Difference between revisions of "Environmental informatics"

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[[File:SSTm.png|thumb|460px|right|Publicly available data sets and informatics tools like SAGA GIS enable the creation of environmental models and images such as this.]]
[[File:SSTm.png|thumb|460px|right|Publicly available data sets and informatics tools like open-source [http://saga-gis.org/en/index.html SAGA GIS] enable the creation of environmental models and images such as this.]]
'''Environmental informatics''' ('''EI''') is a developing field of science that applies [[information]] processing, management, and sharing strategies to the interdisciplinary field of environmental science.<ref name="HiltyEI">{{cite book |url=http://www.springer.com/environment/environmental+management/book/978-0-7923-3445-3 |chapter=Chapter 1: Environmental Informatics as a New Discipline of Applied Computer Science |title=Environmental Informatics |author=Hilty, L. M.; Page, B.; Radermacher, F. J.; Riekert, W. F.; Avouris, N. M. (ed.) |publisher=Springer |year=1995 |pages=1–11 |isbn=9789048145386 |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref> Applications include the integration of information and knowledge, the application of computational intelligence to environmental data, and the identification of the environmental impacts of information technology. EI helps scientists define information processing requirements, analyze real-world problems, and solve those problems using informatics methodologies and tools.<ref name="PageAdvances">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187802961000112X |journal=Procedia Environmental Sciences |title=Advances in Environmental Informatics: Integration of Discrete Event Simulation Methodology with ecological Material Flow Analysis for Modelling eco-efficient Systems |author=Page, B.; Wohlgemuth, V. |volume=2 |year=2010 |pages=696–705 |doi=10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.079 |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref>
'''Environmental informatics''' ('''EI''') is a developing field of science that applies [[information]] processing, management, and sharing strategies to the interdisciplinary field of environmental science.<ref name="HiltyEI">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 1: Environmental Informatics as a New Discipline of Applied Computer Science |title=Environmental Informatics |author=Hilty, L.M.; Page, B.; Radermacher, F.J.; Riekert, W.F. |editor=Avouris, N.M.; Page, B. |publisher=Springer |year=1995 |pages=1–11 |isbn=9789048145386 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-1443-3}}</ref> Applications include the integration of information and knowledge, the application of computational intelligence to environmental data, and the identification of the environmental impacts of information technology. EI helps scientists define information processing requirements, analyze real-world problems, and solve those problems using informatics methodologies and tools.<ref name="PageAdvances">{{cite journal |title=Advances in Environmental Informatics: Integration of Discrete Event Simulation Methodology with ecological Material Flow Analysis for Modelling eco-efficient Systems |journal=Procedia Environmental Sciences |author=Page, B.; Wohlgemuth, V. |volume=2 |year=2010 |pages=696–705 |doi=10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.079}}</ref>


As EI has continued to evolve, several other definitions have been offered over the years:
As EI has continued to evolve, several other definitions have been offered over the years:


* "an emerging field centering around the development of standards and protocols, both technical and institutional, for sharing and integrating environmental data and information."<ref name="BDPArch">{{cite web |url=http://dream.sims.berkeley.edu/biosphere/eimore.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211010311/http://dream.sims.berkeley.edu/biosphere/eimore.html |title=Biosphere Data Project - What is Environmental Informatics? |author=Kada, Kathryn; Lussier, Steve |publisher=University of California - Berkeley |archivedate=11 December 2004 |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref> - ''Biosphere Data Project, University of California - Berkeley, 2004''
* "an emerging field centering around the development of standards and protocols, both technical and institutional, for sharing and integrating environmental data and information."<ref name="BDPArch">{{cite web |url=http://dream.sims.berkeley.edu/biosphere/eimore.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211010311/http://dream.sims.berkeley.edu/biosphere/eimore.html |title=Biosphere Data Project - What is Environmental Informatics? |author=Kada, K.; Lussier, S. |publisher=University of California - Berkeley |archivedate=11 December 2004 |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref> - ''Biosphere Data Project, University of California - Berkeley, 2004''


* the application of "[r]esearch and system development focusing on the environmental sciences relating to the creation, collection, storage, processing, modelling, interpretation, display and dissemination of data and information."<ref name="NERCResearch">{{cite web |url=http://www.nerc.ac.uk/funding/application/howtoapply/topics/ |title=NERC - Research areas |publisher=Natural Environment Research Council |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref> - ''Natural Environment Research Council, 2014''
* the application of "[r]esearch and system development focusing on the environmental sciences relating to the creation, collection, storage, processing, modelling, interpretation, display and dissemination of data and information."<ref name="NERCResearch">{{cite web |url=https://nerc.ukri.org/funding/application/howtoapply/topics/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925122955/https://nerc.ukri.org/funding/application/howtoapply/topics/ |title=NERC - Research areas - Tools, technology & methods |publisher=Natural Environment Research Council |archivedate=25 September 2020 |accessdate=06 January 2021}}</ref> - ''Natural Environment Research Council, 2014''


==History==
==History==
Environmental informatics emerged roughly around the late 1980s in Central Europe.<ref name="PageAdvances" /> For example, in 1986 Germany's ''Gesellschaft für Informatik'' (Society for Computer Science) created the technical committee ''Informatik im Umweltschutz'' (Computer Science in Environmental Protection) dedicated to "the whole spectrum of subjects related to informatics in environmental protection."<ref name="IUArch">{{cite web |url=http://www.iai.fzk.de/Fachgruppe/GI/allgemeines.eng.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970726002709/http://www.iai.fzk.de/Fachgruppe/GI/allgemeines.eng.html |title=General Information about the Technical Committee 'Computer Science in Environmental Protection' |author=Geiger, Werner |publisher=Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V |date=22 April 1996 |archivedate=26 July 1997 |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref> The group is still active as of 2014, set to host it's 28th International Conference on Informatics for Environmental Protection.<ref name="EI14">{{cite web |url=http://www.enviroinfo2014.org/ |title=EnviroInfo 2014 |publisher=University of Oldenburg |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref> Since ''Informatik im Umweltschutz'''s inception, other groups there and in other regions of the world were created, including The International Environmetrics Society (TIES, founded in 1989<ref name="TIESHist">{{cite web |url=http://www.environmetrics.org/history.html |title=TIES - History |publisher=The International Environmetrics Society |date=19 September 2013 |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref>) and the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs, founded in 2000<ref name="iEMSsHist">{{cite web |url=http://www.iemss.org/society/index.php/medallists-fellows-and-ecres |title=iEMSs - Medalists, Fellows and ECREs |publisher=International Environmental Modelling and Software Society |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref>), as well as conferences like the International Symposium on Environmental Software Systems (ISESS, founded in 1995<ref name="ISESSabout">{{cite web |url=http://www.iemss.org/society/index.php/isess |title=ISESS – International Symposium on Environmental Software Systems |publisher=International Environmental Modelling and Software Society |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref>).
Environmental informatics emerged roughly around the late 1980s in Central Europe.<ref name="PageAdvances" /> For example, in 1986 Germany's ''Gesellschaft für Informatik'' (Society for Computer Science) created the technical committee ''Informatik im Umweltschutz'' (Computer Science in Environmental Protection) dedicated to "the whole spectrum of subjects related to informatics in environmental protection."<ref name="IUArch">{{cite web |url=http://www.iai.fzk.de/Fachgruppe/GI/allgemeines.eng.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970726002709/http://www.iai.fzk.de/Fachgruppe/GI/allgemeines.eng.html |title=General Information about the Technical Committee 'Computer Science in Environmental Protection' |author=Geiger, Werner |publisher=Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V |date=22 April 1996 |archivedate=26 July 1997 |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref> The group is still active as of 2019, having hosted its thirty-third International Conference on Informatics for Environmental Protection.<ref name="EI14">{{cite web |url=https://enviroinfo2019.org/ |title=EnviroInfo 2019 |publisher=University of Oldenburg |accessdate=20 March 2020}}</ref> Since ''Informatik im Umweltschutz'''s inception, other groups there and in other regions of the world were created, including The International Environmetrics Society (TIES, founded in 1989<ref name="TIESHist">{{cite web |url=http://www.environmetrics.org/history.html |title=TIES - History |publisher=The International Environmetrics Society |date=19 September 2013 |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref>) and the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs, founded in 2000<ref name="iEMSsHist">{{cite web |url=https://www.iemss.org/awards/medallists-fellows-and-ecres/ |title=iEMSs - Medalists, Fellows and ECREs |publisher=International Environmental Modelling and Software Society |date=19 June 2008 |accessdate=20 March 2020}}</ref>), as well as conferences like the International Symposium on Environmental Software Systems (ISESS, founded in 1995<ref name="ISESSabout">{{cite web |url=https://www.iemss.org/thread/isess-international-symposium-on-environmental-software-systems/ |title=ISESS – International Symposium on Environmental Software Systems |publisher=International Environmental Modelling and Software Society |date=07 November 2013 |accessdate=20 March 2020}}</ref>).


==Application==
==Application==
Environmental informatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the following<ref name="KokhGrand">{{cite journal |url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fenvs.2013.00005/full |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |title=Grand challenges in environmental informatics |author=Kokhanovsky, Alexander |volume=1 |issue=5 |year=January 2014 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2013.00005 |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="JEIAbout">{{cite web |url=http://www.iseis.org/jei/ |title=Journal of Environmental Informatics |publisher=International Society for Environmental Information Sciences |accessdate=03 June 2014}}</ref>:
Environmental informatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the following<ref name="KokhGrand">{{cite journal |title=Grand challenges in environmental informatics |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |author=Kokhanovsky, A. |volume=1 |issue=5 |year=2014 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2013.00005}}</ref><ref name="JEIAbout">{{cite web |url=http://www.jeionline.org/index.php?journal=mys |title=Journal of Environmental Informatics |publisher=International Society for Environmental Information Sciences |accessdate=20 March 2020}}</ref>:


* the acquisition and application of remote sensing data from optical, thermal infrared, and microwave instruments targeting the atmosphere, vegetation, and the ocean
* the acquisition and application of remote sensing data from optical, thermal infrared, and microwave instruments targeting the atmosphere, vegetation, and the ocean
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===Ecoinformatics===
===Ecoinformatics===
Closely related to EI is the concept of ecological informatics or "ecoinformatics," which essentially takes environmental informatics and adds the consideration of anthropogenic activity trends. Ecoinformatics aims to facilitate environmental research and management by developing ways to access, manage, and integrate databases of environmental information and develop new algorithms enabling different environmental datasets to be combined to test ecological hypotheses.<ref name="CracknellGlobal">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=k2aVFcrCi90C&pg=PA449 |title=Global Climatology and Ecodynamics: Anthropogenic Changes to Planet Earth |author=Cracknell, Arthur Philip; Krapivin, Vladimir F. |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |page=449 |isbn=9783540782094 |accessdate=04 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="KondratyevGlobal">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n04HU6f5FDYC&pg=PA27 |chapter=Chapter 2: The Basic Principles of Global Ecoinformatics |title=Global Environmental Change: Modelling and Monitoring |author=Kondratyev, Kirill Ya.; Krapivin, Vladimir F.; Phillipe, Gary W. |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |pages=27–62 |isbn=9783540433736 |accessdate=04 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReckHandbook">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XzEKlNhnUHUC&pg=PA41 |chapter=Chapter 3: Ecological Informatics: Current Scope and Feature Areas |title=Handbook of Ecological Modelling and Informatics |author=Recknagel, Friedrich; Jørgensen, Sven Erik (ed.); Chon, T. S. (ed.) |publisher=WIT Press |year=2009 |pages=41–47 |isbn=9781845642075 |accessdate=04 June 2014}}</ref>
Closely related to EI is the concept of ecological informatics or "ecoinformatics," which essentially takes environmental informatics and adds the consideration of anthropogenic activity trends. Ecoinformatics aims to facilitate environmental research and management by developing ways to access, manage, and integrate databases of environmental information and develop new algorithms enabling different environmental datasets to be combined to test ecological hypotheses.<ref name="CracknellGlobal">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2aVFcrCi90C&pg=PA449 |title=Global Climatology and Ecodynamics: Anthropogenic Changes to Planet Earth |author=Cracknell, A.P.; Krapivin, V.F. |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |page=449 |isbn=9783540782094 |accessdate=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="KondratyevGlobal">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n04HU6f5FDYC&pg=PA27 |chapter=Chapter 2: The Basic Principles of Global Ecoinformatics |title=Global Environmental Change: Modelling and Monitoring |author=Kondratyev, K.Y.; Krapivin, V.F.; Phillipe, G.W. |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |pages=27–62 |isbn=9783540433736 |accessdate=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ReckHandbook">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzEKlNhnUHUC&pg=PA41 |chapter=Chapter 3: Ecological Informatics: Current Scope and Feature Areas |title=Handbook of Ecological Modelling and Informatics |author=Recknagel, F. |editor=Jørgensen, S.E.; Chon, T.S. |publisher=WIT Press |year=2009 |pages=41–47 |isbn=9781845642075 |accessdate=20 March 2020}}</ref>


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
 
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzEKlNhnUHUC&pg=PA41 |chapter=Chapter 3: Ecological Informatics: Current Scope and Feature Areas |title=Handbook of Ecological Modelling and Informatics |author=Recknagel, F. |editor=Jørgensen, S.E.; Chon, T.S. |publisher=WIT Press |year=2009 |pages=41–47 |isbn=9781845642075}}
* {{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XzEKlNhnUHUC&pg=PA41 |chapter=Chapter 3: Ecological Informatics: Current Scope and Feature Areas |title=Handbook of Ecological Modelling and Informatics |author=Recknagel, Friedrich; Jørgensen, Sven Erik (ed.); Chon, T. S. (ed.) |publisher=WIT Press |year=2009 |pages=41–47 |isbn=9781845642075}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://former.iemss.org/pmwiki/fields/iemss2008/uploads/Main/S18-01-Voigt_et_al-IEMSS2008.pdf |format=PDF |journal=International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software |series=Proceedings of the iEMSs Fourth Biennial Meeting. |title=Environmental Informatics, Environmetrics, Chemoinformatics, Chemometrics: Integration or Separation!? |author=Voigt, Kristina |volume=3 |date=July 2008 |pages=1594–1601 |isbn=9788476530740}}
 
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.iemss.org/iemss2008/uploads/Main/S18-01-Voigt_et_al-IEMSS2008.pdf |format=PDF |journal=International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software |series=Proceedings of the iEMSs Fourth Biennial Meeting. |title=Environmental Informatics, Environmetrics, Chemoinformatics, Chemometrics: Integration or Separation!? |author=Voigt, Kristina |volume=3 |date=July 2008 |pages=1594–1601 |isbn=9788476530740}}
 
==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.dataone.org Data Observation Network for Earth] (DataONE)
* [https://www.dataone.org/ Data Observation Network for Earth] (DataONE)
* [http://www.ecoinformatics.org ecoinformatics.org - Online Resource for Managing Ecological Data and Information]
* [http://www.ecoinformatics.org ecoinformatics.org - Online Resource for Managing Ecological Data and Information]
* [http://www.ecologicaldata.org/ Ecological Data Wiki]
* [https://ecologicaldata.org/ Ecological Data Wiki]
* [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/ecological-informatics/ Ecological Informatics: An International Journal on Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology]
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/ecological-informatics ''Ecological Informatics'': An International Journal on Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology]
* [http://www.frontiersin.org/Environmental_Informatics Frontiers in Environmental Science - Environmental Informatics]
* [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/all/sections/environmental-informatics-and-remote-sensing ''Frontiers in Environmental Informatics and Remote Sensing'']
* [http://enviroinfo.eu/ ''Informatik für Umweltschutz, Nachhaltige Entwicklung und Risikomanagement''] (formerly ''Informatik im Umweltschutz'')
* [http://enviroinfo.eu/ ''Informatik für Umweltschutz, nachhaltige Entwicklung und Risikomanagement''] (formerly ''Informatik im Umweltschutz'')
* [http://www.iemss.org/ International Environmental Modelling and Software Society] (iEMSs)
* [https://www.iemss.org/ International Environmental Modelling and Software Society] (iEMSs)
* [http://www.iseis.org/ International Society for Environmental Information Sciences] (ISEIS)
* [http://www.iseis.org/ International Society for Environmental Information Sciences] (ISEIS)
* [http://www.iseis.org/jei/ Journal of Environmental Informatics]
* [http://www.jeionline.org/index.php?journal=mys ''Journal of Environmental Informatics'']
* [http://www.environmetrics.org/ The International Environmetrics Society] (TIES)
* [http://www.environmetrics.org/ The International Environmetrics Society] (TIES)


==Notes==
==Notes==


This article reuses a couple of elements from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_informatics the Wikipedia article].
This article reuses a couple of elements from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_informatics the Wikipedia article].


==References==
==References==
<references/>
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}


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[[Category:Informatics]]
[[Category:Informatics]]

Latest revision as of 17:42, 18 January 2022

Publicly available data sets and informatics tools like open-source SAGA GIS enable the creation of environmental models and images such as this.

Environmental informatics (EI) is a developing field of science that applies information processing, management, and sharing strategies to the interdisciplinary field of environmental science.[1] Applications include the integration of information and knowledge, the application of computational intelligence to environmental data, and the identification of the environmental impacts of information technology. EI helps scientists define information processing requirements, analyze real-world problems, and solve those problems using informatics methodologies and tools.[2]

As EI has continued to evolve, several other definitions have been offered over the years:

  • "an emerging field centering around the development of standards and protocols, both technical and institutional, for sharing and integrating environmental data and information."[3] - Biosphere Data Project, University of California - Berkeley, 2004
  • the application of "[r]esearch and system development focusing on the environmental sciences relating to the creation, collection, storage, processing, modelling, interpretation, display and dissemination of data and information."[4] - Natural Environment Research Council, 2014

History

Environmental informatics emerged roughly around the late 1980s in Central Europe.[2] For example, in 1986 Germany's Gesellschaft für Informatik (Society for Computer Science) created the technical committee Informatik im Umweltschutz (Computer Science in Environmental Protection) dedicated to "the whole spectrum of subjects related to informatics in environmental protection."[5] The group is still active as of 2019, having hosted its thirty-third International Conference on Informatics for Environmental Protection.[6] Since Informatik im Umweltschutz's inception, other groups there and in other regions of the world were created, including The International Environmetrics Society (TIES, founded in 1989[7]) and the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs, founded in 2000[8]), as well as conferences like the International Symposium on Environmental Software Systems (ISESS, founded in 1995[9]).

Application

Environmental informatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the following[10][11]:

  • the acquisition and application of remote sensing data from optical, thermal infrared, and microwave instruments targeting the atmosphere, vegetation, and the ocean
  • the estimation of aerosol load in the atmosphere
  • the gauging of influence of trace gases, aerosol, and clouds on the weather and climate
  • the analysis of geographical features for urban and regional development
  • the modeling and assessment of ecological environments
  • the development and optimization of mathematical algorithms for environmental modeling

Ecoinformatics

Closely related to EI is the concept of ecological informatics or "ecoinformatics," which essentially takes environmental informatics and adds the consideration of anthropogenic activity trends. Ecoinformatics aims to facilitate environmental research and management by developing ways to access, manage, and integrate databases of environmental information and develop new algorithms enabling different environmental datasets to be combined to test ecological hypotheses.[12][13][14]

Further reading

External links

Notes

This article reuses a couple of elements from the Wikipedia article.

References

  1. ↑ Hilty, L.M.; Page, B.; Radermacher, F.J.; Riekert, W.F. (1995). "Chapter 1: Environmental Informatics as a New Discipline of Applied Computer Science". In Avouris, N.M.; Page, B.. Environmental Informatics. Springer. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1443-3. ISBN 9789048145386. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Page, B.; Wohlgemuth, V. (2010). "Advances in Environmental Informatics: Integration of Discrete Event Simulation Methodology with ecological Material Flow Analysis for Modelling eco-efficient Systems". Procedia Environmental Sciences 2: 696–705. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.079. 
  3. ↑ Kada, K.; Lussier, S.. "Biosphere Data Project - What is Environmental Informatics?". University of California - Berkeley. Archived from the original on 11 December 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20041211010311/http://dream.sims.berkeley.edu/biosphere/eimore.html. Retrieved 03 June 2014. 
  4. ↑ "NERC - Research areas - Tools, technology & methods". Natural Environment Research Council. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200925122955/https://nerc.ukri.org/funding/application/howtoapply/topics/. Retrieved 06 January 2021. 
  5. ↑ Geiger, Werner (22 April 1996). "General Information about the Technical Committee 'Computer Science in Environmental Protection'". Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. Archived from the original on 26 July 1997. https://web.archive.org/web/19970726002709/http://www.iai.fzk.de/Fachgruppe/GI/allgemeines.eng.html. Retrieved 03 June 2014. 
  6. ↑ "EnviroInfo 2019". University of Oldenburg. https://enviroinfo2019.org/. Retrieved 20 March 2020. 
  7. ↑ "TIES - History". The International Environmetrics Society. 19 September 2013. http://www.environmetrics.org/history.html. Retrieved 03 June 2014. 
  8. ↑ "iEMSs - Medalists, Fellows and ECREs". International Environmental Modelling and Software Society. 19 June 2008. https://www.iemss.org/awards/medallists-fellows-and-ecres/. Retrieved 20 March 2020. 
  9. ↑ "ISESS – International Symposium on Environmental Software Systems". International Environmental Modelling and Software Society. 7 November 2013. https://www.iemss.org/thread/isess-international-symposium-on-environmental-software-systems/. Retrieved 20 March 2020. 
  10. ↑ Kokhanovsky, A. (2014). "Grand challenges in environmental informatics". Frontiers in Environmental Science 1 (5). doi:10.3389/fenvs.2013.00005. 
  11. ↑ "Journal of Environmental Informatics". International Society for Environmental Information Sciences. http://www.jeionline.org/index.php?journal=mys. Retrieved 20 March 2020. 
  12. ↑ Cracknell, A.P.; Krapivin, V.F. (2008). Global Climatology and Ecodynamics: Anthropogenic Changes to Planet Earth. Springer. p. 449. ISBN 9783540782094. https://books.google.com/books?id=k2aVFcrCi90C&pg=PA449. Retrieved 20 March 2020. 
  13. ↑ Kondratyev, K.Y.; Krapivin, V.F.; Phillipe, G.W. (2002). "Chapter 2: The Basic Principles of Global Ecoinformatics". Global Environmental Change: Modelling and Monitoring. Springer. pp. 27–62. ISBN 9783540433736. https://books.google.com/books?id=n04HU6f5FDYC&pg=PA27. Retrieved 20 March 2020. 
  14. ↑ Recknagel, F. (2009). "Chapter 3: Ecological Informatics: Current Scope and Feature Areas". In Jørgensen, S.E.; Chon, T.S.. Handbook of Ecological Modelling and Informatics. WIT Press. pp. 41–47. ISBN 9781845642075. https://books.google.com/books?id=XzEKlNhnUHUC&pg=PA41. Retrieved 20 March 2020. 
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