitive open-source market. There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of free and open-source software (FOSS).<ref name="MillerFree10">{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=K. W. |last2=Voas |first2=J. |last3=Costello |first3=T. |year=2010 |title=Free and open source software |work=IT Professional |volume=12 |number=6 |pages=14-16 |doi=10.1109/MITP.2010.147}}</ref>
'''Acoustical''': Acoustical testing is a broad range of testing that gauges various aspects of how materials transmit, reflect, absorb, and reduce acoustic phenomena.<ref name="AlionAcoustical">{{cite web |url=http://www.alionscience.com/About-Alion/Labs-and-Facilities/Acoustics/Riverbank-Acoustical-Laboratories/Acoustical-Testing |title=Acoustical testing |work=Laboratories |publisher=Alion Science and Technology Corporation |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NGCAcoustical">{{cite web |url=http://www.alionscience.com/About-Alion/Labs-and-Facilities/Acoustics/Riverbank-Acoustical-Laboratories/Acoustical-Testing |title=Acoustical Testing |work=NGC Testing |publisher=NGC Testing Services |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref>


While copyright is the primary legal mechanism that FOSS authors use to ensure license compliance for their software, other mechanisms such as legislation, patents, and trademarks have implications as well. In response to legal issues with patents and the DMCA, the Free Software Foundation released version 3 of its GNU Public License in 2007 that explicitly addressed the DMCA and patent rights.
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, calibration and standards, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility


After the development of the GNU GPLv3, the FSF (as copyright holder of many pieces of the GNU system) updated many{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} of the GNU programs' licenses from GPLv2 to GPLv3. Apple, a user of GCC and a heavy user of both DRM and patents, switched the compiler in its Xcode IDE from GCC to Clang, which is another FOSS compiler<ref name="BrockmeierApple10">{{cite news |last=Brockmeier |first=Joe |title=Apple's Selective Contributions to GCC |work=LWN.net |date=September 15, 2010 |url=http://lwn.net/Articles/405417/ |accessdate=2015-06-22}}</ref> but is under a permissive license.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://llvm.org/docs/DeveloperPolicy.html#license | title=LLVM Developer Policy | publisher=LLVM | accessdate=November 19, 2012}}</ref> LWN.net speculated that Apple was motivated partly by a desire to avoid GPLv3.<ref name="BrockmeierApple10" /> The Samba project also switched to GPLv3, which Apple replaced in their software suite with a closed-source, proprietary software alternative.<ref name="HolwerdaApple11">{{cite news |last=Holwerda |first=Thom |title=Apple Ditches SAMBA in Favour of Homegrown Replacement |work=OS News |date=March 26, 2011 |url=http://www.osnews.com/story/24572/ |accessdate=2015-06-22 |ref=harv}}</ref>
'''Active ingredient''': An active ingredient is the substance(s) in a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical that provides beneficial or adverse effects to an organism. In the laboratory world, quality assurance policies, legal regulations, and safety requirements demand active ingredients be tested for potency, efficacy, and proper formulation.<ref name="FDADrug17">{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/scienceresearch/ucm407277.htm |title=Drug Quality Sampling and Testing Programs |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=07 March 2017 |accessdate=11 May 2017}}</ref> Aside from pharmaceuticals, active ingredient testing may also extend to areas such as disinfectants and sanitizers.<ref name="MicrochemActive">{{cite web |url=http://microchemlab.com/test-category/active-ingredient-analysis |title=Active Ingredient Analysis |publisher=Microchem Laboratory |accessdate=11 May 2017}}</ref>


Mergers have affected major open-source software. [[Sun Microsystems]] (Sun) acquired [[MySQL AB]], owner of the popular open-source [[MySQL]] database, in 2008.<ref name="sun buys mysql">{{cite web |title=Sun to Acquire MySQL|publisher=MySQL AB |url=http://mysql.com/news-and-events/sun-to-acquire-mysql.html |accessdate=2008-01-16 }}</ref>
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': food and beverage, pharmaceutical


Oracle in turn purchased Sun in January, 2010, acquiring their copyrights, patents, and trademarks. Thus, Oracle became the owner of both the most popular proprietary database and the most popular open-source database. Oracle's attempts to commercialize the open-source MySQL database have raised concerns in the FOSS community.{{sfn|Thomson|2011}} Partly in response to uncertainty about the future of MySQL, the FOSS community [[Fork (software development)|forked]] the project into new [[database management system|database systems]] outside of Oracle's control. These include [[MariaDB]], [[Percona]], and [[Drizzle (database)|Drizzle]].{{sfn|Samson|2011}} All of these have distinct names; they are distinct projects and can not use the trademarked name MySQL.{{sfn|Nelson|2009}}
'''Acute contact''': Acute contact — or sometimes "acute contact toxicity" — testing involves the application of a test substance to an organism (typically on the body surface) and thereafter the observance of any adverse effects that occur over a set period of time. In the agricultural and environmental sciences, much attention has been given to acute contact testing in bee colonies<ref name="EPAEcolog12">{{cite web |url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100IRFL.PDF?Dockey=P100IRFL.PDF |format=PDF |title=Ecological Effects Test Guidelines - OCSPP 850.3020: Honey Bee Acute Contact Toxicity Test |author=Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |date=January 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Carrasco-LetelierAcute12">{{cite journal |title=Acute Contact Toxicity Test of Oxalic Acid on Honeybees in the Southwestern Zone of Uruguay |journal=Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research |author=Carrasco-Letelier, L; Mendoza, Y.; Ramallo, G. |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=285–9 |year=2012 |doi=10.4067/S0718-58392012000200019}}</ref>, whereas clinical and chemistry contexts focus on areas such as human dermatological reactions.<ref name="VanLerbergheACase14">{{cite journal |title=A case of acute contact dermatitis induced by formaldehyde in hair-straightening products |journal=Contact Dermatitis |author=Van Lerberghe, L.; Baeck, M. |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=384–6 |year=2014 |doi=10.1111/cod.12181 |pmid=24846592}}</ref>


In August, 2010, [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] sued [[Google]], claiming that its use of [[Java (software platform)|Java]] in [[Android (software)|Android]] infringed on Oracle's copyrights and patents. The [[Oracle v. Google]] case ended in May 2012, with the finding that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable. The jury found that Google infringed a small number of copied files, but the parties [[stipulation (law)|stipulated]] that Google would pay no damages.{{sfn|Niccolai|2012}} Oracle has appealed to the [[Federal Circuit]], and Google has filed a [[cross-appeal]] on the literal copying claim.{{sfn|Jones|2012}}
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, chemistry, clinical and academic research, environmental, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical, veterinary


==Naming==
'''Acute oral''': Acute oral — or sometimes "acute oral toxicity" — testing is similar to acute contact, with the difference being the test substance is ingested by or injected into the organism.<ref name="OECDGuideline01">{{cite web |url=https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/iccvam/suppdocs/feddocs/oecd/oecd_gl420.pdf |format=PDF |title=OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |publisher=National Toxicology Program |date=17 December 2001 |accessdate=11 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="UsuiAcute16">{{cite journal |title=Acute oral toxicity test of chemical compounds in silkworms |journal=Drug Discoveries and Therapeutics |author=Usui, K.; Nishida, S.; Sugita, T. et al. |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=57–61 |year=2016 |doi=10.5582/ddt.2016.01025 |pmid=26971557}}</ref>
{{Main|Alternative terms for free software}}
{{duplicates|section|dupe=Alternative terms for free software|date=June 2015}}


===Free software===
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, chemistry, clinical and academic research, environmental, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical, veterinary
Richard Stallman's [[Free Software Definition]], adopted by the [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF), defines [[free software]] as a matter of liberty, not price.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html |title=GNU.org |work=GNU.org |date=20 September 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref> The earliest known publication of the definition of his free software idea was in the February 1986 edition<ref name="bull6">{{cite web | url=https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.txt | title=GNU's Bulletin, Volume 1 Number 1, page 8 | publisher=GNU.org}}</ref> of the FSF's now-discontinued GNU's Bulletin publication. The canonical source for the document is in the philosophy section of the [[GNU Project]] website. As of April 2008, it is published there in 39 languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#translations | title=The Free Software Definition – Translations of this page | publisher=GNU.org }}</ref>


=== Open source ===
'''Acute toxicity''': See "acute contact" and "acute oral"


The [[Open Source Definition]] is used by the [[Open Source Initiative]] to determine whether a [[computer software|software]] license qualifies for the organization's insignia for [[open-source software]]. The definition was based on the [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]], written and adapted primarily by [[Bruce Perens]].{{sfn|Perens|1999}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opensource.org/docs/osd|title=''The Open Source Definition''}}, The Open Source Definition according to the Open Source Initiative</ref> Perens did not base his writing on the four freedoms of free software from the [[Free Software Foundation]], which were only later available on the web.{{cn|date=June 2015}} Perens later stated that he felt Eric Raymond's promotion of open source unfairly overshadowed the Free Software Foundation's efforts and reaffirmed his support for free software.{{cn|date=June 2015}}
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, chemistry, clinical and academic research, environmental, manufacturing and R&D, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical, veterinary


=== FOSS ===
'''Adhesion''': Adhesion is the state or ability of an object to stay fastened or attached to another, or on a molecular level the attraction exerted between contacting body surfaces.<ref name="MWAdhesion">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adhesion |title=adhesion |work=Meriiam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> A broad sub-series of tests may be involved when testing the adhesive qualities of a substance, including tear resistance, elongation, and viscosity. An R&D lab for example test a pressure-sensitive tape for shear and peel adhesion.<ref name="ChemsultantsLab">{{cite web |url=http://chemsultants.com/services/laboratory-testing |title=Laboratory Testing |publisher=Chemsultants International, Inc |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> Adhesion can also be studied at the molecular level, including among biological cells, important to understanding pathological processes such as cancerous growth and inflammation.<ref name="ScrippsCellAd">{{cite web |url=http://www.scripps.edu/izard/ |title=The Cell Adhesion Laboratory |work=Scripps Florida |publisher=The Scripps Research Institute |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="InsermAd">{{cite web |url=https://labadhesioninflammation.org/ |title=Adhesion & Inflammation Lab |publisher=Inserm, CNRS, and AMU |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref>


The first known use of the phrase ''free open-source software'' on [[Usenet]] was in a posting on 18 March 1998, just a month after the term ''open source'' itself was coined.{{cn|date=June 2015}} In February 2002, F/OSS appeared on a [[Usenet]] newsgroup dedicated to [[Amiga]] [[computer games]].{{cn|date=June 2015}} In early 2002, [[MITRE]] used the term FOSS in what would later be their 2003 report "[[Use of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in the U.S. Department of Defense]]".{{cn|date=June 2015}}
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, chemical, clinical and academic research, life science and biotechnology, manufacturing and R&D


=== FLOSS ===
'''Age determination''': Scientists, researchers, and forensic investigators have various reasons for needing to determine the age of organisms, remains, and manufactured items. Archeologists and other historical researchers turn to radiocarbon dating and thermoluminescence testing to determine the age of remains and supposed antiquities.<ref name="RollstonLab13">{{cite web |url=http://www.rollstonepigraphy.com/?p=552 |title=Laboratory Testing of Ancient Inscriptions: Methodological Reflections |author=Rollston, C.A. |work=Rollston Epigraphy |date=09 April 2013 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> Forensic investigators turn to chromatographic and infrared methods for ink dating and may even turn to DNA analysis techniques to determine the age of an individual associated with a blood or bone sample.<ref name="SpeckinInk">{{cite web |url=http://4n6.com/ink-dating-expert-witness/ |title=Ink Dating Expert Witness |author=Speckin, E.J. |publisher=Speckin Forensics, LLC |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="EzcurraAnal10">{{cite journal |title=Analytical methods for dating modern writing instrument inks on paper |journal=Forensic Science International |author=Ezcurra, M.; Góngora, J.M.; Maguregui, I.; Alonso, R. |volume=197 |issue=1–3 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.013 |pmid=20061099}}</ref><ref name="AugensteinCanDNA15">{{cite web |url=https://www.forensicmag.com/article/2015/09/can-dna-testing-determine-age |title=Can DNA Testing Determine Age? |author=Augenstein, S. |work=Forensic Magazine |date=10 September 2015 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref>


The acronym ''FLOSS'' was coined in 2001 by [[Rishab Aiyer Ghosh]] for ''free/libre/open-source software''.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Later that year, the [[European Commission]] (EC) used the phrase when they funded a study on the topic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://flossproject.org/|title=Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study}}</ref>
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, geology and mining, law enforcement and forensics, life science and biotechnology


Unlike [[Gratis versus Libre|libre]] software, which aimed to solve the ambiguity problem, FLOSS aimed to avoid taking sides in the debate over whether it was better to say "free software" or to say "open-source software".
'''Aging''': From a manufacturing perspective, aging tests — sometimes referred to as accelerated aging or in specific cases shelf life tests — allow researchers and QA personnel to see how an item physically and/or chemically degrades under certain conditions (varying pressures, temperatures, humidity levels, etc.) over time. Practical laboratory examples include testing packaging for sterilized medical devices<ref name="NelsonAccel">{{cite web |url=https://www.nelsonlabs.com/Test/Accelerated-Aging-Test |title=Accelerated Aging Test |publisher=Nelson Laboratories, LLC |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> and solar generation platforms going into space.<ref name="ESAPowerLabs">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Power_Laboratories |title=Power Laboratories |publisher=European Space Agency |date=23 March 2015 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> Tangentially related are tests associated with aging research, including cognitive and anti-aging blood tests.


Proponents of the term point out that parts of the FLOSS acronym can be translated into other languages, with for example the ''F'' representing ''free'' (English) or ''frei'' (German), and the ''L'' representing ''libre'' (Spanish or French), ''livre'' (Portuguese), or ''libero'' (Italian), ''liber'' (Romanian) and so on. However, this term is not often used in official, non-English, documents, since the words in these languages for ''free as in freedom'' do not have the ambiguity problem of ''free'' in English.
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, energy, life science and biotechnology, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility


By the end of 2004, the FLOSS acronym had been used in official English documents issued by South Africa,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naci.org.za/floss/index.html|title=Free/Libre and Open Source Software and Open Standards in South Africa: A Critical Issue for Addressing the Digital Divide|publisher=National Advisory Council on Innovation}}{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref> Spain,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/document/1637/470 |title=FLOSS deployment in Extremadura, Spain |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20071216171951/http://ec.europa.eu:80/idabc/en/document/1637/470 |archivedate=December 16, 2007 }}</ref> and Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.softwarelivre.org/news/1727|title=Relatório da ONU aponta o Software Livre (FLOSS) como melhor}}{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref>
'''Alcohol level''': This test is used to determine the existence of alcohol (ethanol) in and/or alcohol concentration of a product (food, drink, pharmaceutical, etc.) or biological specimen (urine, blood, sweat, etc.).<ref name="RudolphMeasuring">{{cite web |url=https://rudolphresearch.com/alcohol-concentration-density-meter/ |title=Measuring Alcohol Concentration – Alcohol Proof Determination |publisher=Rudolph Research Analytical |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="KombuchaKBIApp">{{cite web |url=https://kombuchabrewers.org/resources/approved-alcohol-testing-methods/ |title=KBI Approved Alcohol Testing Methodology |publisher=Kombucha Brewers International |date=01 June 2016 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="EBMLabTestEthanol">{{cite web |url=https://www.ebmconsult.com/articles/lab-test-ethanol-alcohol-level |title=Lab Test: Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) Level |publisher=EBM Consult, LLC |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref>


== Licensing: copyleft vs permissive {{anchor|Licensing}} ==
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical care, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical
{{further|Free software license|Open-source license}}


Licenses that restrict mixing of works licensed under them with proprietary works, like [[GNU GPL 3]], are called [[copyleft]] licenses.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
'''Allergy''': Organisms can have allergic reactions (conditions caused by immune system hypersensitivity) to a wide variety of products, and thus both an organism and a product may receive some sort of allergy testing. On the clinical side, testing advances such as Phadia's ImmunoCAP blood test allows medical providers to test a patient for just about any causative allergen.<ref name="PhadiaImmunoCAP">{{cite web |url=http://www.phadia.com/en/Products/Allergy-testing-products/ImmunoCAP-Lab-Tests/sIgE/ |title=ImmunoCAP Specific IgE  |publisher=Phadia AB |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> In other industries, testing for the presence of gluten, soybean, egg, fish, peanut as well as some chemicals, preservatives, etc. in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals is commonplace.<ref name="FDAFoodAllergen">{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Allergens/ucm106890.htm |title=Food Allergen Labeling And Consumer Protection Act of 2004 Questions and Answers |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=30 November 2016 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="HCSafety">{{cite web |url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/cosmet-person/labelling-etiquetage/ingredients-eng.php |title=Safety of Cosmetic Ingredients |publisher=Health Canada |date=17 June 2016 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref>


Licenses considered to have minimum restrictions of that kind, like [[Apache license]], are called [[permissive software license]]s.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, clinical care, cosmetic, environmental, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical, veterinary


== Dualism of FOSS ==
'''Altitude''': Not only do aircraft components need to perform reliably under the pressure, temperature, humidity differences of working at higher altitudes<ref name="NTSAltitude">{{cite web |url=https://www.nts.com/services/environmental/altitude |title=Altitude Tests |publisher=National Technical Systems, Inc |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref>; any product being transported at higher altitudes by air and ground needs packaging that can consistently protect it.<ref name="WestpakReliability">{{cite web |url=http://www.westpak.com/page/reliability/reliabilty-altitude |title=Reliability - Altitude Testing |publisher=Westpak, Inc |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> As such, aviation components, food packaging, pharmaceutical packaging, and other related products must undergo altitude testing — including reduced pressure testing, decompression testing, and temperature/humidity testing —  to ensure safety and product integrity.<ref name="NTSAltitude" /><ref name="LynchAvoiding16">{{cite web |url=http://www.globaltrademag.com/global-logistics/avoiding-product-damage-high-altitudes |title=Avoiding Product Damage in High Altitudes |author=Lynch, A. |work=Global Trade |publisher=Abundant Life Media |date=23 August 2016 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="SinghEffect07">{{cite journal |title=Effect of reduced pressure, vibration and orientation to simulate high altitude testing of liquid pharmaceutical glass and plastic bottles |journal=Packaging Technology and Science |author=Singh, S.P.; Burgess, G.; Kremer, M.; Lockhart, H. |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=359–368 |year=2007 |doi=10.1002/pts.771}}</ref>


The primary license difference between free software and [[open source]] is one of philosophy. According to the Free Software Foundation, "Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms describe almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on fundamentally different values."{{sfn|Stallman|n.d.}}
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical


Thus, the Open Source Initiative considers many free software licenses to also be open-source. These include the latest versions of the FSF's three main licenses: the GPL, the [[Lesser General Public License]] (LGPL), and the [[GNU Affero General Public License]] (AGPL).<ref>{{cite web|title=Licenses by Name|url=http://www.opensource.org/licenses/alphabetical|work=Open Source License|publisher=Open Source Initiative|accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref>
'''Amino acid analysis''': Amino acids are a primary component of proteins and are responsible for growth, tissue repair, and other important bodily functions. Therefor, testing methods that determine the amino acid content of raw and processed foods, (bio)pharmaceutical ingredients, physiological fluids, etc. are vital for making more nutritious food, providing safer pharmaceuticals, and developing better clinical outcomes.<ref name="AESCLAmino">{{cite web |url=http://www.aescl.missouri.edu/AminoAcids.html |title=Amino Acid Analyses |work=Agricultural Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories |publisher=Curators of the University of Missouri |date=1 May 2011 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="UCDavisAmino">{{cite web |url=http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vmb/labs/aal/ |title=Amino Acid Laboratory |work=UC Davis Veterinary Medicine |publisher=Regents of the University of California, Davis |date=1 July 2016 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BelikovaAMeth16">{{cite web |url=http://www.sgs.com/en/news/2016/06/amino-acid-analysis |title=A Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of the Amino Acid Composition of Pharmaceutical Products |author=Belikova, N. |publisher=SGS SA |date=24 June 2016 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> Amino acid testing has even been used to determine the gender associated with a set of fingerprints.<ref name="HuynhForensic15">{{cite journal |title=Forensic Identification of Gender from Fingerprints |journal=Analytical Chemistry |author=Huynh, C.; Brunelle, E.; Halámková, L. et al. |volume=87 |issue=22 |pages=11531–11536 |year=2015 |doi=10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03323 |pmid=26460203}}</ref>


== Adoption ==
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, chemical, clinical care, clinical and academic research, food and beverage, law enforcement and forensics, life science and biotechnology, pharmaceutical, veterinary
{{See also|Linux adoption|Free software#Adoption|Open-source software#Adoption}}


=== Adoption by governments ===
'''Angle of repose''': Copley Scientific defines angle of repose as "the angle (relative to the horizontal base) of the conical pile produced when a granular material is poured on to a horizontal surface," and they state that the defining characteristics are largely based on the material's density, surface area, and coefficient of friction.<ref name="CopleyAngle">{{cite web |url=http://www.copleyscientific.com/home/pharmaceutical-testing/powder-testing/powder-flowability-testers/angle-of-repose |title=Angle of Repose |publisher=Copley Scientific Limited |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> This test has practical use in pharmaceuticals for operations such as blending, tablet compression, and capsule filling<ref name="SarraguçaDeterm10">{{cite journal |title=Determination of flow properties of pharmaceutical powders by near infrared spectroscopy |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis |author=Sarraguça, M.C.; Cruz, A.V.; Soares, S.O. et al. |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=484–92 |year=2010 |doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.038 |pmid=20167448}}</ref>, and it's useful in geology, mining, and geophysical research.<ref name="USDLStockpiling">{{cite web |url=https://arlweb.msha.gov/Safety_Targets/Surge%20Pile%20Package/Stockpilesafety.pdf |format=PDF |title=Stockpiling Safety |author=National Mine Health and Safety Academy |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |date=2001 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="KleinhansStatic11">{{cite journal |title=Static and dynamic angles of repose in loose granular materials under reduced gravity |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |author=Kleinhans, M.G.; Markies, H.; de Vet, S.J. et al. |volume=116 |issue=E11 |pages=E11004 |year=2011 |doi=10.1029/2011JE003865}}</ref>
{{main|Adoption of free and open-source software by public institutions}}
{{quote box|width=25%|quote="We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable -- one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could."|source=Official statement of the [[United Space Alliance]], which manages the computer systems for the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), regarding why they chose to switch from Windows to Linux on the ISS.{{sfn|Gunter|2013}}{{sfn|Bridgewater|2013}} }}


The Government of [[Kerala]], India, announced its official support for free/open-source software in its State IT Policy of 2001,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan002950.pdf | title="Role of Open or Free Software", Section 15, page 20, of the State IT Policy (2001) of the Government of Kerala, copy available at the UN Public Administration Network (UNPAN) site}}</ref>{{discuss|State IT Policy of 2001}} which was formulated after the first-ever free software conference in India, ''Freedom First!'', held in July 2001 in Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala. In 2009, Government of Kerala started the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software ([[ICFOSS]]).<ref>http://www.keralait.org/blog/2011/02/25/chief-minister-inaugurates-icfoss-in-kerala/</ref> In March 2015 the Indian government announced a policy on adoption of open source software.{{sfn|Alawadhi|2015}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://deity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/policy_on_adoption_of_oss.pdf | title=Policy on Adoption of Open Source Software for Government of India}}</ref>
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, geology and mining, pharmaceutical


In the German [[City of Munich]], conversion of 15,000 PCs and laptops from Microsoft Windows-based operating systems to a [[Debian]]-based Linux environment called [[LiMux]] spanned the ten years of 2003 to 2013. After successful completion of the project, more than 80% of all computers were running Linux.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Direktorium/LiMux/Zahlen_Fakten/Projektstatus.html |title=Landeshauptstadt München - Aktuelle Zahlen |language=German | publisher=Muenchen.de |date= |accessdate=2014-07-28}}</ref>
'''Aniline point''': Aniline is a prototypical, industrially produced liquid and aromatic amine that is used in the production of foams, dyes, antioxidants, and varnishes.<ref name="CDCAmine">{{cite web |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=79 |title=Aniline |work=Toxic Substances Portal |author=Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=3 March 2011 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> This substance is used in combination with an oil to test its aniline point, which Fann Instrument Company defines as the "lowest temperature at which equal volumes of fresh aniline and an oil are completely miscible."<ref name="FannAniline09">{{cite web |url=http://www.fann.com/public1/pubsdata/Manuals/Aniline%20Point%20Determination.pdf |format=PDF |title=Aniline Point Determination Instruction Sheet |publisher=Fann Instrument Company |date=2009 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> This test is largely used by the petrochemical industry to, for example, determine the best drilling fluid to minimize degradation of rubber components on a drilling rig.<ref name="FannAniline09" />


In 2004, a law in [[Venezuela]] (Decree 3390) went into effect, mandating a two-year transition to open source in all public agencies. As of June 2009, this ambitious transition was still under way.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2005/12/venezuela_open_source.html Venezuela Open Source]{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Venezuela">{{cite web|url = http://www.tsj.gov.ve/gaceta/Diciembre/281204/281204-38095-08.html|title = Publicado en la Gaceta oficial No 38.095 de fecha 28/ 12/ 2004 |accessdate =23 October 2011|last = Chavez|first = Hugo F.|authorlink = |date=December 2004}}</ref> [[Malaysia]] launched the "Malaysian Public Sector Open Source Software Program", saving millions on proprietary software licenses until 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscc.org.my/ |title=OSCC.org |work=OSCC.org |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowledge.oscc.org.my/newsletters/first-quarterly-e-newsletter-jan-2009 |title=OSCC.org |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref>
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': petrochemical


In 2005 the [[Government of Peru]] voted to adopt open source across all its bodies.{{sfn|Clarke|2005}} The 2002 response to Microsoft's critique is available online. In the preamble to the bill, the Peruvian government stressed that the choice was made to ensure that key pillars of [[democracy]] were safeguarded: "The basic principles which inspire the Bill are linked to the basic guarantees of a state of law."<ref name="NACI">{{cite web|url=http://www.prodefinity.de/docs/floss_v2_6_9.pdf |title=Free/Libre & Open Source Software and Open Standards in South Africa |accessdate=31 May 2008 |last=National Advisory Council on Innovation Open Software Working Group |authorlink= |date=July 2004 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20141222121451/http://www.prodefinity.de:80/docs/floss_v2_6_9.pdf |archivedate=December 22, 2014 }}</ref> In September, the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] announced its formal adoption of the OpenDocument standard for all Commonwealth entities.{{sfn|Casson|Ryan|2006}}
'''Anion''': Cornerstone Analytical Laboratories defines an anions as "single atom or polyatomic species that have an overall negative charge."<ref name="CornerstoneAnion">{{cite web |url=http://www.cornerstoneanalytical.com/anion-scans/ |title=Anion Scans |publisher=Cornerstone Analytical Laboratories |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref> An anion test would largely be used to detect and identify the constituent anions of a known or unknown mixture or sample type, often from public water systems, rivers, and industrial runoff.<ref name="KotzAnion05">{{cite web |url=http://employees.oneonta.edu/kotzjc/LAB/Anion.pdf |format=PDF |title=Anion Analysis |author=Kotz, J.C. |work=Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry |publisher=SUNY Oneonta |date=December 2005 |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ShimadzuInorganic">{{cite web |url=http://www.shimadzu.com/an/hplc/support/lib/lctalk/64intro.html |title=Inorganic Anion Detection |publisher=Shimadzu Corporation |accessdate=12 May 2017}}</ref>


In 2006, the [[Federal government of Brazil|Brazilian government]] has simultaneously encouraged the distribution of cheap computers running Linux throughout its poorer communities by subsidizing their purchase with tax breaks.{{sfn|Casson|Ryan|2006}}
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': chemical, environmental, power and utility


In April 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://compgroups.net/comp.os.linux.advocacy/-news-ecuador-ahead-of-the-world-with/1773288|title = [News] Ecuador Ahead of the World with Democracy of Knowledge|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> [[Ecuador]] passed a similar law, Decree 1014, designed to migrate the public sector to Libre Software.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.estebanmendieta.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Decreto_1014_software_libre_Ecuador.pdf Estebanmendieta.com], Decree 1014</ref>
'''Antigen''': An antigen is a protein attached to the cell surface of an infectious organism. Antigen's counterpart, the antibody, is created by the immune system to combat the infectious organism, with an antibody appearing for each type of antigen. As such, an antigen test allows clinicians and researchers to test a biological sample to see if an antibody is present, and thus if an infectious organism is present.<ref name="MargolisAntigen15">{{cite web |url=http://www.healthcommunities.com/infectious-diseases/antigen-antibody-tests.shtml |title=Antigen/Antibody Tests for Infectious Disease |author=Margolis, S. |work=HealthCommunities.com |publisher=Remedy Health Media, LLC |date=22 January 2015 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>


In February 2009, the [[United States]] [[White House]] moved its website to Linux servers using [[Drupal]] for content management.{{sfn|Vaughan-Nichols|2009}}
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical care, clinical and academic research, life science and biotechnology


In March, the [[National Gendarmerie|French Gendarmerie Nationale]] announced it will totally switch to [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] by 2015. The Gendarmerie began its transition to open source software in 2005 when it replaced Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org across the entire organization.{{sfn|Paul|2009}}
'''Antimicrobial''': An antimicrobial is a substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms.<ref name="MWantimicrobial">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antimicrobial |title=antimicrobial |work=Meriiam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref> An antimicrobial's efficacy and safety must be tested to meet regulatory audits and international standards, thus their testing. Antibiotics, textiles, insulation materials, adhesive films, disinfectants, sanitizers, and even paints are likely to receive one or more antimicrobial tests using a set of highly standardized methods.<ref name="AccugenAntimicrobial16">{{cite web |url=http://www.accugenlabs.com/antimicrobial_testing_laboratory_services.html |title=Antimicrobial Test / Antimicrobial Testing Services |publisher=Accugen Laboratories, Inc |date=27 December 2016 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="PerrittAntimicrobials">{{cite web |url=http://www.perritt.com/microbiology-services-antimicrobials.htm |title=Antimicrobials |publisher= Perritt Laboratories, Inc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref> Of course, plenty of laboratory research is also going into the effects of antimicrobial use on humans, animals, and their environment.<ref name="WeinbergFinal06">{{cite web |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.highlight/abstract/1066/report/F |title=Final Report: Impact of Residual Pharmaceutical Agents and their Metabolites in Wastewater Effluents on Downstream Drinking Water Treatment Facilities |author=Weinberg, H.S.; Meyer, M.T.; Singer, P.C.; Sobsey, M.D. |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |date=18 March 2008 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="FAOAnti17">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7138e.pdf |format=PDF |title=Antimicrobial Resistance in Food and Agriculture |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=April 2017 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>


In January 2010, the [[Government of Jordan]] announced a partnership with [[Ingres Corporation]] (now named Actian), a open source database management company based in the United States, to promote open-source software use, starting with university systems in Jordan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itp.net/578825-jordan-information-ministry-signs-deal-on-open-source |title=Jordan Information Ministry signs deal on open source - Government - News & Features |work=ITP.net |accessdate=2012-04-23}}</ref>
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, chemical, clinical and academic research, clinical care, cosmetic, environmental, life science and biotechnology, pharmaceutical, power and utility, veterinary


In September 2014, the [[Uganda]] [[National Information Technology Authority (NITA-U)]] announced a call for feedback on an Open Source Strategy & Policy<ref>[http://ictau.ug/call-for-feedback-on-the-open-source-strategy-policy/ "Open Source Strategy & Policy" ]</ref> at a workshop in conjunction with the [[ICT Association of Uganda (ICTAU)]]
'''API gravity''': The API gravity test is a staple to the petrochemical lab, measuring the density of a petroleum liquid relative to that of water. Petroleum samples with an API below that of water (10°) are heavier than water and sink (an extra heavy oil).<ref name="SatterReservoir15">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84hCCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |title=Reservoir Engineering: The Fundamentals, Simulation, and Management of Conventional and Unconventional Recoveries |chapter=Chapter 4: Reservoir fluid properties |author=Satter, A.; Iqbal, G.M. |publisher=Gulf Professional Publishing |pages=81–105 |year=2015 |isbn=9780128005231}}</ref><ref name="WeatherfordAPI">{{cite web |url=https://labs.weatherford.com/services/laboratory-services/geochemistry/oil-geochemistry/api-gravity |title=API Gravity |publisher=Weatherford International plc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>


== FOSS and Benkler's new economy ==
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': petrochemical
According to [[Yochai Benkler]], Jack N. and Lillian R. Berkman Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at [[Harvard Law School]], free software is the most visible part of a new economy of [[commons-based peer production]] of information, knowledge, and culture. As examples, he cites a variety of FOSS projects, including both free software and open-source.{{sfn|Benkler|2003}}


This new economy is already under development. To commercialize FOSS, many companies move towards advertisement-supported software. In such a model, the only way to increase revenue is to make the advertisement more valuable. [[Facebook]] has recently been criticized for using novel methods of tracking users to accomplish this.{{sfn|ElBoghdady|Tsukayama|2011}}
'''Artificial pollution''': The artificial pollution test is a niche laboratory test performed on outdoor insulators used in power transmission and management. Salt particles from ocean spray, dust, fertilizers, industrial pollution, bird droppings, and fly ash can all collect on insulators, negatively impacting their long-term effectiveness. As such, characteristics such as wettability class, flashover voltage, equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) are used to test ceramic and silicone insulators for how they hold up to environmental pollutants over time.<ref name="PiginiArtificial16">{{cite web |url=http://www.inmr.com/artificial-pollution-tests-polymeric-insulators-2/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711144047/http://www.inmr.com:80/artificial-pollution-tests-polymeric-insulators-2/ |title=Artificial Pollution Tests for Polymeric Insulators |author=Pigini, A. |work=INMR |date=07 May 2016 |archivedate=11 July 2016 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ZhaoAnArt07">{{cite journal |title=An artificial pollution test on silicone rubber insulators under long-time wetted conditions |journal=2007 Annual Report - Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena |author=Zhao, L.; Li, C.; Xiong, J. et al. |volume=2007 |year=2007 |doi=10.1109/CEIDP.2007.4451559}}</ref><ref name="MunirajInvestigation14">{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/24207 |title=Investigation on performance of the composite insulator under contaminated conditions |author=Muniraj, C. |publisher=Anna University, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering |date=28 August 2014 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>


This new economy has alternatives. Apple's [[App Store (iOS)|App Stores]] have proven very popular with both users and developers. The Free Software Foundation considers Apple's App Stores to be incompatible with its GPL and complained that Apple was infringing on the GPL with its [[iTunes]] terms of use. Rather than change those terms to comply with the GPL, Apple removed the GPL-licensed products from its App Stores.{{sfn|Vaughan-Nichols|2011}}
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': manufacturing and R&D, power and utility


==See also==
'''Ash''': An ash or ash content test involves weighing and then heating/incinerating a sample in a crucible, then weighing and examining the resulting ash residue. (Other types of ashing methods may be applied to food and other samples.) Any mineral content that remains — calcium carbonate, glass fiber, lead, mercury, potassium, talc, etc. — can be identified for reverse engineering purposes, for painting a clearer picture of how the sample will react to external variables, or for supporting nutritional labeling requirements.<ref name="IntertekAsh">{{cite web |url=http://www.intertek.com/polymers/testlopedia/ash-content-analysis/ |title=Ash Content ASTM D2584, D5630, ISO 3451 |publisher=Intertek Group plc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ATSAsh">{{cite web |url=http://www.atslab.com/chemical-analysis/ash-testing.php |title=Ash Analysis |publisher=Applied Technical Services, Inc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ARDLAsh">{{cite web |url=http://www.ardl.com/testing/ash-content |title=Ash Content |publisher=Akron Rubber Development Lab, Inc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="McClementsAnalysis">{{cite web |url=http://people.umass.edu/~mcclemen/581Toppage.html |title=4. Analysis of Ash and Minerals |work=Analysis of Food Products - Food Science 581 |author=McClements, D.J. |publisher=University of Massachusetts |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>
* [[:Category:Open-source software|Open-source software, by category]]


==Further reading==
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, chemical, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D
* {{cite web |url=http://www.gnu.org.ua/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html |title=Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source" |accessdate=2007-11-25 |last=Barr |first=Joe |year=1998 |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5TchyyzYm |archivedate=2007-11-25}}
* {{cite web |last=Salus |first=Peter H. |title=A History of Free and Open Source |url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050327184603969 |work=Groklaw |date=March 28, 2005 |accessdate=2015-06-22}}
* {{cite journal |last=Vetter |first=G. |date=2009 |title=Commercial Free and Open Source Software: Knowledge Production, Hybrid Appropriability, and Patents |work=Fordham Law Review |volume=77 |number=5 |pages=2087-2141 |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol77/iss5/4}}
* {{cite web |last=Wheeler |first=David A. |authorlink=David A. Wheeler |title=Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers! |work=DWheeler.com |date=May 8, 2014  |url=http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html |accessdate=2015-06-22}}


== External links ==
'''Atterberg limits''': This test determines several key aspects of a fine-grained soil and its critical water content, particularly as it changes from a liquid (liquid limit) to plastic (plastic limit) to solid (shrinkage limit) state. This information is useful to construction and mining activities, as well as agricultural activities.<ref name="DOTNYTest15">{{cite web |url=https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/technical-services-repository/GTM-7b.pdf |format=PDF |title=Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index |author=Geotechnical Engineering Bureau |publisher=New York Department of Transportation, Office of Technical Services |date=August 2015 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="HumboldtLiquid">{{cite web |url=https://www.humboldtmfg.com/liquid-limit-atterberg-limits.html |title=Liquid Limit |publisher=Humboldt Mfg. Co |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>
{{Wikibooks|FLOSS Concept Booklet}}
{{wikibooks|FOSS A General Introduction}}
{{Wikibooks|FOSS Open Standards}}
* [http://www.flossworld.org/ FLOSSworld]: Free/Libre/Open Source Software: Worldwide impact study
* [http://freeopensourcesoftware.org/ FreeOpenSourceSoftware.org]: FOSS wiki
* [http://www.ifossf.org/ IFOSSF.org]: International Free and Open Source Solutions Foundation


==Notes==
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, environmental, geology and mining
This article reuses some content from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software the Wikipedia article].
 
==B==
'''Basic sediment and water''': Sometimes abbreviated as "BS&W," this test is found in petrochemical laboratories that need to determine the amount of sediment and water in their crude oil stream or even their used lubricating oil. Governed by several standardized methods, this test is commonly performed with the centrifuge method, though titration methods are also used. This testing is useful for custody transfers and monitoring produced water.<ref name="ZelenTechBS&W">{{cite web |url=http://www.zelentech.co/blog/posts/bs-w-in-crude-oil/ |title=BS&W in Crude Oil |work=ZelenTech Blog |publisher=ZelenTech Pte Ltd |date=07 November 2011 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="AmetekCentri">{{cite web |url=http://www.petrolab.com/Products/Other/centrifuge.aspx |title=Centrifuges for Oil & Fuel |publisher=AMETEK, Inc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': petrochemical
 
'''Bioaccumulation''': Merriam-Webster defines bioaccumulation as the gradual increase in quantity (or number) of a substance in a living organism.<ref name="MWBioacc">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bioaccumulation |title=bioaccumulation |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref> Laboratories around the world measure bioaccumulation of chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, additives, and other materials (e.g., plastic particles) in plants, animals, and other living organisms to gain a better sense of the hazards human activity are placing on those organisms and the environment. Bioaccumulation is measured as concentration of a substance in air, soil, tissues, and plant material.<ref name="EUJRC_Bio17">{{cite web |url=https://eurl-ecvam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/validation-regulatory-acceptance/environmental-toxicity-fate/environmental-toxicity-bioaccumulation |title=Bioconcentration / Bioaccumulation |work=European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing |author=Joint Research Centre |publisher=European Commission |date=3 May 2017 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NawabQuant15">{{cite journal |title=Quantification of Heavy Metals in Mining Affected Soil and Their Bioaccumulation in Native Plant Species |journal=International Journal of Phytoremediation |author=Nawab, J.; Khan, S.; Shah, M.T. et al. |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=801–13 |year=2015 |doi=10.1080/15226514.2014.981246 |pmid=26079739}}</ref><ref name="HokeReview15">{{cite journal |title=Review of Laboratory-Based Terrestrial Bioaccumulation Assessment Approaches for Organic Chemicals: Current Status and Future Possibilities |journal=Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management |author=Hoke, R.; Huggett, D.; Brasfield, S. et al. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=109–122 |year=2015 |doi=10.1002/ieam.1692}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, clinical care, environmental, geology and mining, veterinary
 
'''Bioavailability''': Merriam-Webster defines this word as "the degree and rate at which a substance (such as a drug) is absorbed into a living system or is made available at the site of physiological activity."<ref name="MWBioavail">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bioavailability |title=bioavailability |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref> As the definition suggests, bioavailability testing is largely a product of the pharmaceutical and associated clinical research field, though researchers conducting dietary and environmental research are also interested in this test.<ref name="LeDrug16">{{cite web |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/drug-bioavailability |title=Drug Bioavailability |author=Le, J. |work=Merck Manual: Professional Version |publisher=Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp |date=April 2016 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="TABioavail">{{cite web |url=http://www.testamericainc.com/services-we-offer/services-we-offer-by-sample-type/sediment-and-tissue/bioavailability-and-bioaccessibility/ |title=Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility |publisher=TestAmerica Laboratories, Inc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BeyerBio16">{{cite journal |title=Bioaccessibility tests accurately estimate bioavailability of lead to quail |journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |author=Beyer, W.N.; Basta, N.T.; Chaney, R.L. et al. |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=2311-9 |year=2016 |doi=10.1002/etc.3399 |pmid=26876015}}</ref>
 
Plasma drug concentration over time or urinalysis methods are common in measuring bioavailability.<ref name="LeDrug16" />
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, environmental, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical
 
'''Bioburden / Microbial enumeration''': Mold & Bacteria Consulting Services defines this type of testing as "the enumeration and characterization of the population of viable aerobic microorganisms on or in a medical device, component, raw material, or package which has not been sterilized."<ref name="MBSBioburden">{{cite web |url=http://www.moldbacteriaconsulting.com/bioburden-testing-and-hygiene-audit/ |title=Bioburden Testing and Hygiene Audit |publisher=Mold & Bacteria Consulting Services |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref> However, this definition can be expanded to testing of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional products, and more.<ref name="MQABioburden">{{cite web |url=http://microqa.com/laboratories/microbiology-testing-services/bioburden-microbial-enumeration-test/ |title=Bioburden / Microbial Enumeration Test |publisher=Microbiology & Quality Associates, Inc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref> A standardized version of this test measures total aerobic microbial count (TAMC) and total yeast and mold count (TYMC), acting as quality control to ensure the safety of the item's end user and is often part of a regulatory mandate.<ref name="AccugenUSP61">{{cite web |url=http://www.accugenlabs.com/usp-61-microbial-enumeration-tests-nonsterile-products.html |title=USP <61> Test- Microbial Enumeration Test |publisher=Accugen Laboratories, Inc |date=28 December 2016 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, cosmetic, environmental, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical, power and utility, veterinary
 
'''Biocompatibility''': Biomaterials, nanomaterials, medical devices, and even biological materials (such as someone else's blood) — when introduced to the body — are never a guarantee to integrate well. Safety evaluation studies, allergy tests, and toxicity tests are all a part of testing the biocompatibility of a material, ensuring it doesn't elicit a local or systemic response from living tissues and bodily systems.<ref name="UnderwoodBio13">{{cite web |url=http://www.contractpharma.com/issues/2013-03/view_ask-the-experts/biocompatibility-tests/ |title=Biocompatibility tests |author=Underwood, H.; Nguyen, R. |work=Contract Pharma |publisher=Rodman Media Corp |date=06 March 2013 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NCISafety">{{cite web |url=https://nano.cancer.gov/learn/now/safety.asp |title=Safety of Nanotechnology |work=NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer |publisher=National Cancer Institute |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NAMSABio">{{cite web |url=https://www.namsa.com/services/testing/biocompatibility-testing/ |title=Biocompatibility Testing |publisher=North American Science Associates, Inc |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BloodworksComp">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloodworksnw.org/labs/compatibility |title=Compatibility Testing Laboratory |publisher=Bloodworks Northwest |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, clinical care, cosmetic, manufacturing and R&D, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical
 
'''Biodegradation''': Merriam-Webster defines biodegradation as the process of organic material breaking down into its constituents, especially by the actions of living organisms.<ref name="MWBiodeg">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biodegradation |title=biodegradable |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> A wide variety of test methods have been used in industry laboratories to test biodegradation due to "[t]he great variety of biodegradation processes in the natural environment and in technical plants,"<ref name="PaggaTesting97">{{cite journal |title=Testing biodegradability with standardized methods |journal=Chemosphere |author=Pagga, U. |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=2953–72 |year=1997 |doi=10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00262-2 |pmid=9415981}}</ref> including soil metabolism studies and seawater inoculum studies.<ref name="SmithersSoilWater">{{cite web |url=http://smithersviscient.com/fate-metabolism/soil,-water-sediment-metabolism-studies |title=Soil, Water/Sediment Metabolism Studies |publisher=Smithers Viscient |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="SituOECD306">{{cite web |url=http://www.situbiosciences.com/biodegradation/oecd-306-biodegradation-test-seawater/ |title=OECD 306 – Biodegradation Test – Seawater |publisher=Situ Biosciences, LLC |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, environmental, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical
 
'''Biomechanical''': Biomechanics involves the scientific study of the relationships between an organisms biology and the way that it moves.<ref name="MWBiomech">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biomechanics |title=biomechanics |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> Biomechanical testing is needed in several cases, primarily in the development of biomaterials for prosthetics and other implants<ref name="Gonzalez-BlohmTheCurrent15">{{cite journal |title=The Current Testing Protocols for Biomechanical Evaluation of Lumbar Spinal Implants in Laboratory Setting: A Review of the Literature |journal=BioMed Research International |author=Gonzalez-Blohm, S.A.; Doulgeris, J.J.; Lee III, W.E. et al. |volume=2015 |issue=2015 |pages=506181 |year=2015 |doi=10.1155/2015/506181}}</ref><ref name="BiomomentumTesting">{{cite web |url=http://www.biomomentum.com/en/Testing-Services.html |title=Testing Services - Biomechanical Characterization of Biological Tissue and Biomaterials |publisher=Biomomentum, Inc |date=2016 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> but also in the analysis of living tissues such as bone and cartilage for disease assessment and treatment.<ref name="Oksztulska-KolanekTheBio16">{{cite journal |title=The Biomechanical Testing for the Assessment of Bone Quality in an Experimental Model of Chronic Kidney Disease |journal=Nephron |author=Oksztulska-Kolanek, E.; Znorko, B.; Michałowska, M.; Pawlak K. |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=51–58 |year=2016 |doi=10.1159/000442714 |pmid=26680019}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, manufacturing and R&D
 
'''Biomolecular''': Biomolecules — organic molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids in living organisms<ref name="MWBiomol">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biomolecule |title=biomolecule |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> — are important to many fields of science and industry. Many clinical and industrial applications require lab testing to properly identify biomolecules in or on a substance for diagnosis, research, and quality control purposes. Does a particular food contain a known allergen or pathogen?<ref name="TÜVSÜDBiomol">{{cite web |url=http://www.tuv-sud.com/home-com/resource-centre/publications/e-ssentials-newsletter/food-health-e-ssentials/e-ssentials-2-2016/biomolecular-testing-of-food-products |title=Biomolecular testing of food products |publisher=TÜV SÜD Business Services GmbH |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> Has someone been exposed to a toxic substance in the environment?<ref name="NIEHSBiomol">{{cite web |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/atniehs/labs/bmsb/ |title=Biomolecular screening branch |publisher=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |date=06 February 2017 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> Biomolecular testing helps with these and other questions.
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': chemical, clinical and academic research, clinical care, food and beverage, law enforcement and forensics, life science and biotechnology
 
'''Biophysical profile''': The biophysical profile (BPP) is a test performed typically in the last trimester of human pregnancy as a way to evaluate the overall health of the developing baby. It measures aspects such as heart rate, movement, breathing, and position.<ref name="WebMDBiophys">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/baby/biophysical-profile-bpp#1 |title=Biophysical Profile (BPP) |work=WebMD |publisher=WebMD, LLC |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> The BPP can also be applied in the veterinarian sciences, for example with pregnant mares.<ref name="HigginsTheEq13">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YS-YAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA767 |title=The Equine Manual E-Book |author=Higgins, A.J.; Snyder, J.R. |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |page=767 |year=2013 |isbn=9780702059612}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical care, veterinary
 
'''Biosafety''': Merriam-Webster defines biosafety as "safety with respect to the effects of biological research on humans and the environment."<ref name="MWBiosafety">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biosafety |title=biosafety |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> This typically includes testing to ensure biologicals, raw materials, and final products are free from unintended viral agents and other contaminates.<ref name="CharlesRiverInVivo">{{cite web |url=http://www.criver.com/products-services/biopharmaceutic-services/characterization-services/ivb |title=In Vivo Biosafety Testing |publisher=Charles River Laboratories International, Inc |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BioRelianceBiopharm">{{cite web |url=http://www.bioreliance.com/us/services/biopharmaceutical-services |title=Biopharmaceutical Services (Biosafety Testing) |publisher=Sigma-Aldrich Co., LLC |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': chemical, clinical and academic research, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical
 
'''Blood culture''': The American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) describes a blood culture as a test "used to detect the presence of bacteria or fungi in the blood, to identify the type present, and to guide treatment."<ref name="AACCBloodCult17">{{cite web |url=https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/blood-culture/tab/test/ |title=Blood Culture - The Test |work=Lab Tests Online |publisher=American Association for Clinical Chemistry |date=04 May 2017 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> The test may be done in conjunction with a complete blood count (CBC), and it applies to both clinical and veterinary science.<ref name="AACCBloodCult17" /><ref name="AHDCBloodCult">{{cite web |url=https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/docs/blood_culture_technique.pdf |format=PDF |title=Blood Culture Technique |author=Animal Health Diagnostic Center |publisher=Cornell University |date=September 2016 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, clinical care, veterinary
 
'''Blood gases''': The AACC explains that a blood gas test is able to detect acid-base imbalances and gauge respiratory function as a way to diagnose conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and kidney dysfunction.<ref name="AACCBloodGas14">{{cite web |url=https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/blood-gases/tab/test/ |title=Blood Gases - The Test |work=Lab Tests Online |publisher=American Association for Clinical Chemistry |date=29 December 2014 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> Like the blood culture, the blood gases test is useful in both clinical and veterinary science.<ref name="AACCBloodGas14" /><ref name="AHDCBloodGases">{{cite web |url=https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/sects/clinpath/test/blood/ |title=Blood Gases |author=Animal Health Diagnostic Center |publisher=Cornell University |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, clinical care, veterinary
 
'''Blood typing''': A blood type test determines the types of antigens attached to an organism's red blood cells so as to make identification of the most biocompatible blood type for transfusion purposes.<ref name="AACCBloodType15">{{cite web |url=https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/blood-typing/tab/sample/ |title=Blood Typing - The Test Sample |work=Lab Tests Online |publisher=American Association for Clinical Chemistry |date=16 December 2015 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> Like the previously mentioned blood tests, blood typing is useful in both clinical and veterinary science.<ref name="AACCBloodType15" /><ref name="UCDVetLabTest">{{cite web |url=http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vmth/lab_services/clinical_labs/lab_tests.cfm |title=Lab Test Search |work=William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital |publisher=U.C. Davis School of Veterinary Medicine |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical care, veterinary
 
'''Boiling, freezing, and melting point''': While sometimes viewed as basic classroom learning exercises, determination of the boiling, freezing, and melting point of a substance remains useful in several industries. These tests allow laboratory scientists to not only identify the purity of a substance, but they also provide important knowledge in pharmaceutical formulation as well as correct labeling of material safety data sheets (MSDS).<ref name="YoderDeterm17">{{cite web |url=http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/instructional/laboratory-tutorials/determination-of-melting-point |title=Laboratory Tutorials - Determination of Melting Point |work=Wired Chemist |author=Yoder, C. |date=2017 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="KasturePharm15">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkoJsQIhDWkC&pg=SA5-PA4&lpg=SA5-PA4 |title=Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I |chapter=Chapter 5: Solubility of Pharmaceuticals |author=Kasture, A.V.; Wadodkar, S.G. |publisher=Pragati Books Pvt. Ltd |pages=5.4–5.5 |year=2015 |isbn=9788185790121}}</ref><ref name="LCSBoiling14">{{cite web |url=http://www.labconserv.com/boiling-point-laboratory-test-for-msds-development/ |title=Boiling Point – laboratory test for MSDS development |publisher=LCS Laboratory, Inc |date=22 January 2014 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': chemical, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, pharmaceutical
 
==C==
'''C- and N-terminal''': This type of testing involves looking at the carboxylic groups (C) and amine groups (N) associated with an amino acid. It's used as an identification tool as well as a quality control and reporting requirement tool for pharmaceutical researchers.<ref name="AlphalyseNandC">{{cite web |url=http://www.alphalyse.com/biopharmaceuticals/structural-characterization/n-and-c-terminal-sequencing/ |title=N- and C-terminal sequencing |publisher=Alphalyse , Inc |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="SGSCTerm">{{cite web |url=http://www.sgs.com/en/life-sciences/biopharmaceutical-services/laboratory-services/protein-and-peptide-analysis/c-terminal-sequence-analysis |title=C-terminal Sequence Analysis |publisher=SGS SA |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': life science and biotechnology, pharmaceutical
 
'''Calorimetry''': Calorimetry measures the heat or energy change of a chemical or physical process in a system. This measurement can then be used to better tailor a diet to an individual<ref name="AKHCalor">{{cite web |url=http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HealthAZ/TestsAndTreatments/Tests/Pages/Calorimetry-Testing.aspx |title=Calorimetry Testing |work=AboutKidsHealth |publisher=The Hospital for Sick Children |author=Chapman, K. |date=11 June 2009 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>, test energy expenditure in research mice<ref name="KaiyalaWhatDoes14">{{cite journal |title=What does indirect calorimetry really tell us? |journal=Molecular Metabolism |author=Kaiyala, K.J. |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=340–341 |year=2014 |doi=10.1016/j.molmet.2014.03.005 |pmid=24944890 |pmc=PMC4060223}}</ref>, or even to characterize an energy storage system such as lithium-ion battery.<ref name="SandiaBattery15">{{cite web |url=http://energy.sandia.gov/about/facilities/batlab/battery-calorimetry-laboratory/ |title=Battery Calorimetry Laboratory |work=Sandia National Laboratories |publisher= National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC |date=2015 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> It can even be used to guide process safety and hazard assessment.<ref name="FauskePetro">{{cite web |url=http://www.fauske.com/petrochemical-industry |title=Petrochemical Industry |publisher=Fauske & Associates, LLC |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, clinical care, energy, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, veterinary
 
'''Capillary and gel electrophoresis''': Electrophoresis involves the movement of suspended particles through a specific medium while the medium has an electromotive force applied to it.<ref name="MWElectropho">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/electrophoresis |title=electrophoresis |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> Thyrocare Technologies notes that more traditional use of this technique was found "in the field of research for analysis of genetic material as well as proteins" but that in modern times it's seen more diagnostic use for analysis of blood, urine, and other protein-containing biological samples.<ref name="ThyrocareCapill">{{cite web |url=http://www.thyrocare.com/Capillary-Electrophoresis.html |title=Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) |publisher=Thyrocare Technologies Limited |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="AACCProteinElec15">">{{cite web |url=https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/electrophoresis/tab/test/ |title=Protein Electrophoresis / Immunofixation Electrophoresis - The Test |work=Lab Tests Online |publisher=American Association for Clinical Chemistry |date=12 August 2015 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> Capillary and gel techniques allow for the determination of a protein's isoelectric point or its molecular weight and purity, for example, in biopharmaceutical production.<ref name="SGSCapElect">{{cite web |url=http://www.sgs.com/en/life-sciences/biopharmaceutical-services/laboratory-services/protein-and-peptide-analysis/capillary-electrophoresis-analysis |title=Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis |publisher=SGS SA |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="SGSGelElect">{{cite web |url=http://www.sgs.com/en/life-sciences/biopharmaceutical-services/laboratory-services/protein-and-peptide-analysis/gel-electrophoresis-analysis |title=Gel Electrophoresis Analysis |publisher=SGS SA |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, clinical care, life science and biotechnology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical
 
'''Carbon-hydrogen ratio''': The carbon-hydrogen test is used in the mining and petrochemical industries to classify coal and petrochemical types and provides a way to determine the processing potential and yields of those hydrocarbons.<ref name="HudsonDefCH">{{cite web |url=https://www.mindat.org/glossary/carbon-hydrogen_ratio |title=Definition of carbon-hydrogen ratio |work=Mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ASTMD5291">{{cite web |url=https://www.astm.org/Standards/D5291.htm |title=ASTM D5291-16, Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants |work=Standards & Publications |publisher=ASTM International |date=2016 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': geology and mining, petrochemical
 
'''Carcinogenicity''': Determining the carcinogenicity of a substance means determining its potential or risk to cause cancer.<ref name="MWCarcin">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/carcinogenicity |title=carcinogen |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="KamrinReporting94">{{cite book |url=http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/michu/michuh94003.pdf |title=Reporting on Risk: A Journalist's Handbook |chapter=Chapter 3: Toxicity Assessment Basics |author=Kamrin, M.A.; Katz, D.J.; Walter, M.L. |editor=Walter, M.L. |publisher=Michigan Sea Grant Communications |pages=27–42 |year=1994}}</ref> Carcinogenicity testing is a type of toxicity testing<ref name="KamrinReporting94" /> used to examine, among other items, pesticides and pharmaceuticals.<ref name="AlavanjaCarcino07">{{cite journal |title=Carcinogenicity of agricultural pesticides in adults and children |journal=Journal of Agromedicine |author=Alavanja, M.C.; Ward, M.H.; Reynolds, P. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=39–56 |year=2007 |doi=10.1300/J096v12n01_05 |pmid=18032335}}</ref><ref name="ICHGuidance97">{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm074916.pdf |format=PDF |title=Guidance for Industry: S1B Testing for Carcinogenicity of Pharmaceuticals |author=International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=July 1997 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, chemical, clinical and academic research, life science and biotechnology, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical
 
'''Cargo analysis''': This category of testing in reality covers a broad range of different tests associated with monitoring, securing, and improving cargo and its transport. Laboratories that offer laboratory-based cargo analysis are, among other activities, ensuring the contents of a cargo meet contractual specifications (as in petroleum) or providing contamination analysis of shipped goods.<ref name="NaiasPetro">{{cite web |url=http://www.naiaslabs.com/services/item/32-Petroleum-cargo-certification-quality-control |title=Petroleum Cargo Analysis & Certification |publisher=Naias Labs SA |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="SchutterCargo">{{cite web |url=http://www.schuttergroup.com/laboratory-services |title=Cargo Analysis and Laboratory Testing Services |publisher=Schutter Group |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': logistics, petrochemical
 
'''Case depth''': Also known as "case depth hardness," case depth is a measurement of the thickness of a hardened layer on a sample, usually a manufactured component. According to AMETEK, "[t]he characteristics of case hardening are primarily determined by surface hardness, the effective hardness depth, and the depth profile of the residual stress" applied to the sample.<ref name="AMETEKCase">{{cite web |url=http://hardnesstesters.com/Applications/Case-Depth-Testing.aspx |title=Case Depth Hardness Testing |work=Newage Hardness Testing |publisher=AMETEK, Inc |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="QNetCaseDepth15">{{cite web |url=http://www.qnetworld.com/case_testing/case_testing.htm |title=Case Depth Testing |publisher=Quality Network, Inc |date=25 June 2015 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aeronautical, manufacturing and R&D
 
'''Cetane''': ASTM states that "cetane number provides a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition engines."<ref name="ASTMD613">{{cite web |url=https://www.astm.org/Standards/D613.htm |title=ASTM D613-16a, Standard Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil |work=Standards & Publications |publisher=ASTM International |date=2016 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> Additional test calculations such as cetane index and derived cetane number apply in testing laboratories to not only diesel fuel but also gasoil, biodiesel, and several other fuels, providing a clearer picture of fuel quality.<ref name="IntertekCetane">{{cite web |url=http://www.intertek.com/petroleum/testing/diesel-fuel/cetane/ |title=Cetane Testing |publisher=Intertek Group plc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BureauCetane">{{cite web |url=http://www.bureauveritas.com/services+sheet/commodities/cetane+testing |title=Cetane Testing |publisher=Bureau Veritas SA |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': petrochemical
 
'''Characterization''': Broadly speaking, characterization is a general process of detailing the characteristics of a test material or system through a series of tests and tools, and  this process can be applied in numerous fields and industries. In chemistry, molecular characterization can be part of chemical analysis, trace analysis, and microscopic testing of a sample to identify and describe it.<ref name="AvomeenMolecChar">{{cite web |url=https://www.avomeen.com/about-us/methods/molecular-characterization/ |title=Molecular Characterization Laboratory |publisher=Avomeen Analytical Services |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NAMSAMatChar">{{cite web |url=https://www.namsa.com/services/testing/material-characterization-analytical-chemistry/ |title=Material Characterization & Analytical Chemistry |publisher=North American Science Associates, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> The R&D departments of numerous industries turn to characterization testing of manufacturing materials in their labs, including metallographic services, micro- and macrohardness testing,  spectral sensitivity testing, and more.<ref name="ThermacoreSpecialized">{{cite web |url=http://www.thermacore.com/products/materials-testing-characterization.aspx |title=Specialized Materials Testing and Characterization |publisher=Thermacore, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ESAPowerLabs" /> Even fiber optic systems require characterization testing using unique equipment.<ref name="JDSIFiber">{{cite web |url=http://www.fiberoptic.com/Fiber_Characterization/pdf/fiber_characterization_test_equipment.pdf |format=PDF |title=Fiber Characterization Test Equipment |pages=6 |publisher=JDS Uniphase Corporation |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, chemical, energy, geology and mining, manufacturing and R&D, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical, veterinary
 
'''Chemical and materials compatibility''': ELTEK Labs describes compatibility — within the laboratory testing domain — as one of several scenarios: how one or more materials holds up in varying environments, how two or more materials hold up in a standardized environment, or how one material holds up within another material.<ref name="ELTEKComponent">{{cite web |url=http://elteklabs.com/test-capabilities/component-compatibility-test-list/ |title=Component Compatibility Test List |publisher=ELTEK International Laboratories |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> Examples include how the internal components of a dish washing machine hold up to certain detergents<ref name="ELTEKComponent" />, how plastics resist chemical reagents<ref name="IntertekChemicalComp">{{cite web |url=http://www.intertek.com/polymers/testlopedia/chemical-compatibility-astm-d543/ |title=Chemical Compatibility ASTM D543 |publisher=Intertek Group plc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>, how an aviation component withstands aviation fuel<ref name="SmithersFluid">{{cite web |url=http://www.smithersrapra.com/testing-services/by-material/rubber-and-elastomer-physical-testing/fluid-and-chemical-compatibility-testing |title=Fluid and Chemical Compatibility Testing |publisher=Smithers Rapra |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>, and how a medical device reacts to disinfectants.<ref name="MicrochemMaterialsComp">{{cite web |url=http://microchemlab.com/test-category/materials-compatibility-testing |title=Materials Compatibility Testing |publisher=Microchem Laboratory |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, chemical, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical
 
'''Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand''': These two tests, often abbreviated COD and BOD, are used to test wastewater streams for their potential effect on the environment. Both tests measure the oxygen required for "aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample."<ref name="YSIBiochem">{{cite web |url=https://www.ysi.com/parameters/biochemical-oxygen-demand-bod |title=Biochemical Oxygen Demand - BOD |publisher=YSI Incorporated |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> A high level would indicate reduced levels of dissolved oxygen, which leads to anaerobic conditions in an aquatic environment. The test methods between the two are slightly different, however, with COD having a slight advantage for its considerably shorter testing time.<ref name="YSIBiochem" /><ref name="RealTechChemicalOx">{{cite web |url=https://realtechwater.com/chemical-oxygen-demand/ |title=Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) |publisher=Real Tech Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': environmental, power and utility
 
'''Circular dichroism''': "Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measures differences in the absorption of left-handed polarized light versus right-handed polarized light which arise due to structural asymmetry," says Alliance Protein Laboratories.<ref name="APLCircular16">{{cite web |url=http://www.ap-lab.com/circular_dichroism.htm |title=Circular Dichroism |publisher=Alliance Protein Laboratories, Inc |date=2016 |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> This test method is good for determining the structural status of a protein, comparing proteins, enacting comparability protocols, and studying protein stability. CD is used primarily in pharmaceutical development as a means for determining purity, performing quantitative analysis, and meeting ICH requirements on physicochemical profiling of pharmaceuticals.<ref name="APLCircular16" /><ref name="SGSCircularDi">{{cite web |url=http://www.sgs.com/en/life-sciences/biopharmaceutical-services/laboratory-services/protein-and-peptide-analysis/circular-dichroism-analysis |title=Circular Dichroism Analysis |publisher=SGS SA |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': life science and biotechnology, pharmaceutical
 
'''Cleanliness''': When manufacturers create a product, most have to be cognizant of the potential problems caused by product contamination, particularly those manufacturers working with components and constituents that must remain ultra-clean. Contaminates can reduce the life span of cooling systems, fluid handling systems, circuit boards, and metal parts, among others. Cleanliness testing is a type of quality control testing that helps improve performance reliability and brand reputation. Surface residue isolation and measurement, rinse water sampling, and microbiological contamination testing all play a role in cleanliness testing.<ref name="IMRCleanliness">{{cite web |url=https://www.imrtest.com/tests/cleanliness-testing |title=Cleanliness Testing |publisher=Curtiss-Wright Corporation |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="RTICleanliness">{{cite web |url=http://rtilab.com/analytical-services/materials-testing-division/parts-cleanliness-testing/ |title=Cleanliness Testing |publisher=RTI Laboratories |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NassaniCleaning13">{{cite web |url=http://www.ivtnetwork.com/sites/default/files/Cleaning%20Validation%20in%20the%20Pharmaceutical%20Industry_0.pdf |format=PDF |title=Cleaning Validation in the Pharmaceutical Industry |author=Nassani, M. |publisher=Institute of Validation Technology |date=24 January 2013 |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical, power and utility
 
'''Climatics''': Also known as environmental simulation testing, climatic testing "usually involves creating artificial environments for test items to determine their expected resilience to their anticipated environments."<ref name="NTSEnviro">{{cite web |url=https://www.nts.com/services/environmental |title=Environmental Simulation Testing: Staying Ahead of Trouble One Test at a Time |publisher=National Technical Systems, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> Factors such as airborne particulate, moisture, pressure, solar radiation, temperature, and wind in any combination may be tested to ensure systems, subsystems, and components can withstand real-life conditions reliably over a recommended period of time.<ref name="BrennerFundamentals07">{{cite web |url=http://www.opsalacarte.com/pdfs/Tech_Papers/Climatic_Testing_and_How_to_Write_a_Good_Test_Plan.pdf |format=PDF |title=Fundamentals of Climatics Testing |author=Brenner, S. |publisher=Ops A La Carte, LLC |date=2007 |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> As such, a wide breadth of subtests encompass climatic testing, each simulating an environmental condition for a sample, with laboratorians then observing the results on the sample via analytical means.<ref name="ELabsClimatics">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-labsinc.com/climatics.shtml |title=Climatics Testing |publisher=E-Labs, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, energy, logistics, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility
 
'''Cloud point''': This petrochemical test is a measurement of "the temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallest observable cluster of hydrocarbon crystals (first) occurs upon cooling under prescribed conditions."<ref name="CaparedaIntro13">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFLOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |title=Introduction to Biomass Energy Conversions |author=Capareda, S. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2013 |pages=185–186 |isbn=9781466513341}}</ref> These "wax" crystals have the potential to block filters and fuel systems if not properly accommodated for.<ref name="ASTMD5771">{{cite web |url=https://www.astm.org/Standards/D5771.htm |title=ASTM D5771 - 15, Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Optical Detection Stepped Cooling Method) |work=Standards & Publications |publisher=ASTM International |date=2015 |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': petrochemical
 
'''Combustion''': Combustion testing could refer to 1. combustion analysis, which is used to determine the constituents of a compound, alloy, or some other substance<ref name="ATS_LECO">{{cite web |url=http://www.atslab.com/metals-analysis/leco-combustion.php |title=LECO Combustion |publisher=Applied Technical Services, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>; 2. engine combustion testing, used to develop, optimize, and/or quality check combustion engines<ref name="JLCCProduct">{{cite web |url=http://www.jlcclabs.com/ |title=Product Analysis & Engine Testing |publisher=JLCC, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>; or 3. combustion testing of nozzles, burners, and spraybars, which involves the evaluation of ignition, flame stability, spray angle, and other characteristics of those parts.<ref name="WoodwardCombust">{{cite web |url=http://www.woodward.com/aircraftcombustiontesting.aspx |title=Woodward Combustion Test Capability |publisher=Woodward, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> The intended results of this testing include improved fuel economy, reduced pollutant levels, and improved equipment safety.<ref name="MegaAGuide">{{cite web |url=https://megadepot.com/resource/a-guide-to-combustion-analysis |title=A Guide to Combustion Analysis |work=MegaDepot.com |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, chemical, energy, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical
 
'''Compaction''': Compaction testing is essentially is the development of a porosity profile of a sediment under load. As a sediment is compacted, particles are more efficiently packed, reducing the available space for water to fill. Concrete, construction materials, soils, and aggregates can all be tested for compaction by a laboratory.<ref name="EscorsaCompaction">{{cite web |url=http://www.geologyandlabs.com/servicios-laboratorio-de-suelos-compactacion-y-viales.php |title=Compaction and Roads |publisher=Escorsa Geology SL |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="SladdenMaterial">{{cite web |url=http://sladdenengineering.com/materials-laboratory/ |title=Material Laboratory Approvals |publisher=Sladden Engineering |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': geology and mining, manufacturing and R&D
 
'''Comparative Tracking Index''': Abbreviated as CTI, this test measures the relative resistance of an insulating material to electrical breakdown, a point where it stops acting like an insulator and more like a conductor. One testing method for CTI describes it as the "highest voltage at which no test specimens fail during tests."<ref name="UL_CTI">{{cite web |url=http://www.ulttc.com/en/solutions/test-methods/electrical/cti-tracking.html |title=CTI / Tracking |publisher=UL, LLC |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NTS_CTI">{{cite web |url=https://www.nts.com/services/materials-testing/comparative-tracking-index |title=Comparative Tracking Index (CTI) |publisher=National Technical Systems, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility
 
'''Comparison''': Comparison testing is simply the comparison of one or more developmental and marketed products with another, usually competing product.<ref name="VolatileCompet">{{cite web |url=https://www.volatileanalysis.com/services/analytical-testing-laboratory/competitor-product-comparison-testing/ |title=Competitor Product Comparison Testing |publisher=Volatile Analysis |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> A more sophisticated example from 2010 had researchers comparison testing Korean cosmetics using a European-style patch test with the results of European cosmetics under the same patch test, discovering certain antigens in Korean cosmetics were absent from the European test protocol.<ref name="CheongComp10">{{cite journal |title=Comparison of Marketed Cosmetic Products Constituents with the Antigens Included in Cosmetic-related Patch Test |journal=Annals of Dermatology |author=Cheong, S.H.; Choi, Y.W.; Myung, K.B.; Choi, H.Y. |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=262–8 |year=2010 |doi=10.5021/ad.2010.22.3.262 |pmid=20711261 |pmc=PMC2917678}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': cosmetic, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D
 
'''Compendial''': Avomeen Analytical states the following about compendial testing: "Compendial monograph (pharmacopeial) tests are standardized methods and specification testing for generic pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products.  They are utilized as a basic requirement needed for most regulatory submissions around the world."<ref name="AvomeenCompendial">{{cite web |url=https://www.avomeen.com/industries/pharma/compendial-testing/ |title=Compendial & Non-Compendial Testing (Pharmacopeial) |publisher=Avomeen Analytical Services |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, pharmaceutical
 
'''Complete blood count''': This test (referred to as a CBC) is a clinical screening test that covers a broad base of cells and associated variables, used as a diagnostic tool for an individual's health status. It evaluates white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in a blood sample. It can also be used as a monitoring tool to track the progress of an individual's disease. The test applies to both clinical and veterinary labs.<ref name="AACCCompleteBloodCount17">{{cite web |url=https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/tab/test/ |title=Complete Blood Count (CBC) - The Test |work=Lab Tests Online |publisher=American Association for Clinical Chemistry |date=30 March 2017 |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="VS_CBC11">{{cite web |url=http://www.vetstreet.com/care/cbc-and-chemistry-profile |title=CBC and Chemistry Profile |publisher=Vetstreet, Inc |date=04 November 2011 |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, clinical care, veterinary
 
'''Compliance/Conformance''': TechTarget defines compliance/conformance testing as "a methodology used in engineering to ensure that a product, process, computer program or system meets a defined set of standards."<ref name="RouseConform07">{{cite web |url=http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/conformance-testing |title=conformance testing |author=Rouse, M. |work=Search Software Quality |publisher=TechTarget, Inc |date=February 2007 |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> This sort of testing is a vital quality control step for just about every manufacturer and laboratory required to operate under certain standards and laws. The actual subtests associated with compliance testing will be as diverse as the industries they are performed in.
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, automotive and aerospace, chemical, clinical care, cosmetic, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, power and utility, veterinary
 
'''Composition''': This test is largely an identification test in non-clinical laboratories. When a metal, chemical, or other material is of unknown origin or needs to be compared to a similar item for differences, labs turn to composition analysis. It's also used to confirm suspicions of toxic ingredients or contaminants in a sample.<ref name="AvomeenProductCompos">{{cite web |url=https://www.avomeen.com/services/deformulation/product-composition-testing/ |title=Product Composition Analysis |publisher=Avomeen Analytical Services |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="EAGCompos">{{cite web |url=http://www.eag.com/compositional-analysis/ |title=Compositional Analysis & Material Identification |publisher=EAG, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> In clinical contexts, a composition test may refer to body composition testing, which includes body fat and muscle composition, bone density, and metabolic rate, among others.<ref name="MSBodyCompLab">{{cite web |title=https://www.missouristate.edu/bms/BodyCompositionLaboratory.htm |Body Composition Laboratory |publisher=Missouri State University |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, chemical, clinical care, cosmetic, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, pharmaceutical
 
'''Compression''': TestResources, Inc. describes a compression test as "any test in which a material experiences opposing forces that push inward upon the specimen from opposite sides or is otherwise compressed, 'squashed,' crushed, or flattened" with the purpose of determining "whether or not the material is suited for specific applications or if it will fail under the specified stresses."<ref name="TRCompress">{{cite web |url=http://www.testresources.net/applications/test-types/compression-test/ |title=Compression Test |publisher=TestResources, Inc. |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> The compression test is also used in geology to determine the compressive strength of a rock.<ref name="ReevesLabTests">{{cite web |url=http://homepage.usask.ca/~mjr347/prog/geoe118/geoe118.034.html |title=Laboratory Tests |work=GEOE 118.3 Geology for Engineers |author=Reeves, M. |publisher=University of Saskatchewan |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> Additionally, associated instruments that test compression will at times require force calibration from a calibration lab.<ref name="LTIForce">{{cite web |url=https://www.labtesting.com/metrology-calibration-services/instrument-calibration/force-calibration/ |title=Force Calibration |publisher=Laboratory Testing, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, calibration and standards, geology and mining, life science and biotechnology, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility
 
'''Conductivity''': Merriam-Webster defines conductivity as "the ability to move heat or electricity from one place to another."<ref name="MWConductivity">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conductivity |title=conductivity |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> Test methods for thermal and electrical conductivity will vary based upon material type, expected conductivity, and the dimensions of the material. Metals, polymers, liquids, and even soil can be tested for conductivity with the goal of determining resistivity, insulative quality, or, in the case of soils, quantity of nutrients available.<ref name="PMICThermal">{{cite web |url=http://www.pmiclab.com/contract-testing/thermal-conductivity |title=Thermal Conductivity |publisher=Precision Measurements and Instruments Corporation |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="TouchstoneCond">{{cite web |url=http://www.trl.com/electrical-properties-testing/ |title=Conductivity Testing – Electrical Properties Testing |publisher=Touchstone Laboratory, Ltd |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="CapewellTheWhy">{{cite web |url=https://www.agriculturesolutions.com/resources/92-the-why-and-how-to-testing-the-electrical-conductivity-of-soils |title=The why and how to testing the electrical conductivity of soils |author=Capewell, M. |publisher=Agriculture Solutions, LLC |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, automotive and aerospace, chemical, environmental, geology and mining, petrochemical
 
'''Congealing point''': The World Health Organization's sixth edition of ''The International Pharmacopoeia'' defines the congealing point of a liquid or melted solid as "the highest temperature at which it solidifies."<ref name="WHOTheInt16">{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/phint/en/p/docf/ |title=1.2.2 Congealing point |work=The International Pharmacopoeia |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2016 |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> The WHO<ref name="WHOTheInt16" />, the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention<ref name="USPCMonographs15">{{cite web |url=http://www.usp.org/usp-nf/notices/monographs-and-general-chapters-affected-omission-thermometers |title=Monographs and General Chapters Affected by Omission of <21> Thermometers |publisher=U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention |date=31 July 2015 |accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>, and ASTM<ref name="ASTMD938">{{cite web |url=https://www.astm.org/Standards/D938.htm |title=ASTM D938-12, Standard Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum Waxes, Including Petrolatum |work=Standards & Publications |publisher=ASTM International |date=2012 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref> all describe test methods for measuring congealing point.
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical
 
'''Conradson Carbon Residue''': According to ASTM International, the CCR test is used to determine "the amount of carbon residue ... left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensities."<ref name="ASTMD189">{{cite web |url=https://www.astm.org/Standards/D189.htm |title=ASTM D1899-06(2014), Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products |work=Standards & Publications |publisher=ASTM International |date=2014 |accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref> Several laboratory devices have been built specifically for CCR and are used in the petrochemical and construction industries.<ref name="OELConrad">{{cite web |url=https://www.oelcheck.de/en/oil-analysis-tests/conradson-carbon-residue.html |title=Conradson Carbon Residue |publisher=OELCHECK GmbH |accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="HumboldtConrad">{{cite web |url=https://www.humboldtmfg.com/conradson-carbon-residue-apparatus.html |title=Conradson Carbon Residue Apparatus |publisher=Humboldt Mfg. Co |accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': petrochemical
 
'''Consolidation''': Gopal Mishra's ''The Constructor'' describes consolidation testing as follows: "Consolidation of a saturated soil occurs due to expulsion of water under static, sustained load. The consolidation characteristics of soils are required to predict the magnitude and the rate of settlement."<ref name="GopalConsol">{{cite web |url=https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/consolidation-test-of-soil/3054/ |title=Consolidation Test of Soil |author=Gopal, M. |work=The Constructor |accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref> With this information, civil engineers can make a more informed decision about a project's design criteria and improve a structure's longevity.<ref name="AlhabshiCE3121">{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519201413/https://www.slideshare.net/hronaldo10/class-7-consolidation-test-geotechnical-engineering |title=Class 7: Consolidation Test on Cohesive Soil |work=CE 3121: Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory |author=Alhabshi, A. |publisher=LinkedIn Corporation |date=16 April 2015 |accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, environmental, geology and mining
 
'''Contact mechanics''': Contact mechanics is, broadly speaking, the study of how a solids deform at one or more points upon contact.<ref name="PopovContact17">{{cite book |title=Contact Mechanics and Friction: Physical Principles and Applications |author=Popov, V.L. |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |pages=391 |isbn=9783662530818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT5RDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> The associated sub-tests are primarily used in R&D to better understand the phenomena and improve designs of items such as structural supports and hydraulic components.<ref name="UFAnalytical1^">{{cite web |url=http://granularlab.essie.ufl.edu/research-areas/analytical-modeling-granule-structure-interaction/ |title=Analytical Modeling of Granules-Structure Interaction |work=University of Florida Computer Laboratory for Granular Physics Studies |publisher=University of Florida |date=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="BhaumikDesign13">{{cite journal |title=Design & Development of Test Rig for Investigation of Contact Mechanics Phenomena in Reciprocating Hydraulic Seals |journal=Procedia Engineering |author=Bhaumik, S.; Kumaraswamy, A.; Guruprasad, S. |volume=64 |pages=835–843 |year=2013 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.159}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, energy, manufacturing and R&D
 
'''Contamination''': Merriam-Webster describes contamination as the introduction of something unwholesome or undesirable that makes a medium impure or unfit for use.<ref name="MWContam">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/contaminating |title=contaminate |work=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc |accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref> In the scope of laboratories, contamination testing can thus cover a wide spectrum of contaminates, from heavy metals and toxic chemicals to a mold, mycotoxin, or bacteria. With each contaminate is associated a specific set of test criteria; as such, "contamination testing" is an overly broad term that often requires further clarification based upon contaminate. These tests are done to, for example, determine what's causing discoloration, a foreign odor, or unwanted haze or residue.<ref name="EAGContaminate">{{cite web |url=http://www.eag.com/contaminant-identification/ |title=Contaminate Identification |publisher=EAG, Inc |accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, chemical, cosmetic, energy, environmental, food and beverage, logistics, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, pharmaceutical
 
'''Corrosion''': Corrosion is a weakening, "electrochemical process of oxidation and reduction reactions," and electrochemical test methods "can be used to characterize the corrosion properties of metals and metal components in combination with various electrolyte solutions."<ref name="MEEElectro">{{cite web |url=http://www.mee-inc.com/hamm/electrochemical-corrosion-testing/ |title=Electrochemical Corrosion Testing |publisher=Materials Evaluation and Engineering, Inc |accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref> Corrosion testing helps design better products and understand corrosive forces as environmental conditions change. It's used in various ways, from analyzing finished medical devices for corrosion susceptibility to designing better HVAC systems.<ref name="MEEElectro" /><ref name="CTLSpecial">{{cite web |url=http://www.corrosionlab.com/special-features.htm |title=Special Features & Technical Papers |publisher=Corrosion Testing Laboratories, Inc |accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': automotive and aerospace, chemical, logistics, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, power and utility
 
'''Counterfeit detection''': Profit potential, electronic waste chains, and weak legislation can all play a role in the creation of counterfeit products, which are often inferior or even dangerous for the end user. Counterfeit detection testing is largely a product of enforcement and regulatory activities. A wide variety of conventional and unconventional screening techniques are used to detect counterfeit drugs, electronic components, and clothing among other items.<ref name="NTSCounterfeit">{{cite web |url=https://www.nts.com/services/testing-programs/counterfeit-components |title=Counterfeit Component Testing, Inspection & Certification Programs |publisher=National Technical Systems, Inc |accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="WHOCounterfeit99">{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh1456e/ |title=Counterfeit Drugs: Guidelines for the development of measures to combat counterfeit drugs |publisher=World Health Organization |pages=61 |date=1999 |accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': law enforcement and forensics, logistics
 
'''Cross-drive''': Cross-drive analysis is a digital forensic technique and inference process that attempts to correlate information across multiple computer disks or data servers.<ref name="BattenUsing11">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ4iYkcj9IoC&pg=PA41 |chapter=Using Relationship-Building in Event Profiling for Digital Forensic Investigations |title=Forensics in Telecommunications, Information and Multimedia |author=Batten, L.M.; Pan, L. |editor=Lai, X.; Gu, D.; Jin, B. et al. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |pages=40–52 |year=2011 |isbn=9783642236013}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': law enforcement and forensics
 
'''Current and current switching''': This collection of high-power tests are used in the power and utility industry to design better current switching hardware in power generation and distribution systems. Testing is typically performed as part of research and development, as part of acceptance testing, and as part of test-type certification. Test examples include capacitive, induced, bus transfer, and small inductive current switching tests, as well as short-time and peak withstand current tests.<ref name="HitachiHigh">{{cite web |url=http://www.hitachi.com/products/power/hpl/examination/high-power/index.html |title=High=Power Test Service |publisher=Hitachi, Ltd |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="SmeetsSwitching15">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwIaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT676 |chapter=Chapter 14: Testing |title=Switching in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Systems |author=Smeets, R.; van der Sluis, L.; Kapetanovic, M. et al. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2015 |isbn=9781118703625}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': power and utility
 
'''Cytology and cytopathology''': When referring to laboratory testing, these terms are used broadly to describe one or more specific tests used to look for lesions and diseases at the cellular level. These tests may be used to diagnose a disease when symptoms are present or screen an individual for likelihood of developing or carrying a disease, even when symptoms aren't present. The Pap test is a common test used to detect abnormalities in a woman's cervical cells. Fluids such as urine, sputum, and pleural fluid may also be tested.<ref name="ACSTypesOfCyt15">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/testing-biopsy-and-cytology-specimens-for-cancer/cytology-types.html |title=Types of cytology tests used to look for cancer |publisher=American Cancer Society, Inc |date=30 July 2015 |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="MayoCytopath">{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/departments-centers/laboratory-medicine-pathology/overview/specialty-groups/anatomic-pathology/services/cytopathology-laboratory |title=Cytopathology Laboratory |work=Mayo Clinic |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, clinical and academic research, clinical care, life science and biotechnology, veterinary
 
'''Cytotoxicity''': This type of testing is used frequently in medical device and pharmaceutical R&D (as well as clinical research) to assess the biocompatibility (i.e., toxicity or irritancy potential) of a material, raw ingredient, or compound. Testing is either qualitative or quantitative and may be performed in conjunction with sensitization assays to determine allergic or hypersensitivity responses.<ref name="PBLAssess">{{cite web |url=http://www.pacificbiolabs.com/bio_methods.asp |title=Assessing Biocompatibility: Biological Test Methods |work=Learning Center |publisher=Pacific BioLabs |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="WallinAPractical98">{{cite web |url=http://www.mddionline.com/article/practical-guide-iso-10993-5-cytotoxicity |title=A Practical Guide to ISO 10993-5: Cytotoxicity |work=Medical Device & Diagnostic Industry |author=Wallin, R.F.; Arscott, E.F. |date=April 1998 |publisher=UBM Canon, LLC |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': clinical and academic research, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical
 
==D==
'''De novo protein''':
 
'''Damage tolerance''':
 
'''Decomposition''':
 
'''Deformulation''':
 
'''Degradation''':
 
'''Density''':
 
'''Design verification testing''':
 
'''Detection''':
 
'''Developmental and reproductive toxicology''':
 
'''Dielectric withstand''':
 
'''Dietary exposure''':
 
'''Dimensional''':
 
'''Discoloration''':
 
'''Disintegration''':
 
'''Dissolution''':
 
'''Dissolved gas''':
 
'''Disulfide bridge''':
 
'''Doctor test''':
 
'''Drop''':
 
'''Dynamics''':
 
==E==
'''Ecotoxicology''':
 
'''Edge crush''':
 
'''Efficacy''':
 
'''Efficiency''':
 
'''Electrolyte and mineral panel''':
 
'''Electromagnetic compatibility''':
 
'''Electromagnetic interference''':
 
'''Electrophoresis''':
 
'''Electrostatic discharge''':
 
'''Elongation''':
 
'''Endocrine disruptor screening program''':
 
'''Endotoxin''':
 
'''Endurance''':
 
'''Environmental fate''':
 
'''Environmental metabolism''':
 
'''Environmental stress-cracking resistance''':
 
'''Ergonomics''':
 
'''Etching''':
 
'''Expiration dating''':
 
'''Evaporation loss''':
 
'''Extractables and leachables''':
 
==F==
'''Failure''':
 
'''Fatigue''':
 
'''Fault simulation''':
 
'''Feasibility''':
 
'''File carving''':
 
'''Fire debris analysis''':
 
'''Flammability''':
 
'''Flash point''':
 
'''Flavor''':
 
'''Fluid dynamics''':
 
'''Fluorescence''':
 
'''Formulation''':
 
'''Fragrance''':
 
'''Freight flow''':
 
'''Friability''':
 
'''Friction''':
 
'''Functional''':
 
'''Functional observational battery''':
 
==G==
'''Genetic''':
 
'''Genotoxicity''':
 
'''Genotype''':
 
'''Geochemistry''':
 
'''Geophysics''':
 
'''Geothermal''':
 
'''GMO detection''':
 
'''Grain and particle size''':
 
'''Grindability''':
 
'''Gunshot residue analysis''':
 
==H==
'''HACCP''':
 
'''Hazard analysis''':
 
'''Heat resistance''':
 
'''Heating value''':
 
'''Hematocrit''':
 
'''Hematotoxicity''':
 
'''Hemoglobin''':
 
'''Hydraulic''':
 
'''Hydrocarbon group type''':
 
'''Human factors''':
 
'''Hydraulic conductivity''':
 
==I==
'''Identification''':
 
'''Immersion''':
 
'''Immunoassay''':
 
'''Immunofluorescence''':
 
'''Immunohistochemistry''':
 
'''Impact''':
 
'''Impurity''':
 
'''Incident analysis''':
 
'''Incline impact''':
 
'''Inclusion''':
 
'''Induction motor fault''':
 
'''Infectious disease''':
 
'''Inflatability''':
 
'''Ingredient''':
 
'''Ingress''':
 
'''Inhalation''':
 
'''Integrity''':
 
'''Internal arc''':
 
'''Iodine value''':
 
'''Irritation''':
 
'''Isotope analysis''':
 
'''Iterative''':
 
==J==
 
==K==
'''Kauri-butanol value''':
 
'''Kidney function''':
 
==L==
'''Labeling''':
 
'''Last-mile distribution''':
 
'''Leak''':
 
'''Learning and memory''':
 
'''Lipid profile''':
 
'''Liver function''':
 
'''Load''':
 
'''Locomotor activity''':
 
'''Lot release''':
 
'''Lightning''':
 
'''Lubricity''':
 
==M==
'''Macroetch''':
 
'''Macro- and microstructure''':
 
'''Mass''':
 
'''Mechanical''':
 
'''Mechanical durability''':
 
'''Medical toxicology''':
 
'''Metabolic''':
 
'''Metallurgical analysis''':
 
'''Microfluidics''':
 
'''Minimum bactericidal concentration''':
 
'''Minimum inhibitory concentration''':
 
'''Mobility''':
 
'''Moisture''':
 
'''Mold, fungal, and mycotoxin''':
 
'''Molecular weight''':
 
'''Mutagenicity''':
 
==N==
'''Nanoparticulate''':
 
'''Neurotoxicity''':
 
'''Nuclear density''':
 
'''Nutritional''':
 
==O==
'''Octane''':
 
'''Optical testing''':
 
'''Organic carbon''':
 
'''Osmolality''':
 
'''Osmolarity''':
 
'''Out-of-phase making and breaking''':
 
'''Oxidation reduction potential''':
 
'''Oxidation stability''':
 
==P==
'''Parasitic''':
 
'''Partial discharge''':
 
'''Passivation''':
 
'''Pathogen''':
 
'''Pathogenicity''':
 
'''Penetration''':
 
'''PDCAAS''':
 
'''Peptide mapping''':
 
'''Performance''':
 
'''Permeability''':
 
'''Peroxide value''':
 
'''pH''':
 
'''Pharmacokinetic''':
 
'''Photometric''':
 
'''Photostability''':
 
'''Phototoxicity''':
 
'''Physical''':
 
'''Phytosanitary''':
 
'''Plant metabolism''':
 
'''Plating and coating evaluation''':
 
'''Polarimetry''':
 
'''Post-translational modification''':
 
'''Pour point''':
 
'''Power quality''':
 
'''Preservative challenge''':
 
'''Pressure''':
 
'''Process safety''':
 
'''Proficiency testing''':
 
'''Protein analysis''':
 
'''Protein characterization''':
 
'''Purity''':
 
'''Pyrogenicity''':
 
==Q==
'''Qualification''':
 
'''Quality control''':
 
==R==
'''Radio interference voltage''':
 
'''Radioactivity''':
 
'''Radiochemistry''':
 
'''Ramsbottom Carbon Residue''':
 
'''Red blood cell count''':
 
'''Reflectance''':
 
'''Refractive index''':
 
'''Reliability''':
 
'''Resistance, capacitance, and inductance''':
 
==S==
'''Safety''':
 
'''Salt content''':
 
'''Sanitation''':
 
'''Saponification value''':
 
'''Seismic''':
 
'''Sensitization''':
 
'''Sensory''':
 
'''Shear''':
 
'''Shelf life''':
 
'''Shock''':
 
'''Short-circuit withstand''':
 
'''Short-line fault''':
 
'''Smoke point''':
 
'''Soil microflora''':
 
'''Solar''':
 
'''Solubility''':
 
'''Specific gravity''':
 
'''Specific rotation''':
 
'''Spectral''':
 
'''Sports performance''':
 
'''Stability testing''':
 
'''Sterility testing''':
 
'''Stress''':
 
'''Stress corrosion cracking''':
 
'''Subchronic toxicity''':
 
'''Sulfide''':
 
'''Surface tension''':
 
'''Surface topography''':
 
==T==
'''Tear''':
 
'''Temperature and humidity''':
 
'''Temperature-rise''':
 
'''Tensile''':
 
'''Tension''':
 
'''Terrestrial toxicology''':
 
'''Thermal''':
 
'''Thyroid function''':
 
'''Torque''':
 
'''Total viable count''':
 
'''Toxicokinetic''':
 
'''Traffic modeling and analysis''':
 
'''Turbidity''':
 
==U==
'''Ultraviolet''':
 
'''Urine culture''':
 
'''Usability''':
 
==V==
'''Validation''':
 
'''Vapor pressure''':
 
'''Velocity and flow''':
 
'''Verification''':
 
'''Vibration''':
 
'''Vigor and germination''':
 
'''Virucidal efficacy''':
 
'''Viscosity''':
 
'''Visibility''':
 
'''Voltage''':
 
==W==
'''Water activity''':
 
'''Weathering''':
 
'''Wildlife toxicology''': This broad category of testing involves the research and analysis of how aquatic, avian, and other wildlife species are affected by exposure to toxic substances. Through acute, feeding, field, and reproduction studies, researchers are gaining a better understanding of how toxins from insecticides, fungicides, etc. are metabolized, how they affect various bodily systems, and how they affect future generations.<ref name="SmithersAvian">{{cite web |url=http://smithersviscient.com/ecotoxicology/avian-toxicology |title=Avian & Wildlife Toxicology |publisher=Smithers Viscient |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="EAGAvian">{{cite web |url=http://www.eag.com/avian-toxicology/ |title=Avian Toxicology |publisher=EAG Inc |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="RattnerHistory09">{{cite journal |title=History of wildlife toxicology |journal=Ecotoxicology |author=Rattner, B.A. |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=773–83 |year=2009 |doi=10.1007/s10646-009-0354-x |pmid=19533341}}</ref>
 
''Industry lab(s) this test is typical to'': agriculture and forestry, clinical and academic, environmental, veterinary
 
==X, Y, Z==


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
<!---Place all category tags here-->

Latest revision as of 20:58, 19 September 2021


A

Absorption: As a broad term, "absorption" is the process of one thing to take in another thing, be it in a gradual, natural way or in a more rapid, contrived way.[1] As a laboratory test, this may vary based upon what is being analyzed. Examples include the D-xylose absorption test which determines how well a simple sugar is absorbed by the intestines[2], water absorption tests for soil and rock[3], and a 24-hour water absorption test for polymers and plastics.[4]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, calibration and standards, chemical, clinical care, clinical and academic research, cosmetic, environmental, food and beverage, geology and mining, life sciences and biotechnology, logistics, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical

Accelerated stress test: Intertek defines this test as a process that "simulates 'real-life' conditions to provide necessary evaluation data that helps ensure a product’s life and reliability."[5] This sort of testing is useful for the development and improvement of energy storage systems[6], electronic parts, and other materials. An even more intensive version of this test is the highly accelerated stress test (HAST).[7][8]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, energy, logistics, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility

Acceleration: The process of moving faster or increasing in rate of occurrence, though from a physics standpoint, it's a measure of velocity change over a period of time (a = Δv / Δt).[9] In the world of laboratory testing, an acceleration test may refer to either a pure measurement of acceleration of a moving object, or it may refer to how objects react to acceleration forces, often over extended periods of time.[10][11] Of course, calibration labs may test a device like an accelerometer to ensure it's measuring acceleration accurately.[12]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, calibration and standards, manufacturing and R&D

Acid and base number: Acid number (AN) and base number (BN) are measurements of acidity and basicity of nonaqueous solutions.[13][14] The acid number and base number tests are utilized most frequently in the petrochemical industry. This test differs from the pH test in that it measures the "concentration of acidic and alkaline constituents" rather than corrosive strength.[13]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: chemical, petrochemical

Acoustic startle: This reflex test is a measure of sensorimotor performance in animals and humans, often for research purposes. The measurement of muscle contractions and/or higher level brain signals upon engagement of the test can provide valuable data in assessing developmental or human anxiety disorders.[15][16]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research

Acoustical: Acoustical testing is a broad range of testing that gauges various aspects of how materials transmit, reflect, absorb, and reduce acoustic phenomena.[17][18]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, calibration and standards, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility

Active ingredient: An active ingredient is the substance(s) in a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical that provides beneficial or adverse effects to an organism. In the laboratory world, quality assurance policies, legal regulations, and safety requirements demand active ingredients be tested for potency, efficacy, and proper formulation.[19] Aside from pharmaceuticals, active ingredient testing may also extend to areas such as disinfectants and sanitizers.[20]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: food and beverage, pharmaceutical

Acute contact: Acute contact — or sometimes "acute contact toxicity" — testing involves the application of a test substance to an organism (typically on the body surface) and thereafter the observance of any adverse effects that occur over a set period of time. In the agricultural and environmental sciences, much attention has been given to acute contact testing in bee colonies[21][22], whereas clinical and chemistry contexts focus on areas such as human dermatological reactions.[23]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, chemistry, clinical and academic research, environmental, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical, veterinary

Acute oral: Acute oral — or sometimes "acute oral toxicity" — testing is similar to acute contact, with the difference being the test substance is ingested by or injected into the organism.[24][25]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, chemistry, clinical and academic research, environmental, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical, veterinary

Acute toxicity: See "acute contact" and "acute oral"

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, chemistry, clinical and academic research, environmental, manufacturing and R&D, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical, veterinary

Adhesion: Adhesion is the state or ability of an object to stay fastened or attached to another, or on a molecular level the attraction exerted between contacting body surfaces.[26] A broad sub-series of tests may be involved when testing the adhesive qualities of a substance, including tear resistance, elongation, and viscosity. An R&D lab for example test a pressure-sensitive tape for shear and peel adhesion.[27] Adhesion can also be studied at the molecular level, including among biological cells, important to understanding pathological processes such as cancerous growth and inflammation.[28][29]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, chemical, clinical and academic research, life science and biotechnology, manufacturing and R&D

Age determination: Scientists, researchers, and forensic investigators have various reasons for needing to determine the age of organisms, remains, and manufactured items. Archeologists and other historical researchers turn to radiocarbon dating and thermoluminescence testing to determine the age of remains and supposed antiquities.[30] Forensic investigators turn to chromatographic and infrared methods for ink dating and may even turn to DNA analysis techniques to determine the age of an individual associated with a blood or bone sample.[31][32][33]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, geology and mining, law enforcement and forensics, life science and biotechnology

Aging: From a manufacturing perspective, aging tests — sometimes referred to as accelerated aging or in specific cases shelf life tests — allow researchers and QA personnel to see how an item physically and/or chemically degrades under certain conditions (varying pressures, temperatures, humidity levels, etc.) over time. Practical laboratory examples include testing packaging for sterilized medical devices[34] and solar generation platforms going into space.[35] Tangentially related are tests associated with aging research, including cognitive and anti-aging blood tests.

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, energy, life science and biotechnology, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility

Alcohol level: This test is used to determine the existence of alcohol (ethanol) in and/or alcohol concentration of a product (food, drink, pharmaceutical, etc.) or biological specimen (urine, blood, sweat, etc.).[36][37][38]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical care, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical

Allergy: Organisms can have allergic reactions (conditions caused by immune system hypersensitivity) to a wide variety of products, and thus both an organism and a product may receive some sort of allergy testing. On the clinical side, testing advances such as Phadia's ImmunoCAP blood test allows medical providers to test a patient for just about any causative allergen.[39] In other industries, testing for the presence of gluten, soybean, egg, fish, peanut as well as some chemicals, preservatives, etc. in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals is commonplace.[40][41]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, clinical care, cosmetic, environmental, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical, veterinary

Altitude: Not only do aircraft components need to perform reliably under the pressure, temperature, humidity differences of working at higher altitudes[42]; any product being transported at higher altitudes by air and ground needs packaging that can consistently protect it.[43] As such, aviation components, food packaging, pharmaceutical packaging, and other related products must undergo altitude testing — including reduced pressure testing, decompression testing, and temperature/humidity testing — to ensure safety and product integrity.[42][44][45]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical

Amino acid analysis: Amino acids are a primary component of proteins and are responsible for growth, tissue repair, and other important bodily functions. Therefor, testing methods that determine the amino acid content of raw and processed foods, (bio)pharmaceutical ingredients, physiological fluids, etc. are vital for making more nutritious food, providing safer pharmaceuticals, and developing better clinical outcomes.[46][47][48] Amino acid testing has even been used to determine the gender associated with a set of fingerprints.[49]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, chemical, clinical care, clinical and academic research, food and beverage, law enforcement and forensics, life science and biotechnology, pharmaceutical, veterinary

Angle of repose: Copley Scientific defines angle of repose as "the angle (relative to the horizontal base) of the conical pile produced when a granular material is poured on to a horizontal surface," and they state that the defining characteristics are largely based on the material's density, surface area, and coefficient of friction.[50] This test has practical use in pharmaceuticals for operations such as blending, tablet compression, and capsule filling[51], and it's useful in geology, mining, and geophysical research.[52][53]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, geology and mining, pharmaceutical

Aniline point: Aniline is a prototypical, industrially produced liquid and aromatic amine that is used in the production of foams, dyes, antioxidants, and varnishes.[54] This substance is used in combination with an oil to test its aniline point, which Fann Instrument Company defines as the "lowest temperature at which equal volumes of fresh aniline and an oil are completely miscible."[55] This test is largely used by the petrochemical industry to, for example, determine the best drilling fluid to minimize degradation of rubber components on a drilling rig.[55]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: petrochemical

Anion: Cornerstone Analytical Laboratories defines an anions as "single atom or polyatomic species that have an overall negative charge."[56] An anion test would largely be used to detect and identify the constituent anions of a known or unknown mixture or sample type, often from public water systems, rivers, and industrial runoff.[57][58]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: chemical, environmental, power and utility

Antigen: An antigen is a protein attached to the cell surface of an infectious organism. Antigen's counterpart, the antibody, is created by the immune system to combat the infectious organism, with an antibody appearing for each type of antigen. As such, an antigen test allows clinicians and researchers to test a biological sample to see if an antibody is present, and thus if an infectious organism is present.[59]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical care, clinical and academic research, life science and biotechnology

Antimicrobial: An antimicrobial is a substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms.[60] An antimicrobial's efficacy and safety must be tested to meet regulatory audits and international standards, thus their testing. Antibiotics, textiles, insulation materials, adhesive films, disinfectants, sanitizers, and even paints are likely to receive one or more antimicrobial tests using a set of highly standardized methods.[61][62] Of course, plenty of laboratory research is also going into the effects of antimicrobial use on humans, animals, and their environment.[63][64]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, chemical, clinical and academic research, clinical care, cosmetic, environmental, life science and biotechnology, pharmaceutical, power and utility, veterinary

API gravity: The API gravity test is a staple to the petrochemical lab, measuring the density of a petroleum liquid relative to that of water. Petroleum samples with an API below that of water (10°) are heavier than water and sink (an extra heavy oil).[65][66]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: petrochemical

Artificial pollution: The artificial pollution test is a niche laboratory test performed on outdoor insulators used in power transmission and management. Salt particles from ocean spray, dust, fertilizers, industrial pollution, bird droppings, and fly ash can all collect on insulators, negatively impacting their long-term effectiveness. As such, characteristics such as wettability class, flashover voltage, equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) are used to test ceramic and silicone insulators for how they hold up to environmental pollutants over time.[67][68][69]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: manufacturing and R&D, power and utility

Ash: An ash or ash content test involves weighing and then heating/incinerating a sample in a crucible, then weighing and examining the resulting ash residue. (Other types of ashing methods may be applied to food and other samples.) Any mineral content that remains — calcium carbonate, glass fiber, lead, mercury, potassium, talc, etc. — can be identified for reverse engineering purposes, for painting a clearer picture of how the sample will react to external variables, or for supporting nutritional labeling requirements.[70][71][72][73]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, chemical, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D

Atterberg limits: This test determines several key aspects of a fine-grained soil and its critical water content, particularly as it changes from a liquid (liquid limit) to plastic (plastic limit) to solid (shrinkage limit) state. This information is useful to construction and mining activities, as well as agricultural activities.[74][75]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, environmental, geology and mining

B

Basic sediment and water: Sometimes abbreviated as "BS&W," this test is found in petrochemical laboratories that need to determine the amount of sediment and water in their crude oil stream or even their used lubricating oil. Governed by several standardized methods, this test is commonly performed with the centrifuge method, though titration methods are also used. This testing is useful for custody transfers and monitoring produced water.[76][77]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: petrochemical

Bioaccumulation: Merriam-Webster defines bioaccumulation as the gradual increase in quantity (or number) of a substance in a living organism.[78] Laboratories around the world measure bioaccumulation of chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, additives, and other materials (e.g., plastic particles) in plants, animals, and other living organisms to gain a better sense of the hazards human activity are placing on those organisms and the environment. Bioaccumulation is measured as concentration of a substance in air, soil, tissues, and plant material.[79][80][81]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, clinical care, environmental, geology and mining, veterinary

Bioavailability: Merriam-Webster defines this word as "the degree and rate at which a substance (such as a drug) is absorbed into a living system or is made available at the site of physiological activity."[82] As the definition suggests, bioavailability testing is largely a product of the pharmaceutical and associated clinical research field, though researchers conducting dietary and environmental research are also interested in this test.[83][84][85]

Plasma drug concentration over time or urinalysis methods are common in measuring bioavailability.[83]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, environmental, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical

Bioburden / Microbial enumeration: Mold & Bacteria Consulting Services defines this type of testing as "the enumeration and characterization of the population of viable aerobic microorganisms on or in a medical device, component, raw material, or package which has not been sterilized."[86] However, this definition can be expanded to testing of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional products, and more.[87] A standardized version of this test measures total aerobic microbial count (TAMC) and total yeast and mold count (TYMC), acting as quality control to ensure the safety of the item's end user and is often part of a regulatory mandate.[88]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, cosmetic, environmental, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical, power and utility, veterinary

Biocompatibility: Biomaterials, nanomaterials, medical devices, and even biological materials (such as someone else's blood) — when introduced to the body — are never a guarantee to integrate well. Safety evaluation studies, allergy tests, and toxicity tests are all a part of testing the biocompatibility of a material, ensuring it doesn't elicit a local or systemic response from living tissues and bodily systems.[89][90][91][92]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, clinical care, cosmetic, manufacturing and R&D, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical

Biodegradation: Merriam-Webster defines biodegradation as the process of organic material breaking down into its constituents, especially by the actions of living organisms.[93] A wide variety of test methods have been used in industry laboratories to test biodegradation due to "[t]he great variety of biodegradation processes in the natural environment and in technical plants,"[94] including soil metabolism studies and seawater inoculum studies.[95][96]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, environmental, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical

Biomechanical: Biomechanics involves the scientific study of the relationships between an organisms biology and the way that it moves.[97] Biomechanical testing is needed in several cases, primarily in the development of biomaterials for prosthetics and other implants[98][99] but also in the analysis of living tissues such as bone and cartilage for disease assessment and treatment.[100]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, manufacturing and R&D

Biomolecular: Biomolecules — organic molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids in living organisms[101] — are important to many fields of science and industry. Many clinical and industrial applications require lab testing to properly identify biomolecules in or on a substance for diagnosis, research, and quality control purposes. Does a particular food contain a known allergen or pathogen?[102] Has someone been exposed to a toxic substance in the environment?[103] Biomolecular testing helps with these and other questions.

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: chemical, clinical and academic research, clinical care, food and beverage, law enforcement and forensics, life science and biotechnology

Biophysical profile: The biophysical profile (BPP) is a test performed typically in the last trimester of human pregnancy as a way to evaluate the overall health of the developing baby. It measures aspects such as heart rate, movement, breathing, and position.[104] The BPP can also be applied in the veterinarian sciences, for example with pregnant mares.[105]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical care, veterinary

Biosafety: Merriam-Webster defines biosafety as "safety with respect to the effects of biological research on humans and the environment."[106] This typically includes testing to ensure biologicals, raw materials, and final products are free from unintended viral agents and other contaminates.[107][108]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: chemical, clinical and academic research, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical

Blood culture: The American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) describes a blood culture as a test "used to detect the presence of bacteria or fungi in the blood, to identify the type present, and to guide treatment."[109] The test may be done in conjunction with a complete blood count (CBC), and it applies to both clinical and veterinary science.[109][110]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, clinical care, veterinary

Blood gases: The AACC explains that a blood gas test is able to detect acid-base imbalances and gauge respiratory function as a way to diagnose conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and kidney dysfunction.[111] Like the blood culture, the blood gases test is useful in both clinical and veterinary science.[111][112]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, clinical care, veterinary

Blood typing: A blood type test determines the types of antigens attached to an organism's red blood cells so as to make identification of the most biocompatible blood type for transfusion purposes.[113] Like the previously mentioned blood tests, blood typing is useful in both clinical and veterinary science.[113][114]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical care, veterinary

Boiling, freezing, and melting point: While sometimes viewed as basic classroom learning exercises, determination of the boiling, freezing, and melting point of a substance remains useful in several industries. These tests allow laboratory scientists to not only identify the purity of a substance, but they also provide important knowledge in pharmaceutical formulation as well as correct labeling of material safety data sheets (MSDS).[115][116][117]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: chemical, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, pharmaceutical

C

C- and N-terminal: This type of testing involves looking at the carboxylic groups (C) and amine groups (N) associated with an amino acid. It's used as an identification tool as well as a quality control and reporting requirement tool for pharmaceutical researchers.[118][119]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: life science and biotechnology, pharmaceutical

Calorimetry: Calorimetry measures the heat or energy change of a chemical or physical process in a system. This measurement can then be used to better tailor a diet to an individual[120], test energy expenditure in research mice[121], or even to characterize an energy storage system such as lithium-ion battery.[122] It can even be used to guide process safety and hazard assessment.[123]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, clinical care, energy, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, veterinary

Capillary and gel electrophoresis: Electrophoresis involves the movement of suspended particles through a specific medium while the medium has an electromotive force applied to it.[124] Thyrocare Technologies notes that more traditional use of this technique was found "in the field of research for analysis of genetic material as well as proteins" but that in modern times it's seen more diagnostic use for analysis of blood, urine, and other protein-containing biological samples.[125][126] Capillary and gel techniques allow for the determination of a protein's isoelectric point or its molecular weight and purity, for example, in biopharmaceutical production.[127][128]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, clinical care, life science and biotechnology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical

Carbon-hydrogen ratio: The carbon-hydrogen test is used in the mining and petrochemical industries to classify coal and petrochemical types and provides a way to determine the processing potential and yields of those hydrocarbons.[129][130]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: geology and mining, petrochemical

Carcinogenicity: Determining the carcinogenicity of a substance means determining its potential or risk to cause cancer.[131][132] Carcinogenicity testing is a type of toxicity testing[132] used to examine, among other items, pesticides and pharmaceuticals.[133][134]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, chemical, clinical and academic research, life science and biotechnology, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical

Cargo analysis: This category of testing in reality covers a broad range of different tests associated with monitoring, securing, and improving cargo and its transport. Laboratories that offer laboratory-based cargo analysis are, among other activities, ensuring the contents of a cargo meet contractual specifications (as in petroleum) or providing contamination analysis of shipped goods.[135][136]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: logistics, petrochemical

Case depth: Also known as "case depth hardness," case depth is a measurement of the thickness of a hardened layer on a sample, usually a manufactured component. According to AMETEK, "[t]he characteristics of case hardening are primarily determined by surface hardness, the effective hardness depth, and the depth profile of the residual stress" applied to the sample.[137][138]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aeronautical, manufacturing and R&D

Cetane: ASTM states that "cetane number provides a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition engines."[139] Additional test calculations such as cetane index and derived cetane number apply in testing laboratories to not only diesel fuel but also gasoil, biodiesel, and several other fuels, providing a clearer picture of fuel quality.[140][141]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: petrochemical

Characterization: Broadly speaking, characterization is a general process of detailing the characteristics of a test material or system through a series of tests and tools, and this process can be applied in numerous fields and industries. In chemistry, molecular characterization can be part of chemical analysis, trace analysis, and microscopic testing of a sample to identify and describe it.[142][143] The R&D departments of numerous industries turn to characterization testing of manufacturing materials in their labs, including metallographic services, micro- and macrohardness testing, spectral sensitivity testing, and more.[144][35] Even fiber optic systems require characterization testing using unique equipment.[145]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, chemical, energy, geology and mining, manufacturing and R&D, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical, veterinary

Chemical and materials compatibility: ELTEK Labs describes compatibility — within the laboratory testing domain — as one of several scenarios: how one or more materials holds up in varying environments, how two or more materials hold up in a standardized environment, or how one material holds up within another material.[146] Examples include how the internal components of a dish washing machine hold up to certain detergents[146], how plastics resist chemical reagents[147], how an aviation component withstands aviation fuel[148], and how a medical device reacts to disinfectants.[149]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, chemical, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical

Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand: These two tests, often abbreviated COD and BOD, are used to test wastewater streams for their potential effect on the environment. Both tests measure the oxygen required for "aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample."[150] A high level would indicate reduced levels of dissolved oxygen, which leads to anaerobic conditions in an aquatic environment. The test methods between the two are slightly different, however, with COD having a slight advantage for its considerably shorter testing time.[150][151]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: environmental, power and utility

Circular dichroism: "Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measures differences in the absorption of left-handed polarized light versus right-handed polarized light which arise due to structural asymmetry," says Alliance Protein Laboratories.[152] This test method is good for determining the structural status of a protein, comparing proteins, enacting comparability protocols, and studying protein stability. CD is used primarily in pharmaceutical development as a means for determining purity, performing quantitative analysis, and meeting ICH requirements on physicochemical profiling of pharmaceuticals.[152][153]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: life science and biotechnology, pharmaceutical

Cleanliness: When manufacturers create a product, most have to be cognizant of the potential problems caused by product contamination, particularly those manufacturers working with components and constituents that must remain ultra-clean. Contaminates can reduce the life span of cooling systems, fluid handling systems, circuit boards, and metal parts, among others. Cleanliness testing is a type of quality control testing that helps improve performance reliability and brand reputation. Surface residue isolation and measurement, rinse water sampling, and microbiological contamination testing all play a role in cleanliness testing.[154][155][156]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical, power and utility

Climatics: Also known as environmental simulation testing, climatic testing "usually involves creating artificial environments for test items to determine their expected resilience to their anticipated environments."[157] Factors such as airborne particulate, moisture, pressure, solar radiation, temperature, and wind in any combination may be tested to ensure systems, subsystems, and components can withstand real-life conditions reliably over a recommended period of time.[158] As such, a wide breadth of subtests encompass climatic testing, each simulating an environmental condition for a sample, with laboratorians then observing the results on the sample via analytical means.[159]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, energy, logistics, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility

Cloud point: This petrochemical test is a measurement of "the temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallest observable cluster of hydrocarbon crystals (first) occurs upon cooling under prescribed conditions."[160] These "wax" crystals have the potential to block filters and fuel systems if not properly accommodated for.[161]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: petrochemical

Combustion: Combustion testing could refer to 1. combustion analysis, which is used to determine the constituents of a compound, alloy, or some other substance[162]; 2. engine combustion testing, used to develop, optimize, and/or quality check combustion engines[163]; or 3. combustion testing of nozzles, burners, and spraybars, which involves the evaluation of ignition, flame stability, spray angle, and other characteristics of those parts.[164] The intended results of this testing include improved fuel economy, reduced pollutant levels, and improved equipment safety.[165]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, chemical, energy, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical

Compaction: Compaction testing is essentially is the development of a porosity profile of a sediment under load. As a sediment is compacted, particles are more efficiently packed, reducing the available space for water to fill. Concrete, construction materials, soils, and aggregates can all be tested for compaction by a laboratory.[166][167]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: geology and mining, manufacturing and R&D

Comparative Tracking Index: Abbreviated as CTI, this test measures the relative resistance of an insulating material to electrical breakdown, a point where it stops acting like an insulator and more like a conductor. One testing method for CTI describes it as the "highest voltage at which no test specimens fail during tests."[168][169]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility

Comparison: Comparison testing is simply the comparison of one or more developmental and marketed products with another, usually competing product.[170] A more sophisticated example from 2010 had researchers comparison testing Korean cosmetics using a European-style patch test with the results of European cosmetics under the same patch test, discovering certain antigens in Korean cosmetics were absent from the European test protocol.[171]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: cosmetic, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D

Compendial: Avomeen Analytical states the following about compendial testing: "Compendial monograph (pharmacopeial) tests are standardized methods and specification testing for generic pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products. They are utilized as a basic requirement needed for most regulatory submissions around the world."[172]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, pharmaceutical

Complete blood count: This test (referred to as a CBC) is a clinical screening test that covers a broad base of cells and associated variables, used as a diagnostic tool for an individual's health status. It evaluates white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in a blood sample. It can also be used as a monitoring tool to track the progress of an individual's disease. The test applies to both clinical and veterinary labs.[173][174]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, clinical care, veterinary

Compliance/Conformance: TechTarget defines compliance/conformance testing as "a methodology used in engineering to ensure that a product, process, computer program or system meets a defined set of standards."[175] This sort of testing is a vital quality control step for just about every manufacturer and laboratory required to operate under certain standards and laws. The actual subtests associated with compliance testing will be as diverse as the industries they are performed in.

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, automotive and aerospace, chemical, clinical care, cosmetic, food and beverage, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, power and utility, veterinary

Composition: This test is largely an identification test in non-clinical laboratories. When a metal, chemical, or other material is of unknown origin or needs to be compared to a similar item for differences, labs turn to composition analysis. It's also used to confirm suspicions of toxic ingredients or contaminants in a sample.[176][177] In clinical contexts, a composition test may refer to body composition testing, which includes body fat and muscle composition, bone density, and metabolic rate, among others.[178]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, chemical, clinical care, cosmetic, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, pharmaceutical

Compression: TestResources, Inc. describes a compression test as "any test in which a material experiences opposing forces that push inward upon the specimen from opposite sides or is otherwise compressed, 'squashed,' crushed, or flattened" with the purpose of determining "whether or not the material is suited for specific applications or if it will fail under the specified stresses."[179] The compression test is also used in geology to determine the compressive strength of a rock.[180] Additionally, associated instruments that test compression will at times require force calibration from a calibration lab.[181]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, calibration and standards, geology and mining, life science and biotechnology, manufacturing and R&D, power and utility

Conductivity: Merriam-Webster defines conductivity as "the ability to move heat or electricity from one place to another."[182] Test methods for thermal and electrical conductivity will vary based upon material type, expected conductivity, and the dimensions of the material. Metals, polymers, liquids, and even soil can be tested for conductivity with the goal of determining resistivity, insulative quality, or, in the case of soils, quantity of nutrients available.[183][184][185]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, automotive and aerospace, chemical, environmental, geology and mining, petrochemical

Congealing point: The World Health Organization's sixth edition of The International Pharmacopoeia defines the congealing point of a liquid or melted solid as "the highest temperature at which it solidifies."[186] The WHO[186], the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention[187], and ASTM[188] all describe test methods for measuring congealing point.

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical

Conradson Carbon Residue: According to ASTM International, the CCR test is used to determine "the amount of carbon residue ... left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensities."[189] Several laboratory devices have been built specifically for CCR and are used in the petrochemical and construction industries.[190][191]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: petrochemical

Consolidation: Gopal Mishra's The Constructor describes consolidation testing as follows: "Consolidation of a saturated soil occurs due to expulsion of water under static, sustained load. The consolidation characteristics of soils are required to predict the magnitude and the rate of settlement."[192] With this information, civil engineers can make a more informed decision about a project's design criteria and improve a structure's longevity.[193]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, environmental, geology and mining

Contact mechanics: Contact mechanics is, broadly speaking, the study of how a solids deform at one or more points upon contact.[194] The associated sub-tests are primarily used in R&D to better understand the phenomena and improve designs of items such as structural supports and hydraulic components.[195][196]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, energy, manufacturing and R&D

Contamination: Merriam-Webster describes contamination as the introduction of something unwholesome or undesirable that makes a medium impure or unfit for use.[197] In the scope of laboratories, contamination testing can thus cover a wide spectrum of contaminates, from heavy metals and toxic chemicals to a mold, mycotoxin, or bacteria. With each contaminate is associated a specific set of test criteria; as such, "contamination testing" is an overly broad term that often requires further clarification based upon contaminate. These tests are done to, for example, determine what's causing discoloration, a foreign odor, or unwanted haze or residue.[198]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, chemical, cosmetic, energy, environmental, food and beverage, logistics, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, pharmaceutical

Corrosion: Corrosion is a weakening, "electrochemical process of oxidation and reduction reactions," and electrochemical test methods "can be used to characterize the corrosion properties of metals and metal components in combination with various electrolyte solutions."[199] Corrosion testing helps design better products and understand corrosive forces as environmental conditions change. It's used in various ways, from analyzing finished medical devices for corrosion susceptibility to designing better HVAC systems.[199][200]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: automotive and aerospace, chemical, logistics, manufacturing and R&D, petrochemical, power and utility

Counterfeit detection: Profit potential, electronic waste chains, and weak legislation can all play a role in the creation of counterfeit products, which are often inferior or even dangerous for the end user. Counterfeit detection testing is largely a product of enforcement and regulatory activities. A wide variety of conventional and unconventional screening techniques are used to detect counterfeit drugs, electronic components, and clothing among other items.[201][202]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: law enforcement and forensics, logistics

Cross-drive: Cross-drive analysis is a digital forensic technique and inference process that attempts to correlate information across multiple computer disks or data servers.[203]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: law enforcement and forensics

Current and current switching: This collection of high-power tests are used in the power and utility industry to design better current switching hardware in power generation and distribution systems. Testing is typically performed as part of research and development, as part of acceptance testing, and as part of test-type certification. Test examples include capacitive, induced, bus transfer, and small inductive current switching tests, as well as short-time and peak withstand current tests.[204][205]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: power and utility

Cytology and cytopathology: When referring to laboratory testing, these terms are used broadly to describe one or more specific tests used to look for lesions and diseases at the cellular level. These tests may be used to diagnose a disease when symptoms are present or screen an individual for likelihood of developing or carrying a disease, even when symptoms aren't present. The Pap test is a common test used to detect abnormalities in a woman's cervical cells. Fluids such as urine, sputum, and pleural fluid may also be tested.[206][207]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, clinical and academic research, clinical care, life science and biotechnology, veterinary

Cytotoxicity: This type of testing is used frequently in medical device and pharmaceutical R&D (as well as clinical research) to assess the biocompatibility (i.e., toxicity or irritancy potential) of a material, raw ingredient, or compound. Testing is either qualitative or quantitative and may be performed in conjunction with sensitization assays to determine allergic or hypersensitivity responses.[208][209]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: clinical and academic research, manufacturing and R&D, pharmaceutical

D

De novo protein:

Damage tolerance:

Decomposition:

Deformulation:

Degradation:

Density:

Design verification testing:

Detection:

Developmental and reproductive toxicology:

Dielectric withstand:

Dietary exposure:

Dimensional:

Discoloration:

Disintegration:

Dissolution:

Dissolved gas:

Disulfide bridge:

Doctor test:

Drop:

Dynamics:

E

Ecotoxicology:

Edge crush:

Efficacy:

Efficiency:

Electrolyte and mineral panel:

Electromagnetic compatibility:

Electromagnetic interference:

Electrophoresis:

Electrostatic discharge:

Elongation:

Endocrine disruptor screening program:

Endotoxin:

Endurance:

Environmental fate:

Environmental metabolism:

Environmental stress-cracking resistance:

Ergonomics:

Etching:

Expiration dating:

Evaporation loss:

Extractables and leachables:

F

Failure:

Fatigue:

Fault simulation:

Feasibility:

File carving:

Fire debris analysis:

Flammability:

Flash point:

Flavor:

Fluid dynamics:

Fluorescence:

Formulation:

Fragrance:

Freight flow:

Friability:

Friction:

Functional:

Functional observational battery:

G

Genetic:

Genotoxicity:

Genotype:

Geochemistry:

Geophysics:

Geothermal:

GMO detection:

Grain and particle size:

Grindability:

Gunshot residue analysis:

H

HACCP:

Hazard analysis:

Heat resistance:

Heating value:

Hematocrit:

Hematotoxicity:

Hemoglobin:

Hydraulic:

Hydrocarbon group type:

Human factors:

Hydraulic conductivity:

I

Identification:

Immersion:

Immunoassay:

Immunofluorescence:

Immunohistochemistry:

Impact:

Impurity:

Incident analysis:

Incline impact:

Inclusion:

Induction motor fault:

Infectious disease:

Inflatability:

Ingredient:

Ingress:

Inhalation:

Integrity:

Internal arc:

Iodine value:

Irritation:

Isotope analysis:

Iterative:

J

K

Kauri-butanol value:

Kidney function:

L

Labeling:

Last-mile distribution:

Leak:

Learning and memory:

Lipid profile:

Liver function:

Load:

Locomotor activity:

Lot release:

Lightning:

Lubricity:

M

Macroetch:

Macro- and microstructure:

Mass:

Mechanical:

Mechanical durability:

Medical toxicology:

Metabolic:

Metallurgical analysis:

Microfluidics:

Minimum bactericidal concentration:

Minimum inhibitory concentration:

Mobility:

Moisture:

Mold, fungal, and mycotoxin:

Molecular weight:

Mutagenicity:

N

Nanoparticulate:

Neurotoxicity:

Nuclear density:

Nutritional:

O

Octane:

Optical testing:

Organic carbon:

Osmolality:

Osmolarity:

Out-of-phase making and breaking:

Oxidation reduction potential:

Oxidation stability:

P

Parasitic:

Partial discharge:

Passivation:

Pathogen:

Pathogenicity:

Penetration:

PDCAAS:

Peptide mapping:

Performance:

Permeability:

Peroxide value:

pH:

Pharmacokinetic:

Photometric:

Photostability:

Phototoxicity:

Physical:

Phytosanitary:

Plant metabolism:

Plating and coating evaluation:

Polarimetry:

Post-translational modification:

Pour point:

Power quality:

Preservative challenge:

Pressure:

Process safety:

Proficiency testing:

Protein analysis:

Protein characterization:

Purity:

Pyrogenicity:

Q

Qualification:

Quality control:

R

Radio interference voltage:

Radioactivity:

Radiochemistry:

Ramsbottom Carbon Residue:

Red blood cell count:

Reflectance:

Refractive index:

Reliability:

Resistance, capacitance, and inductance:

S

Safety:

Salt content:

Sanitation:

Saponification value:

Seismic:

Sensitization:

Sensory:

Shear:

Shelf life:

Shock:

Short-circuit withstand:

Short-line fault:

Smoke point:

Soil microflora:

Solar:

Solubility:

Specific gravity:

Specific rotation:

Spectral:

Sports performance:

Stability testing:

Sterility testing:

Stress:

Stress corrosion cracking:

Subchronic toxicity:

Sulfide:

Surface tension:

Surface topography:

T

Tear:

Temperature and humidity:

Temperature-rise:

Tensile:

Tension:

Terrestrial toxicology:

Thermal:

Thyroid function:

Torque:

Total viable count:

Toxicokinetic:

Traffic modeling and analysis:

Turbidity:

U

Ultraviolet:

Urine culture:

Usability:

V

Validation:

Vapor pressure:

Velocity and flow:

Verification:

Vibration:

Vigor and germination:

Virucidal efficacy:

Viscosity:

Visibility:

Voltage:

W

Water activity:

Weathering:

Wildlife toxicology: This broad category of testing involves the research and analysis of how aquatic, avian, and other wildlife species are affected by exposure to toxic substances. Through acute, feeding, field, and reproduction studies, researchers are gaining a better understanding of how toxins from insecticides, fungicides, etc. are metabolized, how they affect various bodily systems, and how they affect future generations.[210][211][212]

Industry lab(s) this test is typical to: agriculture and forestry, clinical and academic, environmental, veterinary

X, Y, Z

References

  1. ↑ "absorb". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/absorb. Retrieved 10 May 2017. 
  2. ↑ "D-xylose absorption". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 28 January 2016. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003606.htm. Retrieved 10 May 2017. 
  3. ↑ Sivakugan, N.; Arulrajah, A.; Bo, M.W. (2011). "Part D: Aggregate Testing". Laboratory Testing of Soils, Rocks, and Aggregates. J. Ross Publishing. pp. 167–208. ISBN 9781604270471. https://books.google.com/books?id=AGx-Te4eAzIC&pg=PA170. 
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