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Modern information technology allows for the collection and analysis of a growing number of data resources. At the beginning of our century, it was estimated that new stored [[information]] grew about 30% a year between 1999 and 2002.<ref name="LymanHowMuch03">{{cite web |url=http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/archive/how-much-info-2003/ |title=How Much Information? 2003 |author=Lyman, P.; Varian, H.R. |publisher=University of California at Berkeley |date=2003}}</ref> Scientific studies are one of the main sources of data, and their results are increasingly available in the form of scientific publications in the open access model. The beginning of open access (OA) dates back to the 1960s, when the first centers of scientific information were established in the United States of America. Publishing in prestigious scientific journals has become the guarantee of the professional advancement of authors and promotion of research centers.<ref name="HofmoklPrzewodnik09">{{cite book |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/65/przewodnik-po-otwartej-nauce.pdf |format=PDF |title=Przewodnik po otwartej nauce |author=Hofmokl, J.; Tarkowski, A.; Bednarek-Michalska, B. et al. |publisher=Interdyscyplinarne Centrum Modelowania |pages=92 |year=2009 |isbn=9788391715048}}</ref> In the opinion of Nielsen<ref name="NielsenTheFuture08">{{cite web |url=http://michaelnielsen.org/blog/the-future-of-science-2/ |title=The Future of Science |author=Nielsen, M. |work=MichaelNielsen.org |date=17 July 2008}}</ref>, the growth of the scientific journal system has created a body of shared knowledge and a collective long-term memory that is the basis for progress in science. New possibilities of dissemination of research findings emerged along with the development of the internet and digital technology. The first journals exclusively published on the internet were launched in the late 1980s.<ref name="HofmoklPrzewodnik09" /> The first open scientific repository in the fields of physics, astronomy, mathematics and computer science was established in 1991, and as of the end of August 2018 it contains 1,433,214 documents.<ref name="CULArxiv">{{cite web |url=https://arxiv.org/ |title=arXiv.org |publisher=Cornell University Library |date=August 2018}}</ref> Currently, no library in the world subscribes to all printed scientific journals, as their prices and the number of studies published in them grow faster than the libraries’ budgets. The essence of open access is both access to research results without fee and the possibility of their re-use for scientific purposes—by reading, saving to a computer disk, copying, printing, looking up, and linking, as well as correct quoting through verifying the work authorship. The OA model ensures the process of publication reviewing, does not violate copyrights and adheres to anti-plagiarism regulations.<ref name="SuberOtwarty14">{{cite book |url=https://www.ifj.edu.pl/library/open-access/materials/Suber.pdf |format=PDF |title=Otwarty dostęp |author=Suber, P. |publisher=Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego |pages=198 |year=2014 |isbn=9788323515777}}</ref>
Modern information technology allows for the collection and analysis of a growing number of data resources. At the beginning of our century, it was estimated that new stored [[information]] grew about 30% a year between 1999 and 2002.<ref name="LymanHowMuch03">{{cite web |url=http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/archive/how-much-info-2003/ |title=How Much Information? 2003 |author=Lyman, P.; Varian, H.R. |publisher=University of California at Berkeley |date=2003}}</ref> Scientific studies are one of the main sources of data, and their results are increasingly available in the form of scientific publications in the open access model. The beginning of open access (OA) dates back to the 1960s, when the first centers of scientific information were established in the United States of America. Publishing in prestigious scientific journals has become the guarantee of the professional advancement of authors and promotion of research centers.<ref name="HofmoklPrzewodnik09">{{cite book |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/65/przewodnik-po-otwartej-nauce.pdf |format=PDF |title=Przewodnik po otwartej nauce |author=Hofmokl, J.; Tarkowski, A.; Bednarek-Michalska, B. et al. |publisher=Interdyscyplinarne Centrum Modelowania |pages=92 |year=2009 |isbn=9788391715048}}</ref> In the opinion of Nielsen<ref name="NielsenTheFuture08">{{cite web |url=http://michaelnielsen.org/blog/the-future-of-science-2/ |title=The Future of Science |author=Nielsen, M. |work=MichaelNielsen.org |date=17 July 2008}}</ref>, the growth of the scientific journal system has created a body of shared knowledge and a collective long-term memory that is the basis for progress in science. New possibilities of dissemination of research findings emerged along with the development of the internet and digital technology. The first journals exclusively published on the internet were launched in the late 1980s.<ref name="HofmoklPrzewodnik09" /> The first open scientific repository in the fields of physics, astronomy, mathematics and computer science was established in 1991, and as of the end of August 2018 it contains 1,433,214 documents.<ref name="CULArxiv">{{cite web |url=https://arxiv.org/ |title=arXiv.org |publisher=Cornell University Library |date=August 2018}}</ref> Currently, no library in the world subscribes to all printed scientific journals, as their prices and the number of studies published in them grow faster than the libraries’ budgets. The essence of open access is both access to research results without fee and the possibility of their re-use for scientific purposes—by reading, saving to a computer disk, copying, printing, looking up, and linking, as well as correct quoting through verifying the work authorship. The OA model ensures the process of publication reviewing, does not violate copyrights and adheres to anti-plagiarism regulations.<ref name="SuberOtwarty14">{{cite book |url=https://www.ifj.edu.pl/library/open-access/materials/Suber.pdf |format=PDF |title=Otwarty dostęp |author=Suber, P. |publisher=Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego |pages=198 |year=2014 |isbn=9788323515777}}</ref>


The goals of open access have been defined in three declarations, that is, the Budapest Open Access Initiative<ref name="ChanBOAI02">{{cite web |url=https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read |title=Read the Budapest Open Access Initiative |work=Budapest Open Access Initiative |author=Chan, L.; Cuplinskas, D.; Eisen, M. et al. |date=14 February 2002}}</ref>, the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing<ref name="BrownBSOAP03">{{cite web |url=http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm |title=Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing |work=The SPARC Open Access Newsletter |author=Brown, P.O.; Lutzker, A.P.; Cabell, D. et al. |date=20 June 2003}}</ref> and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003). According to the Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies (ROARMAP), open access policies were adopted in a total of 83 non-research funders, 56 funding research organizations, 716 university and research institutions, 11 multiple research collectives and 75 sub-units of research organizations (as of March 2018).<ref name="ROARMAPHome">{{cite web |url=http://roarmap.eprints.org/ |title=Welcome to ROARMAP |work=ROARMAP |publisher=University of Southampton |date=March 2018}}</ref> From Poland, six scientific units have been entered in the register: the Adam Mickiewicz University; Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences; the Interdisciplinary Centre of Mathematical and Computational Modelling (ICM), University of Warsaw; the Medical University of Lodz; the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lodz and the Polish Academy of Science Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics.<ref name="ROARPoland">{{cite web |url=http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/country/616.html |title=Browse by Country - Poland |work=ROARMAP |publisher=University of Southampton |date=March 2018}}</ref>
The goals of open access have been defined in three declarations, that is, the Budapest Open Access Initiative<ref name="ChanBOAI02">{{cite web |url=https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read |title=Read the Budapest Open Access Initiative |work=Budapest Open Access Initiative |author=Chan, L.; Cuplinskas, D.; Eisen, M. et al. |date=14 February 2002}}</ref>, the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing<ref name="BrownBSOAP03">{{cite web |url=http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm |title=Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing |work=The SPARC Open Access Newsletter |author=Brown, P.O.; Lutzker, A.P.; Cabell, D. et al. |date=20 June 2003}}</ref> and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities.<ref name="MaxPlanckBerlin03">{{cite web |url=https://openaccess.mpg.de/Berlin-Declaration |title=Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities |work=Open Access Max Planck Gessellschaft |author=Max Planck Gessellschaft |date=22 October 2003}}</ref> According to the Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies (ROARMAP), open access policies were adopted in a total of 83 non-research funders, 56 funding research organizations, 716 university and research institutions, 11 multiple research collectives and 75 sub-units of research organizations (as of March 2018).<ref name="ROARMAPHome">{{cite web |url=http://roarmap.eprints.org/ |title=Welcome to ROARMAP |work=ROARMAP |publisher=University of Southampton |date=March 2018}}</ref> From Poland, six scientific units have been entered in the register: the Adam Mickiewicz University; Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences; the Interdisciplinary Centre of Mathematical and Computational Modelling (ICM), University of Warsaw; the Medical University of Lodz; the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lodz and the Polish Academy of Science Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics.<ref name="ROARPoland">{{cite web |url=http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/country/616.html |title=Browse by Country - Poland |work=ROARMAP |publisher=University of Southampton |date=March 2018}}</ref>
 
In Poland, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW) is responsible for science policy. In 2004, Poland signed the OECD Declaration on Access to Research Data From Public Funding. According to the provisions of the declaration, open access to research data is a prerequisite for innovation and improvement of scientific staff qualifications, as well as international scientific and technological cooperation. The document, however, does not provide guidelines for the implementation of the open science model.<ref name="OECDDeclar18">{{cite web |url=https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/public/doc/157/157.en.pdf |format=PDF |author=OECD |title=Declaration on Access to Research Data from Public Funding |date=2018}}</ref> Since 2010, MNiSW has financed the Springer Open Choice/Open Access Program, under which the employees and students affiliated with all the Polish academic, educational and scientific institutions can publish their research in the scientific journals published in open access by Springer.<ref name="SpringerOpen18">{{cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/open-access/springer-open-choice/springer-compact/springer-open-choice-for-polish-institutions/11027898 |title=Springer Open Choice for Polish Institutions |author=Springer Nature |date=2018}}</ref> In 2011, an expert opinion on the implementation and promotion of open access to scientific and educational contents was commissioned by MNiSW. The results of the analysis—carried out with reference to 12 countries and selected international organizations—were used to develop a model for the implementation of the OA model in Poland’s science system. The most important recommendations in the report regarded incorporation of the open access policy in the parametric evaluation of research centers and introduction of the OA mandate in the Polish institutions financing the research. At the same time, the need for OA training and modernization of IT infrastructure was emphasized.<ref name="NiezgódkaWdrożenie11">{{cite web |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/1545/20120208_EKSPERTYZA_OA%20ICM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |format=PDF |title=Wdrożenie i promocja otwartego dostępu do treści naukowych i edukacyjnych |author=Niezgódka, M. |date=2011}}</ref>
 
A range of international organizations, and the European Union (EU) as well, have a great influence on shaping the science system in Poland. For example, the EU's documents, such as ''2012/417/EU: the Commission Recommendation of 17 July 2012 on access to and preservation of scientific information'' and ''Regulation (EU) No1290/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013'' recommend open access to research results financed by the EU; under the Horizon 2020 projects, open access to research results is obligatory. In 2015, the Minister of Science and Higher Education adopted the ''Directions for the development of open access to publications and the results of scientific research in Poland''. The document emphasizes that dissemination of open access to research results is a global trend, largely related to the development of information and communication technologies.<ref name="MNiSWKierunki15">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.pl/documents/1068557/1069061/20180413_Kierunki_rozwoju_OD_wersja_ostateczna.pdf |format=PDF |title=Kierunki rozwoju otwartego dostępu do publikacji i wyników badań naukowych w Polsce |author=Ministry of Science and Higher Education Poland |date=13 April 2018}}</ref> In 2018, the ''Report on the implementation of the policy of open access to scientific publications in 2015–2017'' was published, which discusses the basic problems of the process of introducing open access to scientific content in Poland and provides recommendations for future activities. According to the authors of the report, only 20 research centers and universities in Poland have the institutional policy of OA, and only 18% of all scientific publications are published in the OA system. In Poland, there are no systemic solutions and adequate OA infrastructure. In addition, OA activities are not rewarded in the evaluation of scientific units or in the assessment of the academic staff.<ref name="MNiSWRaport18">{{cite web |url=http://www.bip.mnisw.gov.pl/g2/oryginal/2018_04/7ed78f459cb760b267b19f8f38f8bb22.pdf |format=PDF |title=Raport nt. realizacji polityki otwartego dostępu do publikacji naukowych w latach 2015-2017 |author=Ministry of Science and Higher Education Poland |date=April 2018}}</ref>
 


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 00:27, 18 December 2018

Full article title Open data in scientific communication
Journal Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry
Author(s) Grygoruk, Dorota
Author affiliation(s) Forest Research Institute
Primary contact Email: farfald at ibles dot waw dot pl
Year published 2018
Volume and issue 60(3)
Page(s) 192–98
DOI 10.2478/ffp-2018-0019
ISSN 2199-5907
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Website https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ffp/60/3/article-p192.xml
Download https://content.sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/ffp/60/3/article-p192.xml (PDF)
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Abstract

The development of information technology makes it possible to collect and analyze a growing number of data resources. The results of research, regardless of the discipline, constitute one of the main sources of data. Currently, research results are increasingly being published in the open access model. The open access concept has been accepted and recommended worldwide by many institutions financing and implementing research. Initially, the idea of openness concerned only the results of research and scientific publications; at present, more attention is paid to the problem of sharing scientific data, including raw data. Proceedings towards open data are intricate, as data specificity requires the development of an appropriate legal, technical and organizational model, followed by the implementation of data management policies at both the institutional and national levels.

The aim of this publication is to present the development of the open data concept in the context of open-access ideas and problems related to defining data in the process of data sharing and data management.

Keywords: open access, open data, research data, data management

Introduction

Modern information technology allows for the collection and analysis of a growing number of data resources. At the beginning of our century, it was estimated that new stored information grew about 30% a year between 1999 and 2002.[1] Scientific studies are one of the main sources of data, and their results are increasingly available in the form of scientific publications in the open access model. The beginning of open access (OA) dates back to the 1960s, when the first centers of scientific information were established in the United States of America. Publishing in prestigious scientific journals has become the guarantee of the professional advancement of authors and promotion of research centers.[2] In the opinion of Nielsen[3], the growth of the scientific journal system has created a body of shared knowledge and a collective long-term memory that is the basis for progress in science. New possibilities of dissemination of research findings emerged along with the development of the internet and digital technology. The first journals exclusively published on the internet were launched in the late 1980s.[2] The first open scientific repository in the fields of physics, astronomy, mathematics and computer science was established in 1991, and as of the end of August 2018 it contains 1,433,214 documents.[4] Currently, no library in the world subscribes to all printed scientific journals, as their prices and the number of studies published in them grow faster than the libraries’ budgets. The essence of open access is both access to research results without fee and the possibility of their re-use for scientific purposes—by reading, saving to a computer disk, copying, printing, looking up, and linking, as well as correct quoting through verifying the work authorship. The OA model ensures the process of publication reviewing, does not violate copyrights and adheres to anti-plagiarism regulations.[5]

The goals of open access have been defined in three declarations, that is, the Budapest Open Access Initiative[6], the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing[7] and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities.[8] According to the Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies (ROARMAP), open access policies were adopted in a total of 83 non-research funders, 56 funding research organizations, 716 university and research institutions, 11 multiple research collectives and 75 sub-units of research organizations (as of March 2018).[9] From Poland, six scientific units have been entered in the register: the Adam Mickiewicz University; Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences; the Interdisciplinary Centre of Mathematical and Computational Modelling (ICM), University of Warsaw; the Medical University of Lodz; the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lodz and the Polish Academy of Science Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics.[10]

In Poland, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW) is responsible for science policy. In 2004, Poland signed the OECD Declaration on Access to Research Data From Public Funding. According to the provisions of the declaration, open access to research data is a prerequisite for innovation and improvement of scientific staff qualifications, as well as international scientific and technological cooperation. The document, however, does not provide guidelines for the implementation of the open science model.[11] Since 2010, MNiSW has financed the Springer Open Choice/Open Access Program, under which the employees and students affiliated with all the Polish academic, educational and scientific institutions can publish their research in the scientific journals published in open access by Springer.[12] In 2011, an expert opinion on the implementation and promotion of open access to scientific and educational contents was commissioned by MNiSW. The results of the analysis—carried out with reference to 12 countries and selected international organizations—were used to develop a model for the implementation of the OA model in Poland’s science system. The most important recommendations in the report regarded incorporation of the open access policy in the parametric evaluation of research centers and introduction of the OA mandate in the Polish institutions financing the research. At the same time, the need for OA training and modernization of IT infrastructure was emphasized.[13]

A range of international organizations, and the European Union (EU) as well, have a great influence on shaping the science system in Poland. For example, the EU's documents, such as 2012/417/EU: the Commission Recommendation of 17 July 2012 on access to and preservation of scientific information and Regulation (EU) No1290/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 recommend open access to research results financed by the EU; under the Horizon 2020 projects, open access to research results is obligatory. In 2015, the Minister of Science and Higher Education adopted the Directions for the development of open access to publications and the results of scientific research in Poland. The document emphasizes that dissemination of open access to research results is a global trend, largely related to the development of information and communication technologies.[14] In 2018, the Report on the implementation of the policy of open access to scientific publications in 2015–2017 was published, which discusses the basic problems of the process of introducing open access to scientific content in Poland and provides recommendations for future activities. According to the authors of the report, only 20 research centers and universities in Poland have the institutional policy of OA, and only 18% of all scientific publications are published in the OA system. In Poland, there are no systemic solutions and adequate OA infrastructure. In addition, OA activities are not rewarded in the evaluation of scientific units or in the assessment of the academic staff.[15]


References

  1. ↑ Lyman, P.; Varian, H.R. (2003). "How Much Information? 2003". University of California at Berkeley. http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/archive/how-much-info-2003/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hofmokl, J.; Tarkowski, A.; Bednarek-Michalska, B. et al. (2009) (PDF). Przewodnik po otwartej nauce. Interdyscyplinarne Centrum Modelowania. pp. 92. ISBN 9788391715048. https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/65/przewodnik-po-otwartej-nauce.pdf. 
  3. ↑ Nielsen, M. (17 July 2008). "The Future of Science". MichaelNielsen.org. http://michaelnielsen.org/blog/the-future-of-science-2/. 
  4. ↑ "arXiv.org". Cornell University Library. August 2018. https://arxiv.org/. 
  5. ↑ Suber, P. (2014) (PDF). Otwarty dostęp. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. pp. 198. ISBN 9788323515777. https://www.ifj.edu.pl/library/open-access/materials/Suber.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Chan, L.; Cuplinskas, D.; Eisen, M. et al. (14 February 2002). "Read the Budapest Open Access Initiative". Budapest Open Access Initiative. https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read. 
  7. ↑ Brown, P.O.; Lutzker, A.P.; Cabell, D. et al. (20 June 2003). "Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing". The SPARC Open Access Newsletter. http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm. 
  8. ↑ Max Planck Gessellschaft (22 October 2003). "Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities". Open Access Max Planck Gessellschaft. https://openaccess.mpg.de/Berlin-Declaration. 
  9. ↑ "Welcome to ROARMAP". ROARMAP. University of Southampton. March 2018. http://roarmap.eprints.org/. 
  10. ↑ "Browse by Country - Poland". ROARMAP. University of Southampton. March 2018. http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/country/616.html. 
  11. ↑ OECD (2018). "Declaration on Access to Research Data from Public Funding" (PDF). https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/public/doc/157/157.en.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Springer Nature (2018). "Springer Open Choice for Polish Institutions". https://www.springer.com/gp/open-access/springer-open-choice/springer-compact/springer-open-choice-for-polish-institutions/11027898. 
  13. ↑ Niezgódka, M. (2011). "Wdrożenie i promocja otwartego dostępu do treści naukowych i edukacyjnych" (PDF). https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/1545/20120208_EKSPERTYZA_OA%20ICM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  14. ↑ Ministry of Science and Higher Education Poland (13 April 2018). "Kierunki rozwoju otwartego dostępu do publikacji i wyników badań naukowych w Polsce" (PDF). https://www.gov.pl/documents/1068557/1069061/20180413_Kierunki_rozwoju_OD_wersja_ostateczna.pdf. 
  15. ↑ Ministry of Science and Higher Education Poland (April 2018). "Raport nt. realizacji polityki otwartego dostępu do publikacji naukowych w latach 2015-2017" (PDF). http://www.bip.mnisw.gov.pl/g2/oryginal/2018_04/7ed78f459cb760b267b19f8f38f8bb22.pdf. 

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation, spelling, and grammar. We also added PMCID, DOI, ISBN, and author information when they were missing from the original reference. The original article lists references alphabetically, but this version—by design—lists them in order of appearance. A few of the original URLs in citations were dead and were updated for this version. No other modifications were made in accordance with the "no derivatives" portion of the distribution license.

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