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==Labs by industry: Part 1==
<div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div>
In this and the following three parts, we take a look at 20 broad industry categories and the laboratories associated with them. For each you'll find a brief description with common services and how the lab type affects the average person. As discussed previously, using our client type + function model we dig into examples found in the private, government, and academic sectors and then outline function through activities, sciences, test types, equipment, and unique attributes. A discussion follows afterwards.
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| text      = This is sublevel8 of my sandbox, where I play with features and test MediaWiki code. If you wish to leave a comment for me, please see [[User_talk:Shawndouglas|my discussion page]] instead.<p></p>
}}


===Agriculture and forestry===
==Sandbox begins below==
[[File:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|left|400px]]
Material testing can focus on specific industries (e.g., automotive, construction, and pharmaceutical), products (e.g., car seats, asphalt, and medical devices), or raw materials (e.g., steel, gravel, and zirconia ceramic).
{{clear}}
Laboratories within the agriculture and forestry field are focused on analyzing, improving, and ensuring the safety of the various plants, animals, and fungi that are cultivated or bred to sustain and enhance human life. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including:


* analysis and assessment of seeds and soils<ref name="GliessmanField07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pENYREeyGHoC&printsec=frontcover |title=Field and Laboratory Investigations in Agroecology |author=Gliessman, S.R. |publisher=CRC Press |pages=302 |year=2007 |isbn=9780849328466}}</ref>
About chemical testing of raw materials https://a2la.org/accreditation/chemical-testing/
* analysis and assessment of fertilizers and pesticides<ref name="GliessmanField07" />
* studies of farm and field systems<ref name="GliessmanField07" />
* studies of plant and feedstock nutrition<ref name="AskeyFeedstocks16">{{cite web |url=https://www.ornl.gov/news/feedstocks-increasing-nutrition |title=Feedstocks - Increasing nutrition |author=Askey, K. |work=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science |date=07 December 2016 |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
* analysis and assessment of plant and tree fibers and chemicals<ref name="FSResearchUnitFiber">{{cite web |url=https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/research/units/4709.php |title=Research Unit: Fiber and Chemical Sciences Research |work=Forest Products Laboratory |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
* tracking and analysis of plant and tree diseases<ref name="FSSRSForestHealth">{{cite web |url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/research/forest-health/ |title=Forest Health & Conditions |work=USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
* tracking and analysis of invasive plants and insects<ref name="FSSRSForestHealth" />
* risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and microorganisms<ref name="OTAANew92">{{cite book |url=https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1992/9201/9201.PDF |chapter=Chapter 8: Scientific Issues: Risk Assessment and Risk Management |title=A New Technological Era for American Agriculture |author=U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=225–256 |year=August 1992 |isbn=9780160379784}}</ref>
* tracking and analysis of agricultural animal disease<ref name="NRCMeeting12">{{cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13454/meeting-critical-laboratory-needs-for-animal-agriculture-examination-of-three |title=Meeting Critical Laboratory Needs for Animal Agriculture: Examination of Three Options |author=National Academies Press |publisher=National Academy of Science |pages=144 |year=2012 |isbn=9780309261296}}</ref>


''How do agriculture and forestry laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' The most obvious way these labs touch our lives on a daily basis is through the food and beverages we consume. Though we talk about the food and beverage industry and its laboratories separately in this guide, agriculture labs are at the forefront of humanity's push to provide greater, more efficient, healthy, and safe agricultural yields. Ag lab personnel work to better feed humans and animals alike, while also considering the environmental impact of research-based advances in fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs. Without these laboratories in place, we would surely face an even more dire future of struggling to maintain crop yields in a world of increasing population and decreasing natural resources.<ref name="SinghClimate12">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtPmQIEXZVcC&pg=PT31 |chapter=Chapter 1: Climate Change and Food Security |title=Improving Crop Productivity in Sustainable Agriculture |author=Singh, R.B. |editor=Tuteja, N.; Gill, S.S.; Tuteja, R. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2012 |pages=1–22 |isbn=9783527665198}}</ref>
Material testing domains:
* Aerospace
**Adhesives
**Composites
**Fasteners
**Paints and primers
**Sealants
**Etc.
*Automotive
**Adhesives
**Coatings
**Foams
**Lighting and high-visibility solutions
**Plastics
**Seating
**Etc.
*Carbon
**Activated carbon
**Coal tar
**Etc.
*Coatings, linings, and sealants
**Ceramic coatings
**Metal coatings
**Pipe linings
**Thermal sprays
**Etc.
*Construction and engineering
**Asphalt
**Brick and tile
**Fasteners
**Fenestration and glazing products (i.e., windows, doors, glass)
**Geosynthetics
**Plumbing
**Soil
**Etc.
* Insulation, foam, and composites
**Fiberglass
**Flexible and laminate urethane foam composite
**Polyester resins
**Etc.
*Lubricants and thickeners
**Metallic stearates
**Powdered metal
**Pre-formed grease thickeners
**Etc.
* Medical devices
**Ceramics
**Metals
**Screws
**Etc.
*Metals
**Aluminum
**Castings
**Copper
**Rebar
**Steel
**Tubing
**Welds
**Zinc
**Etc.
* Packaging and labeling
**Cardboard
**Label adhesives
**Pharmaceutical packaging
**Sterile barrier materials
**Etc.
* Paints and oils
**Interior/Exterior paints
**Organic coatings
**Paint on parts
**Transformer oil
**Etc.
* Paper
**Cellulose paper tape
**Crepe paper and tubes
**Kraft paper
**Pressboard
**Etc.
*Polymers and plastics
**Biopolymers
**Condoms and gloves
**Payment cards
**O-rings
**[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751616121005105 Silicone-based biological tissue mimics]
**Thermoplastic resins
**Etc.
* Raw materials
**Food and beverage ingredients
**Elemental material
**Pharmaceutical ingredients
**Etc.
* Reference materials
**Cannabinoids
**Coals and cokes
**Elemental gasses
**Isotope reference material
**Organic analytical reference material
**Pesticides
**Etc.
*Rubbers
**Bump stops
**Gloves
**Neoprene
**Silicone
**Tires
**Etc.
*Electronics and energy devices
**Batteries
**Semiconductors
**Solar panels
**Transformers
**Etc.
*Textiles
**Carpet
**Drapery
**Non-woven fabrics
**Upholstery
**Etc.
*Wood
**Dowel
**Flooring
**Lumber
**Medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
**Etc.


====Client types====
Test method developers:
'''Private''' - Agriculture labs in the private sector typically serve as third-party or contract laboratories to other entities conducting agricultural activities while unable or unwilling to invest in their own private laboratory. Aside from analytical services, these labs often include consulting services on plant nutrition, soil sciences, and water management.
* Aerospace Industries Association (AIA/NAS/NASM)
 
* American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA)
Examples include:
* American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
 
* American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC)
* [http://www.al-labs-west.com/ A&L Western Laboratories, Inc.]
* American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC)
* [http://www.agrianalysis.com/ Agri Analysis, Inc.]
* American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
* [https://watersag.com/ Waters Agricultural Laboratories, Inc.]
* American Petroleum Institute (API)
 
* American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
'''Government''' - Government-run agriculture and forestry laboratories conduct specialized topical research, provide analytical services, and oversee federal, state, and local programs in the industry. From bee research to interstate milk shipping program service to compliance testing, these public or public-private labs may act as major research hubs or checkpoints of regulated testing.
* American Welding Society (AWS)
 
* American Wood Protection Association (AWPA)
Examples include:
* AOAC International (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists; AOAC)
 
* ASTM International (ASTM)
* [https://www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/ISCP/Pages/LaboratoryServices.aspx Oregon Department of Agriculture Lab Services Program]
* Automakers (Ford, GM, Honda, PACCAR, Peugeot, Subaru, Tesla, Toyota, Volvo, etc.)
* [https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/ames/nlae/ U.S. Department of Agriculture National Laboratory for Agriculture and The Environment]
* Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
* [http://wyagric.state.wy.us/divisions/asl Wyoming Department of Agriculture Analytical Services Lab]
* Chemical Fabrics & Film Association (CFFA)
 
* Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
'''Academic''' - Agriculture laboratories associated with higher education institutions are often of a hybrid client type and function. They may multi-purpose a laboratory for research, teaching, and analytical testing purposes. Many higher-education agriculture labs also process samples from external third-party clients, acting in some ways like a private analytical lab would. In some cases, non-profit and private entities partner with higher education (public-private) to provide research and training opportunities beneficial to both the entities and the students. (See for example the Cornell-affiliated non-profit Hudson Valley Research Laboratory.<ref name="HVRL">{{cite web |url=http://www.hudsonvalleyresearchlab.org/ |title=Hudson Valley Research Laboratory |publisher=Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc |date=2017 |accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref>)
* Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)
 
* Electronic Components Industry Association (ECIA/EIA)
Examples include:
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
 
* Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS)
* [http://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/ag_svc_lab/index.html Clemson University Agricultural Service Laboratory]
* FM Approvals (FM)
* [http://agsci.psu.edu/aasl Penn State Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory]
* GE Aerospace (GE)
* [http://extension.unl.edu/statewide/panhandle/hpal/ University of Nebraska-Lincoln High Plains Ag Lab]
* Government and military (MIL, [https://fedspecs.gsa.gov/s/federal-standards Fed], Consumer Product Safety Commission, CSFA, EPA, FDA, MMM, NAVSEA, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, etc.)
 
* Industrial Fasteners Institute (IFI)
====Functions====
* Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 
* International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ([https://www.iaea.org/topics/material-analysis 1], [https://www.iaea.org/topics/other-non-destructive-testing 2], [https://www.iaea.org/topics/materials 3])
''What are the most common functions?'' Analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
* International Code Council (ICC-ES)
 
* International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' animal tissue, compost, feed and forage, fertilizers, insects, irrigation water, manure, pesticides, plant tissue, seeds, soil
* International Maritime Organization (IMO)
 
* International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' agroecology, agronomy, agrophysics, animal science, biological engineering, biology, biotechnology, chemistry, environmental science, food science, microbiology, nematology, soil science, water management
* International Safe Transit Association (ISTA)
 
* IPC International (Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits; IPC)
''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
* Japanese Standards Association (JAS/JIS)
 
* NACE International (National Association of Corrosion Engineers; NACE)
Common test types include:
* National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
 
* [https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/structures/manuals/scm/repository/SCM_4th_Edition_1-2018.pdf New York State Steel Construction Manual (NNSSCM/SCM)]
[[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#A|Absorption, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Allergy, Antimicrobial, Atterberg limits,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#B|Bioaccumulation, Biodegradation,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#C|Chronic toxicity, Composition, Conductivity, Consolidation, Contamination, Cytology,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#D|Density, Developmental and reproductive toxicology,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#E|Efficacy, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Expiration dating,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#F|Fluorescence, Formulation,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#G|Genotoxicity, GMO detection,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#H|Hydraulic conductivity]], [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#I|Impurity,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#L|Labeling,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#M|Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Mobility, Moisture, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Mutagenicity,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#N|Nutritional,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#O|Organic carbon, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#P|Pathogen, Pathogenicity, PDCAAS, Permeability, pH, Phytosanitary, Plant metabolism, Proficiency, Purity,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#R|Radioactivity, Radiochemical,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#S|Sanitation, Sensory, Shelf life, Soil microflora, Solubility, Specific gravity, Subchronic toxicity,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#T|Terrestrial toxicology, Toxicokinetic,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#V|Vigor and germination,]] [[User:Shawndouglas/sandbox/sublevel7#W|Water activity, Wildlife toxicology]]
* NSF International (National Sanitation Foundation; NSF)
 
* Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC)
Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
* Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA)
 
* Suppliers of Advanced Composite Materials Association (SACMA)
automated weather stations, colorimeters, conductivity analyzers, dry ovens, fat analyzers, incubators, moisture testers, nitrogen/oxygen analyzers, pH meters, porometers
* SAE International (SAE/AMS/AS)
 
* TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry; TAPPI)
''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the agriculture industry?'' The food and beverage industry is closely linked. For example, the State of Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture includes a food safety laboratory division.<ref name="PAFoodSafety">{{cite web |url=http://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Protect/FoodSafety/Laboratory/Pages/default.aspx |title=Food Safety Laboratory Division |publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture |date=2017 |accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref> However, for the purposes of this guide, food, beverages, and ingredients are separated out as its own industry. Even raw materials that can be consumed alone such as cow milk or apples require some processing and handling (e.g., cleaning and packaging). In other words, the agriculture industry is arguably worried about the research, development, growth, and safety of what goes into what the food and beverage industry provides. Agriculture labs also have obvious tie-ins to environmental laboratories, as agricultural activities impact the environment and vice versa. Ties to veterinary labs may seem evident, and in fact many universities lump veterinary science programs with agriculture programs. However, animal science as a scientific discipline is arguably more closely aligned with agriculture science, as animal science takes a broader approach to the production, care, nutrition, and processing of animal-based products.<ref name="FlandersExploring11">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT1Ws2o3keYC&pg=PA38 |title=Exploring Animal Science |author=Flanders, F. |publisher=Cengage Learning |pages=38–39 |year=2011 |isbn=9781435439528}}</ref>
* Truss Plate Institute (TPI)
 
* UL Standards and Engagement (UL)
====LIMSwiki resources====
* United States Pharmacopeia Convention (USP)
 
* [[Agriculture industry]]
* [[Forest informatics]]
 
<div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
 
===Automotive, aerospace, and marine===
[[File:Delphi Automotive (6944417073).jpg|left|400px]]
{{clear}}
Laboratories in the automotive, aerospace, and maritime travel industry are focused on the design, development, and testing of components, materials, fluids, etc. that make up vehicles that operate on land, on sea, in air, and in outer space. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
 
* analysis and assessment of chemicals and petrochemicals<ref name="PhlegmTheRole09">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRzfAwbzbNMC&printsec=frontcover |title=The Role of the Chemist in Automotive Design |author=Phlegm, H.K. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2009 |pages=216 |isbn=9781420071894}}</ref>
* analysis and assessment of materials<ref name="ElmarakbiAdvanced13">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfxQAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness |editor=Elmarakbi, A. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2013 |pages=472 |isbn=9781118535264}}</ref><ref name="DaviesMaterials12">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fZsIeCavO8C&printsec=frontcover |title=Materials for Automobile Bodies |author=Davies, G. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2012 |pages=416 |isbn=9780080969800}}</ref>
* analysis and assessment of safety<ref name="ElmarakbiAdvanced13" /><ref name="DaviesMaterials12" />
* tracking and analysis of structural integrity<ref name="StaszewskiHealth04">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzSPVBZ_Yg0C&printsec=frontcover |title=Health Monitoring of Aerospace Structures: Smart Sensor Technologies and Signal Processing |editor=Staszewski, W.; Boller, C.; Tomlinson, G.R. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2004 |pages=288 |isbn=9780470092835}}</ref>
* design and analysis of lighting<ref name="WördenweberAuto07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yatUXs8QQAMC&printsec=frontcover |title=Automotive Lighting and Human Vision |author=Wördenweber, B.; Wallaschek, J.; Boyce, P.; Hoffman, D.D. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2007 |pages=410 |isbn=9783540366973}}</ref>
* design and analysis of chassis<ref name="ReimpellTheAuto01">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuXf3wmahM8C&printsec=frontcover |title=The Automotive Chassis: Engineering Principles |editor=Reimpell, J.; Stoll, H.; Betzler, J. |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=2001 |pages=456 |isbn=9780080527734}}</ref>
* design and analysis of fuel cells<ref name="KochaPolymer12">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LE99dRxwtVcC&pg=PA473 |chapter=Chapter 15: Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells, Automotive Applications |title=Fuel Cells: Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology |author=Kocha, S.S. |editor=Kreuer, K.-D. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |pages=473–518 |isbn=9781461457855}}</ref>
* failure analysis<ref name="ReddyInvestigation04">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkXRBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Investigation of Aeronautical and Engineering Component Failures |author=Reddy, A.V. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2004 |pages=368 |isbn=9780203492093}}</ref>
 
''How do automotive, aerospace, and marine laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' While much scientific effort has gone into the development of modern vehicles — a significant portion of it in some sort of laboratory — from the ergonomic shift knob and regenerative braking system to the quantum accelerometer<ref name="MarksQuantum14">{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229694-000-quantum-positioning-system-steps-in-when-gps-fails/ |title=Quantum positioning system steps in when GPS fails |author=Marks, P. |work=New Scientist |publisher=New Scientist Ltd |date=14 May 2014 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref> and solid rocket booster, the laboratory testing that goes into designing safer products and systems is the easiest for the layperson to relate to. From Volvo and Nils Bohlin's contribution of the three-point seat belt<ref name="HistoryThree10">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/three-point-seatbelt-inventor-nils-bohlin-born |title=Three-point seatbelt inventor Nils Bohlin born |work=History.com |publisher=A+E Networks |date=2010 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref> to the continuing improvement of automotive and pedestrian impact safety standards<ref name="AtiyehNHTSA15">{{cite web |url=http://blog.caranddriver.com/nhtsa-overhauling-crash-tests-for-2019-model-year-cars/ |title=NHTSA Overhauling Crash Tests for 2019 Model Year Cars |author=Atiyeh, C. |work=Car and Driver |publisher=Hearst Communications, Inc |date=09 December 2015 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref>, traditional and non-traditional laboratories alike are responsible for advances in keeping drivers, passengers, and pedestrians safer. Without these laboratories in place — and without the related efforts of pioneering automotive engineers developing and propagating tested standards in the 1910s<ref name="ThompsonIntercomp54">{{cite journal |title=Intercompany Technical Standardization in the Early American Automobile Industry |journal=The Journal of Economic History |author=Thompson, G.V. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |year=1954 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2115223}}</ref> — the safety of vehicles arguably wouldn't be anything like what it is today. Secondarily, vehicle reliability and longevity would also suffer.
 
====Client types====
 
'''Private''' - Private laboratories in this industry are usually either associated directly with a vehicle manufacturer (e.g., Ford Motor Company, Boeing Company, Gulf Craft) or act as a third-party contract laboratory for manufacturers and designers who are unable or unwilling to invest in their own private laboratory. Aside from analytical services, these labs often include consulting services on design management and analysis as well as team and project management.
 
Examples include:
 
* [https://www.araiindia.com/ Automotive Research Association of India]
* [http://www.calspan.com/services/transportation-testing-research-equipment/automotive-safety-testing/ Calspan Corporation]
* [http://www.intertek.com/automotive/ Intertek Group PLC]
 
'''Government''' - Government-run transportation-related laboratories conduct specialized topical research, provide analytical services, and oversee federal, state, and local programs in the industry. From aircraft fatigue research to emissions testing to transportation system modelling, these public or public-private labs may act as major research hubs or checkpoints of regulated testing.
 
Examples include:
 
* [https://www.dst.defence.gov.au/content/ha-wills-structures-and-materials-test-centre H.A. Wills Structures and Materials Test Centre]
* [https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-laboratory-nvfel U.S. EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory]
* [https://www.tracc.anl.gov/ U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Transportation Research And Analysis Computing Center]
 
'''Academic''' - Automotive, aerospace, and maritime transportation laboratories associated with higher education institutions act as both teaching locations for new students and fundamental and applied research locations for more advanced students. That academic research may be funded by industry sources, by a government, or by a non-profit or foundation, and some academic laboratories may act as a public-private entity when a non-profit or private entity partners with the higher education institution.
 
Examples include:
 
* [http://web.mit.edu/sloan-auto-lab/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Sloan Automotive Laboratory]
* [http://www.egr.msu.edu/me/research/earl-engines Michigan State University's Energy & Automotive Research Laboratory]
* [http://www.martrans.org/ National Technical University of Athens' Laboratory for Maritime Transport]
 
====Functions====
 
''What are the most common functions?'' Analytical, research/design, and QA/QC
 
''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' combustion, emissions, fluid dynamics, lubricants, materials and components, paints and coatings, power conversion and control, propulsion and power generation, safety, structural mechanics, transportation system modeling
 
''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' biomechanics, chemical, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, environmental, ergonomics, materials science, mathematics, mechanical engineering, physics, safety engineering, software engineering
 
''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
 
Common test types include:
 
Accelerated stress testing, Accelerated weathering, Acceleration, Acoustical, Adhesion, Aging, Altitude, Ash, Case depth, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Cleanliness, Climatics, Combustion, Comparative Tracking Index, Compliance/Conformance, Compression, Conductivity, Contact mechanics, Corrosion, Damage tolerance, Degredation, Design review and evaluation, Dielectric withstand, Dimensional, Discoloration, Dynamics, Efficiency, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic interference, Electrostatic discharge, Emissions, Endurance, Environmental stress-cracking resistance, Ergonomics, Etching, Failure, Fatigue, Feasibility, Flammability, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Friction, Functional testing, Hazard analysis, Heat resistance, Hydraulic, Immersion, Impact, Inclusion, Inflatability, Ingress, Iterative, Lightning, Lubricity, Macroetch, Mass, Mechanical, Mechanical durability, Oxidation reduction potential, Passivation, Performance, Permeability, pH, Photometric, Plating and coating evaluations, Proficiency, Qualification, Quality control, Reliability, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Safety, Shear, Shock, Stress corrosion cracking, Surface topography, Tensile, Thermal, Torque, Ultraviolet, Usability, Velocity and flow, Vibration, Visibility, Voltage, Weathering
 
Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
 
battery load tester, carbon sulfur analyzer, circuit tester, colorimeter, compression tester, demonstration and simulation equipment, digital multimeter, gas analyzer, hardness tester, heat treatment furnace, salt spray chamber, temperature and humidity chamber, tension tester, thermal shock chamber
 
''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the automotive, aerospace, and maritime travel industry?'' A September 2010 Brookings report stated that "innovation activity undertaken in the private sector of the auto industry extends far beyond the automaker itself, as nearly three-fourths of the value of a vehicle is added by companies other than the automaker."<ref name="KlierTheFed10">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/0927_great_lakes_auto.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Federal Role in Supporting Auto Sector Innovation |author=Klier, T.; Sands, C. |work=Metropolitan Policy Program |publisher=Brookings Institution |date=September 2010 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref> Though the report doesn't directly mention who makes up those companies, presumably industry-focused R&D, QA, and compliance testing laboratories make up at least a small portion of them. As for intersections with other industries, the petrochemical, environmental, and energy industries are closely linked, providing insight and advances in combustion, emissions control, and alternative fuel sources to automobile, airplane, boat, and space vehicle designers and manufacturers.
 
====LIMSwiki resources====
 
* None
 
<div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
 
===Calibration and standards===
[[File:Calibrate scale.JPG|left|200px]]
{{clear}}
Laboratories in the calibration and standards industry are focused on testing the accuracy of measurement devices and reference standards, correcting inaccuracies in measurement devices, and developing and using standards/reference equipment and devices for calibration testing. Broadly speaking, these laboratories will appear as stand-alone, accredited laboratories performing calibrations for customers on request; as in-house calibration laboratories found in production facilities testing their equipment against working standards tested by the third-party accredited lab; or in a university setting, which may or may not offer accredited third-party calibration services.<ref name="CzichosSpringerHand11">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpTE1Z5UfsQC&pg=PA47 |chapter=Chapter 3: Quality in Measurement and Testing |title=Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing |editor=Czichos, H.; Saito, T.; Smith, L.E. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |pages=45–49 |year=2011 |isbn=9783642166419}}</ref> These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
 
* calibration of working or reference standards used in other calibration activities<ref name="BucherTheQualChapt12_07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3 |chapter=Chapter 12: Calibration Environment |title=The Quality Calibration Handbook: Developing and Managing a Calibration Program |author=Bucher, J.L. |publisher=ASQ Quality Press |year=2007 |pages=113–116 |isbn=9780873897044}}</ref>
* calibration of mechanical, electronic, and other instruments and components, in lab or onsite<ref name="CzichosSpringerHand11" /><ref name="BucherTheQualChapt12_07" />
* maintenance and repair of instruments
* documentation of tests for regulatory or audit purposes
* enact measurement assurance programs<ref name="NISTPolicies">{{cite web |url=https://www.nist.gov/calibrations/policies |title=Policies |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |date=25 August 2016 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref>
 
''How do calibration and standards laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' Let's turn to an introductory section of Jay L. Bucher's ''The Quality Calibration Handbook'' to help visualize an answer to this question<ref name="BucherTheQual07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7z9QaYFhrUC&pg=PA3 |chapter=Chapter 1: Preventing the Next Great Train Wreck |title=The Quality Calibration Handbook: Developing and Managing a Calibration Program |author=Bucher, J.L. |publisher=ASQ Quality Press |year=2007 |pages=3–8 |isbn=9780873897044}}</ref>:
 
<blockquote>Without calibration, or by using incorrect calibrations, all of us pay more at the gas station, for food weighed incorrectly at the checkout counter, and for speeding tickets. Incorrect amounts of ingredients in your prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs can cost more, or even cause illness or death. Because of poor or incorrect calibration, killers and rapists are either not convicted or are released on bad evidence. Crime labs cannot identify the remains of victims or wrongly identify victims in the case of mass graves. Airliners fly into mountaintops and off the ends of runways because they don't know their altitude and/or speed. Babies are not correctly weighed at birth. The amount of drugs confiscated in a raid determines whether the offense is a misdemeanor or a felony; which weight is correct? ... Satellites and everything they affect would be a thing of the past, as would be the manufacturing and production of almost everything made in the world today.</blockquote>
 
====Client types====
 
'''Private''' - As previously mentioned, private industry labs are largely either in a production facility or act as a third-party contract laboratory for manufacturers who are unable or unwilling to invest in their own private calibration laboratory. Aside from making the calibration (comparison), these labs may also provide maintenance and repair services as well as compliance documentation.
 
Examples include:
 
* [http://www.classiclab.in/ Classic Calbration & Testing Laboratories]
* [http://www.emtest.com/service_support/calibration_laboratory.php EM TEST]
* [http://www.esscolab.com/ Essco Calibration Laboratory]
 
'''Government''' - These government-affiliated labs are often at or near the top of the chain of calibration labs, working with others to link their equipment to national or even international measurement standards. They can be found not only at the federal level but also at the state/territory level and may even exist as public-private partnership.
 
Examples include:
 
* [https://www.nist.gov/calibrations National Institute of Standards and Technology]
* [http://www.dgs.pa.gov/Businesses/Pennsylvania-Standards-Laboratory/Pages/default.aspx Pennsylvania Standards Laboratory]
* [http://www.sandia.gov/psl/ Sandia National Laboratories' Primary Standards Laboratory]
 
'''Academic''' - Like agriculture labs, calibration and standards laboratories associated with higher education institutions are often of a hybrid client type and function. They may multi-purpose a laboratory for research, teaching, and professional calibration services, processing equipment and instruments from external third-party clients, acting in some ways like a private analytical lab would. Some university labs may have strong ties (through contracts or received funding) with commercial and government entities, leveraging university research and knowledge to those external parties to further fund university laboratory teaching efforts.
 
Examples include:
 
* [http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/engineering/facilities/labs/ University of Colorado - Boulder's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics]
* [http://www.me.umn.edu/labs/pcl/index.shtml University of Minnesota's Particle Calibration Laboratory]
* [http://uwrl.usu.edu/hydraulics/hydraulic-testing Utah State's Utah Water Research Laboratory, Hydraulics Laboratory]
 
====Functions====
 
''What are the most common functions?'' Calibration, research/design, QA/QC, teaching
 
''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being calibrated, researched, and quality controlled?'' Electronics, measurement tools, mechanical devices, primary standards; chronometric, dimensional, hardness, photometric, sensitivity, thermal, volumetric
 
''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' applied statistics, engineering, metrology, physics
 
''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
 
Common test types include:
 
Absorption, Acceleration, Acoustical, Compression, Dimensional, Grain and particle size, Humidity, Mass, Optical, Oxidation reduction potential, pH, Photometric, Power quality, Pressure, Proficiency, Reflectance, Resistance - capacitance - inductance, Temperature, Tensile, Torque, Validation, Velocity and flow,
 
Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
 
benchtop precision meters, calibration mass sets, dry block probe calibrators, heated calibration bath, infrared calibrator, milliamp loop calibrator, multifunction calibrator, pressure calibrator, stage micrometer, standard resistors, standard capacitors, standard inductors, surface probe tester, thermocouple calibrator, torque reference transducer
 
''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the calibration industry?'' Calibration laboratories, whether located in a manufacturing facility or as a stand-alone third-party facility, have special placement and environmental requirements that must be met to ensure optimal operations. This includes maintaining a strict range of relative humidity; maintaining temperature stability and uniformity; and managing air flow, vibration, and dust issues properly.<ref name="BucherTheQualChapt12_07" /> Many calibration labs found in higher education facilities seem to be multipurpose, capable of handling not only teaching and research functions but also able to provide independent calibration services to external customers, public and private. In the U.S. at least, the government is engaged in several public-private ventures involving calibration and standards laboratories.
 
====LIMSwiki resources====
 
* [[Reference laboratory]]
 
<div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
 
===Chemical===
[[File:Chemistry lab of HTG.jpg|left|400px]]
{{clear}}
Broadly speaking, laboratories in the chemical industry are focused on testing the properties and constituents of chemicals, bodily fluids, and other organic/inorganic materials. More narrowly, while such testing may be the sole function of a chemical laboratory (perhaps as a contract laboratory), it may also function as part of a manufacturer's greater research and development effort, a clinical facility's quality control program, a government's public safety program, or an agriculture company's environmental research division. In all these cases the work falls under the general concepts of either pure chemistry (research simply for the sake of knowledge) or applied chemistry (activities towards a short term goal, as part of a company or institution).<ref name="DummiesWhatChemists">{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/education/science/chemistry/what-chemists-do-and-where-they-work/ |title=What Chemists Do and Where They Work |work=Dummies.com |publisher=Wiley |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref> These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
 
* analysis and assessment of what and how much is in a substance<ref name="DummiesWhatChemists" />
* analysis and assessment of the physical properties of a substance<ref name="DummiesWhatChemists" />
* creation and synthesis of new substances<ref name="DummiesWhatChemists" />
* development of chemical models, theories, and test methods<ref name="DummiesWhatChemists" /><ref name="FHAChemLab">{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/tfhrc/labs/materialscomplex/chemistry/ |title=Chemistry Laboratory |work=Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |date=27 January 2017 |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref>
* quality testing and assurance<ref name="FHAChemLab" />
 
''How do chemical laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' To answer this question, it's best to first point out that matter = chemicals. Matter has mass and occupies space, and it is made of chemicals. Or as the The University of Waikato in New Zealand puts it, matter is constructed from atoms, and "if atoms are LEGO blocks, chemicals are the structures you can build with them."<ref name="WaikatoChemicals12">{{cite web |title=Chemicals everywhere |work=Science Learning Hub |publisher=University of Waikato |date=04 September 2012 |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref> Therefore, chemistry is about the study of matter, it's properties, and how it changes by external forces.<ref name="ACSChemistry">{{cite web |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/everywhere.html |title=Chemistry if Everywhere |publisher=American Chemical Society |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref> Laboratories performing chemistry activities are, by extension, pivotal to most every aspect of our life. From pharmaceuticals to food, paint to drinking water, a chemistry lab is behind the scenes, with people dedicate to improving our lives.
 
====Client types====
 
'''Private''' - The chemical labs of private companies can be found in many professional spaces and contexts. They may appear as part of manufacturing, R&D, and contract lab contexts, located within a facility or as a stand-alone facility. Aside from any of the above mentioned activities, a private lab may also provide consulting services.
 
Examples include:
 
* [http://www.kojundo.co.jp/English/ Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co. Ltd.]
* [http://www.ncl-india.org/ National Chemical Laboratory]
* [http://www.trane.com/commercial/north-america/us/en/services/operate-maintain/chemical-laboratory.html Trane Chemical Laboratory]
 
'''Government''' - Government-based chemical labs are often part of a regulatory process or provide research that guides regulation development. They may provide mandated laboratory testing of materials for toxic chemicals or material research studies for the improvement of highway construction materials, for example.
 
Examples include:
 
* [http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/ECL/ California's Environmental Chemistry Laboratory]
* [https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/Materials/Pages/ChemicalLaboratory.aspx North Carolina Department of Transportation Chemistry Laboratory]
* [https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/tfhrc/labs/materialscomplex/chemistry/ U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration Chemistry Laboratory]
 
'''Academic''' - A majority of chemical labs in the academic environment are traditional, in that they act as both teaching spaces and a place for faculty research.
 
Examples include:
 
* [http://chemistry.dartmouth.edu/undergraduate/general-chemistry-lab Dartmouth General Chemistry Lab]
* [https://www.osu.edu/map/building.php?building=053 Ohio State University's McPherson Chemical Laboratory]
* [https://chemistry.princeton.edu/research-facilities/frick-chemistry-laboratory Princeton University's Frick Chemistry Laboratory]
 
====Functions====
 
''What are the most common functions?'' Analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
 
''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' biological materials, ceramics, dyes and pigments, fragrances, glass, inorganics, lubricants, manufactured materials, metals, petrochemicals, polymers, raw chemicals
 
''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry
 
''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
 
Common test types include:
 
Absorption, Acid and base number, Acute contact, Acute oral, Acute toxicity, Adhesion, Amino acid analysis, Anion, Antimicrobial, Ash, Biomolecular, Biosafety, Boiling - freezing - melting point, Carcinogenicity, Characterization, Chemical and materials compatibility, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Combustion, Compliance/Conformance, Conductivity, Composition, Congealing point, Contamination, Corrosion, Decomposition, Density, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, Efficacy, Endocrine disruptor screening program, Environmental fate, Environmental metabolism, Flammability, Flash point, Fluid dynamics, Formulation, Geochemistry, Hazard analysis, Impact, Iodine value, Metallurgical analysis, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Moisture, Neurotoxicity, Oxidation reduction potential, Oxidation stability, pH, Polarimetry, Process safety, Proficiency, Quality control, Sensitization, Shelf life, Solubility, Stability, Subchronic toxicity, Thermal, Toxicokinetic, Vapor pressure, Virucidal efficacy, Viscosity
 
Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
 
balance, Bunsen burner, burette, colorimeter, centrifuge, chromatographic, crucible, desiccator, dropper, electrophoresis equipment, Erlenmeyer flask, Florence flask, fume hood, funnel, graduated cylinder, hot plate, moisture analyzer, mortar and pestle, multi-well plate, oven, pH meter, pipestem triangle, reagent dispenser, ring stand, rotary evaporator, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, stirring rod, thermometer, vibratory disc mill, viscometer
 
''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the chemical industry?'' It's important to note that by itself, chemistry as a branch of science — and as a science that deals with the study of matter itself — is a central science, one that bridges multiple other sciences.<ref name="BrownChemistry13">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSziBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Chemistry: The Central Science |author=Brown, T.L.; LeMay Jr., H.E.; Bursten, B.E. et al. |publisher=Pearson Australia |year=2013 |pages=1359 |isbn=9781442559462}}</ref> As such, we see significant crossover into the many of the other industries listed in this guide; clinical chemistry ties to the world of clinical analysis (clinical and veterinarian), medicinal chemistry to the pharmaceutical industry, and chemurgy to the agriculture industry.
 
====LIMSwiki resources====
 
* [[Chemical industry]]
* [[Chemical informatics]]
* [[Clinical chemistry]]
* [[Molecular informatics]]
 
<div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>
 
===Clinical, public and private===
[[File:Pathology Lab.png|left|400px]]
{{clear}}
To talk of clinical (serving the patient) and public health (serving the population) laboratories requires a broad look at those laboratories that serve in the direct analysis, treatment, and prevention of illness. From large third-party reference laboratories like Quest Diagnostics that handle laboratory analysis of patient samples for doctors to the tiny physician office laboratory performing CLIA-waived tests, from the hospital lab to a state's public health lab, from the mobile diabetes testing unit to the national disease prevention lab, it's difficult not to bump into a clinical or public health lab of some sort. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to):
 
''Clinical''
* diagnostic analysis of patient samples<ref name="DouglasTypes14">{{cite web |url=https://www.limsforum.com/lessons/02-types-of-clinical-labs/ |title=02. Types of Clinical Labs |work=Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Informatics – LII 006 |author=Douglas, S. |publisher=Laboratory Informatics Institute, Inc |date=05 July 2014 |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref>
* identification of infectious agents<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
* assurance of the quality of blood for transfusions<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
* analysis, management, and storage of reproductive tissues and fluids<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
* provision of basic point-of-care testing<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
* screening or testing of employees for drugs of abuse<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
 
''Public health''
* prevention, control, and surveillance of diseases<ref name="MMWR2">{{cite journal |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5114a1.htm |title=Core Functions and Capabilities of State Public Health Laboratories |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |author=Witt-Kushner, J.; Astles, J.R.; Ridderhof, J.C. et al. |volume=51 |issue=RR14 |pages=1–8 |date=20 September 2002 |accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref>
* collection, monitoring, and analysis of laboratory data submitted to national databases<ref name="MMWR2" />
* analysis and specialized testing of patient samples<ref name="MMWR2" />
* detection and analysis of toxic contaminants in environmental and food samples<ref name="MMWR2" />
* develop and promote laboratory improvement programs as well as state and federal policy<ref name="MMWR2" />
 
''How do clinical and public health laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' As the debate about whether healthcare access should be universal<ref name="EvansUniversal13">{{cite journal |title=Universal health coverage and universal access |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |author=Evans, D.B.; Hsu, J.; Boerma, T. |volume=91 |pages=546–546A |year=2013 |doi=10.2471/BLT.13.125450}}</ref> or is a human right<ref name="PBSIsHealth13">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/student_voices/debating-health-care-right-america/ |title=Is Healthcare A Right? |work=PBS Newshour Extra: Student Voices |publisher=NewsHour Productions LLC |date=30 September 2013 |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref> wages on, many people still receive medical care but some do not. While it's bad for the "have nots," can you imagine a different world, one where it's not a fight for the have nots but a fight for most everyone to survive? Try, if you will, to imagine a universe where laboratory medicine never existed. Without laboratorians diagnosing and researching, today's healthy population would be significantly smaller. Clinical and public laboratories have brought us advances in antibiotics, which without many more people would die from surgical site infections post-surgery.<ref name="DallWHO16">{{cite web |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2016/11/who-guidance-says-no-routine-post-surgery-antibiotics |title=WHO guidance says no routine post-surgery antibiotics |author=Dall, C. |work=CIDRAP |publisher=Regents of the University of Minnesota |date=03 November 2016 |accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref> These laboratories have helped bring medical diagnostics to more people more conveniently and efficiently, and they are at the forefront of most people's health care.<ref name="ShirtsClinical15">{{cite journal |title=Clinical laboratory analytics: Challenges and promise for an emerging discipline |journal=Journal of Pathology Informatics |author=Shirts, B.H.; Jackson, B.R.; Baird, G.S. et al. |volume=6 |pages=9 |year=2015 |doi=10.4103/2153-3539.151919 |pmid=25774320 |pmc=PMC4355825}}</ref>
 
====Client types====
 
'''Private''' - Private clinical (or sometimes referred to as reference) labs usually appear in either stand-alone facilities that outpatients go to or in a medical facility such as a physicians group, hospital, or some other form of care facility. Occasionally, you may find private clinical labs in manufacturing facilities to handle mandated drug testing or even in a mobile environment.
 
Examples include:
 
* [https://www.accureference.com/ Accu Reference Medical Labs]
* [http://www.bostonclinicallab.com/ Boston Clinical Laboratories]
* [http://www.questdiagnostics.com Quest Diagnostics]
*
 
'''Government''' - You'll find public health labs almost exclusively on the government side, managing disease outbreaks, monitoring public health, and acting as a third-party analysis option for clinical labs struggling to identify or characterize a sample.
 
Examples include:
 
* [https://www.cdc.gov/labstandards/nsqap.html CDC Newborn Screening and Molecular Biology Branch]
* [http://health.mo.gov/lab/ Missouri State Public Health Laboratory]
* [http://www.australia.gov.au/directories/australia/nrl National Serology Reference Laboratory, Australia]
 
'''Academic''' - The laboratories found in the academic sphere are often multi-purpose, serving as teaching facilities for students while at the same time providing vital in-house testing to the academic facility's affiliated medical center. However, some may be stand-alone teaching labs designed to provide hands-on education in a lab outside a medical facility.
 
Examples include:
 
* [http://mt.ctust.edu.tw/files/11-1030-23.php?Lang=en Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767850/ Emory University Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine]
* [https://www.medicalcenter.virginia.edu/human-resources/careers/recruitment/allied-health-recruitment/clinical-specialities/medical-laboratories-at-uva.html University of Virginia Health System]
 
====Functions====
 
''What are the most common functions?'' Analytical, research/design, QA/QC, and teaching
 
''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' Biological specimens, cadavers
 
''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, cytopathology, genetics, hematology, histopathology, immunohematology, immunology, parasitology, pathophysiology, reproductive biology, surgical pathology, toxicology, virology
 
''What are some examples of test types and equipment?''
 
Common test types include:
 
Absorption, Alcohol level, Allergy, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Bioaccumulation, Blood culture, Blood gases, Biocompatibility, Biomolecular, Biophysical profile, Blood typing, Calorimetry, Clinical diagnostic, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Complete blood count, Compliance/Conformance, Composition, Cytopathology, Detection, Dietary exposure, Efficiency, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Electrophoresis, Endurance, Genetic, Genotype, Hematotoxicity, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Identification, Immunoassay, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Kidney function, Infectious disease, Lipid profile, Liver function, Medical toxicology, Metabolic, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Pathogen, pH, Proficiency, Radiochemical, Red blood cell count, Refractive index, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific gravity, Sports performance, Stress, Subchronic toxicity, Temperature, Thermal, Thyroid function, Urine culture, Validation, Verification
 
Industry-specific lab equipment may include:
 
autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, fume hood, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, urinalysis device, water bath
 
''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical and public health industry?'' At least in the United States, clinical labs are some of the most prevalent labs in the country; as of January 2017 there was approximately one CLIA-regulated clinical laboratory for every 1,271 people.<ref name="CMS17LabTypes">{{cite web |url=https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA/downloads/factype.pdf |format=PDF |title=Laboratories by type of facility |author=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Division of Laboratory Services |date=January 2017 |accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="USCBPopClock">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |title=U.S. and World Population Clock |work=United States Census Bureau |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |accessdate=31 May 2017 |quote=Used population value from January 1, 2017}}</ref> While many of the diagnostic techniques and laboratory instruments specific to clinical diagnostic laboratories can also be found in the clinical research setting, clinical research labs tend to be a somewhat different beast. As such, we cover clinical research labs separately, in the next section.
 
====LIMSwiki resources====
 
'''Clinical'''
 
* [[Anatomical pathology]]
* [[Clinical chemistry]]
* [[Clinical laboratory]]
* [[Clinical pathology]]
* [[Cytopathology]]
* [[Health informatics]]
* [[Hematology]]
* [[Histopathology]]
* [[Imaging informatics]]
* [[Immunoinformatics]]
* [[Physician office laboratory]]
 
'''Public health'''
 
* [[E-epidemiology]]
* [[Infectious disease informatics]]
* [[Public health informatics]]
* [[Public health laboratory]]
 
<div align="center"><hr width="50%"></div>

Latest revision as of 18:07, 20 September 2023

This is sublevel8 of my sandbox, where I play with features and test MediaWiki code. If you wish to leave a comment for me, please see my discussion page instead.

Sandbox begins below

Material testing can focus on specific industries (e.g., automotive, construction, and pharmaceutical), products (e.g., car seats, asphalt, and medical devices), or raw materials (e.g., steel, gravel, and zirconia ceramic).

About chemical testing of raw materials https://a2la.org/accreditation/chemical-testing/

Material testing domains:

  • Aerospace
    • Adhesives
    • Composites
    • Fasteners
    • Paints and primers
    • Sealants
    • Etc.
  • Automotive
    • Adhesives
    • Coatings
    • Foams
    • Lighting and high-visibility solutions
    • Plastics
    • Seating
    • Etc.
  • Carbon
    • Activated carbon
    • Coal tar
    • Etc.
  • Coatings, linings, and sealants
    • Ceramic coatings
    • Metal coatings
    • Pipe linings
    • Thermal sprays
    • Etc.
  • Construction and engineering
    • Asphalt
    • Brick and tile
    • Fasteners
    • Fenestration and glazing products (i.e., windows, doors, glass)
    • Geosynthetics
    • Plumbing
    • Soil
    • Etc.
  • Insulation, foam, and composites
    • Fiberglass
    • Flexible and laminate urethane foam composite
    • Polyester resins
    • Etc.
  • Lubricants and thickeners
    • Metallic stearates
    • Powdered metal
    • Pre-formed grease thickeners
    • Etc.
  • Medical devices
    • Ceramics
    • Metals
    • Screws
    • Etc.
  • Metals
    • Aluminum
    • Castings
    • Copper
    • Rebar
    • Steel
    • Tubing
    • Welds
    • Zinc
    • Etc.
  • Packaging and labeling
    • Cardboard
    • Label adhesives
    • Pharmaceutical packaging
    • Sterile barrier materials
    • Etc.
  • Paints and oils
    • Interior/Exterior paints
    • Organic coatings
    • Paint on parts
    • Transformer oil
    • Etc.
  • Paper
    • Cellulose paper tape
    • Crepe paper and tubes
    • Kraft paper
    • Pressboard
    • Etc.
  • Polymers and plastics
  • Raw materials
    • Food and beverage ingredients
    • Elemental material
    • Pharmaceutical ingredients
    • Etc.
  • Reference materials
    • Cannabinoids
    • Coals and cokes
    • Elemental gasses
    • Isotope reference material
    • Organic analytical reference material
    • Pesticides
    • Etc.
  • Rubbers
    • Bump stops
    • Gloves
    • Neoprene
    • Silicone
    • Tires
    • Etc.
  • Electronics and energy devices
    • Batteries
    • Semiconductors
    • Solar panels
    • Transformers
    • Etc.
  • Textiles
    • Carpet
    • Drapery
    • Non-woven fabrics
    • Upholstery
    • Etc.
  • Wood
    • Dowel
    • Flooring
    • Lumber
    • Medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
    • Etc.

Test method developers:

  • Aerospace Industries Association (AIA/NAS/NASM)
  • American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA)
  • American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
  • American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC)
  • American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC)
  • American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
  • American Petroleum Institute (API)
  • American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
  • American Welding Society (AWS)
  • American Wood Protection Association (AWPA)
  • AOAC International (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists; AOAC)
  • ASTM International (ASTM)
  • Automakers (Ford, GM, Honda, PACCAR, Peugeot, Subaru, Tesla, Toyota, Volvo, etc.)
  • Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
  • Chemical Fabrics & Film Association (CFFA)
  • Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
  • Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)
  • Electronic Components Industry Association (ECIA/EIA)
  • European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
  • Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS)
  • FM Approvals (FM)
  • GE Aerospace (GE)
  • Government and military (MIL, Fed, Consumer Product Safety Commission, CSFA, EPA, FDA, MMM, NAVSEA, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, etc.)
  • Industrial Fasteners Institute (IFI)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1, 2, 3)
  • International Code Council (ICC-ES)
  • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
  • International Maritime Organization (IMO)
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
  • International Safe Transit Association (ISTA)
  • IPC International (Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits; IPC)
  • Japanese Standards Association (JAS/JIS)
  • NACE International (National Association of Corrosion Engineers; NACE)
  • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
  • New York State Steel Construction Manual (NNSSCM/SCM)
  • NSF International (National Sanitation Foundation; NSF)
  • Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC)
  • Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA)
  • Suppliers of Advanced Composite Materials Association (SACMA)
  • SAE International (SAE/AMS/AS)
  • TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry; TAPPI)
  • Truss Plate Institute (TPI)
  • UL Standards and Engagement (UL)
  • United States Pharmacopeia Convention (USP)
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