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| <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div> | | <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div> |
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| '''Title''': ''What are the key elements of a LIMS for animal feed testing?''
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| '''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas
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| '''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]
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| '''Publication date''': May 2024
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| ==Introduction==
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| This brief topical article will examine ...
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| '''Note''': Any citation leading to a software vendor's site is not to be considered a recommendation for that vendor. The citation should however still stand as a representational example of what vendors are implementing in their systems.
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| ==Feed testing laboratory workflow, workload, and information management==
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| A feed testing lab can operate within a number of different production, research and development (R&D; academic and industry), and public health contexts. They can<ref name="WardObtain24">{{cite web |url=https://animal.ifas.ufl.edu/media/animalifasufledu/dairy-website/ruminant-nutrition-symposium/archives/12.-WardRNS2024.pdf |format=PDF |author=Ward, R. |title=Obtaining value from a feed/forage lab engagement |work=Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium |date=27 February 2024 |accessdate=22 May 2024}}</ref>:
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| *act as a third-party consultant, interpreting analytical data;
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| *provide research and development support for new and revised formulations;
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| *provide analytical support for nutrition and contaminant determinations;
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| *provide development support for analytical methods;
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| *ensure quality to specifications, accreditor standards, and regulations;
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| *develop informative databases and data libraries for researchers;
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| *manage in-house and remote sample collection, labeling, and registration, including on farms; and
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| *report accurate and timely results to stakeholders, including those responsible for monitoring public health.
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| This wide variety of roles further highlights the already obvious cross-disciplinary nature of analyzing animal feed ingredients and products, and interpreting the resulting data. The human [[Biology|biological]] sciences, [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary sciences]], [[environmental science]]s, [[chemistry]], [[microbiology]], [[radiochemistry]], [[botany]], [[epidemiology]], and more may be involved within a given animal feed analysis laboratory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schnepf |first=Anne |last2=Hille |first2=Katja |last3=van Mark |first3=Gesine |last4=Winkelmann |first4=Tristan |last5=Remm |first5=Karen |last6=Kunze |first6=Katrin |last7=Velleuer |first7=Reinhard |last8=Kreienbrock |first8=Lothar |date=2024-02-06 |title=Basis for a One Health Approach—Inventory of Routine Data Collections on Zoonotic Diseases in Lower Saxony, Germany |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2813-0227/4/1/7 |journal=Zoonotic Diseases |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=57–73 |doi=10.3390/zoonoticdis4010007 |issn=2813-0227}}</ref><ref name="PFPLSWHumanAnim18">{{cite web |url=https://www.aphl.org/programs/food_safety/APHL%20Documents/LBPM_Dec2018.pdf |format=PDF |title=Human and Animal Food Testing Laboratories Best Practices Manual |author=Partnership for Food Protection Laboratory Science Workgroup |date=December 2018 |accessdate=22 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Hannah |last2=O'Connor |first2=Annette |last3=Sargeant |first3=Jan |last4=Glanville |first4=Julie |date=2018-12 |title=Information retrieval for systematic reviews in food and feed topics: A narrative review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jrsm.1289 |journal=Research Synthesis Methods |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=527–539 |doi=10.1002/jrsm.1289 |issn=1759-2879}}</ref> Given this significant cross-disciplinarity, it's arguably more challenging for software developers creating [[laboratory informatics]] solutions like a [[laboratory information management system]] (LIMS) that has the breadth to cover the production, R&D, and public health contexts of animal feed testing. In fact, an industry lab performing [[quality control]] (QC) work for a company will likely have zero interest in public health reporting functionality, and a LIMS that focuses on QC workflows may be more highly desirable.
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| That said, this Q&A article will examine LIMS functionality that addresses the needs of all three contexts for animal feed analyses. Understand that the LIMS solution your feed lab may be looking for doesn't require some of the functionality addressed here, particularly in the specialty LIMS requirements section. But also understand the broader context of feed testing and how it highlights some of the challenges of finding a feed testing LIMS that is just right for your lab.
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| ==Base LIMS requirements for animal feed testing==
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| Given the above ... In a few cases, standalone formulation and [[enterprise resource planning]] (ERP) solutions for the feed industry exist.<ref name="FSHome">{{cite web |url=https://formatsolutions.com/ |title=FormatSolutions: At the Forefront of Feed |publisher=Format Solutions, Inc |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref> Some LIMS may have these sorts of features built-in already, so the choice of whether or not to adopt a LIMS in conjunction with other standalone solutions or find a LIMS that integrates those formulation and ERP functions will have to be carefully considered.
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| What follows is a list of system functionality important to most any feed testing laboratory, with a majority of that functionality found in many vendor software solutions.<ref name="WardObtain24" /><ref name="PFPLSWHumanAnim18" /><ref name="FAOTheFeed13">{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i3535e/i3535e.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Feed Analysis Laboratory: Establishment and Quality Control |author=deJonge, L.H.; Jackson, F.S.; Makkar, H.P.S. |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2013 |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="OpenCoLIMS">{{cite web |url=https://www.openco.it/en/production-laboratory/ |title=ProLabQ - The LIMS system for your production laboratory |publisher=Open-Co S.r.l |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="TNATCUSAPlants19">{{cite web |url=https://tnatc.org/assets/downloads/USAPlants-2019-05-01.pdf |format=PDF |title=USAPlants |publisher=NATC |date=01 May 2019 |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="MCIAgric">{{cite web |url=https://www.mci-it.co.za/agricultural-seed-and-food |title=Agriculture, Seed and Food Laboratories |publisher=Mci IT Pty. Ltd |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="LabWorksAgLIMS">{{cite web |url=https://labworks.com/lims-industries/agriculture/ |title=LIMS for Agriculture and Farming |publisher=Labworks, LLC |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="QBenchLIMSAg">{{cite web |url=https://qbench.com/qbench-lims-agriculture-testing-labs |title=LIMS for Agriculture Testing Environments |publisher=QBench, Inc |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref>
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| '''Test, sample and result management'''
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| *Sample log-in and management, with support for unique IDs
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| *Sample batching
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| *[[Barcode]] and RFID support
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| *End-to-end sample and inventory tracking, through to reporting and disposition
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| *Pre-defined and configurable industry-specific test and method management, including for bacteria (i.e., microbiology), heavy metals (i.e., chemistry), radionuclides (i.e., radiochemistry), and other substances
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| *Pre-defined and configurable industry-specific workflows, including for production, R&D, and public health contexts
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| *Configurable screens and data fields
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| *Specification management
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| *Test, sampling, instrument, etc. scheduling and assignment
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| *Test requesting
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| *Data import and export
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| *Raw data management
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| *Robust query tools
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| *Analytical tools, including [[data visualization]], statistical analysis, and [[data mining]] tools
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| *Document and image management
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| *Version control
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| *Project and experiment management
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| *Method and protocol management
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| *Investigation management
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| *Multi-facility and -sampling site management
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| *Storage management and monitoring
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| '''Quality, security, and compliance'''
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| *[[Quality assurance]] / [[quality control]] mechanisms
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| *Mechanisms for compliance with ISO 17025 and HACCP, including support for critical control point (CCP) specifications and limits
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| *Result, method, protocol, batch, and material validation, review, and release
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| *Data validation
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| *Trend and control charting for statistical analysis and measurement of uncertainty
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| *User qualification, performance, and training management
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| *[[Audit trail]]s and [[chain of custody]] support
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| *Configurable and granular role-based security
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| *Configurable system access and use (i.e., authentication requirements, account usage rules, account locking, etc.)
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| *[[Electronic signature]] support
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| *Data [[encryption]] and secure communication protocols
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| *Archiving and [[Data retention|retention]] of data and information
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| *Configurable data [[backup]]s
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| *Status updates and alerts
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| *Environmental monitoring support
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| *Incident and non-conformance notification, tracking, and management
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| '''Operations management and reporting'''
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| *Configurable dashboards for monitoring, by product, process, facility, etc.
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| *Customizable rich-text reporting, with multiple supported output formats
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| *Custom and industry-specific reporting, including certificates of analysis (CoAs)
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| *Industry-compliant labeling
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| *Email integration and other communication support for internal and external stakeholders
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| *Instrument interfacing and data management, particularly for [[near-infrared spectroscopy]] (NIRS) instruments
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| *Third-party software interfacing (e.g., LES, scientific data management system [SDMS], other databases)
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| *Data import, export, and archiving
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| *Instrument and equipment management, including calibration and maintenance tracking
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| *Inventory and material management, including raw materials
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| *Supplier/vendor/customer management
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| *Flexible but secure client portal for pre-registering samples, printing labels, and viewing results
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| *Integrated (or online) system help
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| ==Specialty LIMS requirements==
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| *'''Manage recipes, as well as master and batch production records''': This functionality is more in the domain of the [[laboratory execution system]] (LES) or [[manufacturing execution system]] (MES). However, a few LIMS vendors may extend their LIMS to provide these formulation features. Given that the [[hazard analysis and critical control points]] (HACCP) rules, in particular, mandate the creation and management of batch production and in-process manufacturing material records, some feed production facilities testing batches and manufacturing materials may appreciate support for formula optimization, ingredient management, batch management, and more.<ref name="FSForumlation">{{cite web |url=https://formatsolutions.com/products/formulation-software |title=Formulation software |publisher=FormatSolutions, Inc |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="BESTMIXFeed">{{cite web |url=https://www.adifo.com/en/brands/bestmix-for-feed-and-ration |title=BESTMIX Recipe Management (Feed) |publisher=Adifo NV |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref>
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| * '''Support molecular biology workflows''': [[Molecular biology]] is an important tool in the research of improving animal feeds and their ingredients, as well as managing their quality. However, not all LIMS are ideally equipped to handle related workflow aspects such as nucleic acid extraction, protein and cell isolation, and genotyping. A lab using such techniques may have to do extra due diligence in finding a feed testing LIMS that also supports these workflow tasks.
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| *'''Provide a web-based portal for internal and external stakeholders''': Whether producing feed or conducting surveillance testing of feed, many stakeholders come into play, and having ready access to aspects of the workflow (e.g., from pre-registering samples to checking final results) is useful. A secure web-based portal that allows authorized stakeholders role-based access to sections of the LIMS can further improve workflow efficiency and communication patterns for the feed testing lab.
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| * '''Develop and/or support regulatory-driven safety plans''': The HACCP quality control method is recommended or required for feed mills and other producers, and the integration of HACCP methods into the labs testing those feeds may also have value. (HACCP is also an influence on [[ISO/IEC 17025]], which is a major accreditation standard for feed testing laboratories.)<ref name="RoembkeHow17">{{cite web |url=https://www.feedstrategy.com/animal-feed-manufacturing/feed-mill-management/article/15439075/how-testing-factors-into-feed-mill-haccp-plans |author=Roembke, J. |work=FeedStrategy |date=20 February 2017 |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref> Some LIMS vendors have recognized this and integrated support for building HACCP steps into laboratory workflows. In some cases this may be as sophisticated as allowing the user to diagram HACCP in their lab or facility as a visualization tool. However, even if HACCP diagraming isn't integrated into a LIMS and its workflow tools, the LIMS should at least recognize HACCP-related testing as a specific test category, with its own requirements.
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| *'''Provide mechanisms to make data and information more FAIR''': Like many other disciplines, modern academic and industrial research of feed ingredient selection, feed formulation, and feed production is plagued by interdisciplinary research data and information (i.e., objects) "in a broad range of [heterogeneous] information formats [that] involve inconsistent vocabulary and difficult‐to‐define concepts."<ref name=":0" /> This makes increasingly attractive data discovery options<ref name=":0" /> such as text mining, cluster searching, and [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) methods less effective, in turn hampering innovation, discovery, and improved health outcomes. As such, research labs of all sorts are increasingly turning to the FAIR principles, which encourage processes that make research objects more findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. A handful of software developers have become more attuned to this demand and have developed or modified their systems to produce research objects that are produced using [[metadata]]- and [[Semantics|semantic-driven]] technologies and frameworks.<ref name="DouglasWhyAre24">{{cite web |url=https://www.limswiki.org/index.php/LIMS_Q%26A:Why_are_the_FAIR_data_principles_increasingly_important_to_research_laboratories_and_their_software%3F |title=LIMS Q&A:Why are the FAIR data principles increasingly important to research laboratories and their software? |author=Douglas, S.E. |work=LIMSwiki |date=May 2024 |accessdate=22 May 2024}}</ref> Producing FAIR data is more important to the academic research and public health contexts of feed testing, but can still be useful to other industrial contexts, as having interoperable and reusable data in industry can lead to greater innovation and process improvement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Vlijmen |first=Herman |last2=Mons |first2=Albert |last3=Waalkens |first3=Arne |last4=Franke |first4=Wouter |last5=Baak |first5=Arie |last6=Ruiter |first6=Gerbrand |last7=Kirkpatrick |first7=Christine |last8=da Silva Santos |first8=Luiz Olavo Bonino |last9=Meerman |first9=Bert |last10=Jellema |first10=Renger |last11=Arts |first11=Derk |date=2020-01 |title=The Need of Industry to Go FAIR |url=https://direct.mit.edu/dint/article/2/1-2/276-284/10011 |journal=Data Intelligence |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1-2 |pages=276–284 |doi=10.1162/dint_a_00050 |issn=2641-435X}}</ref> Of course, all animal feed testing labs can benefit when, for example, FAIR-driven, internationally accepted vocabulary and data descriptors for mycotoxin contamination data are used in research and laboratory software.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mesfin |first=Addisalem |last2=Lachat |first2=Carl |last3=Vidal |first3=Arnau |last4=Croubels |first4=Siska |last5=Haesaert |first5=Geert |last6=Ndemera |first6=Melody |last7=Okoth |first7=Sheila |last8=Belachew |first8=Tefera |last9=Boevre |first9=Marthe De |last10=De Saeger |first10=Sarah |last11=Matumba |first11=Limbikani |date=2022-02 |title=Essential descriptors for mycotoxin contamination data in food and feed |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0963996921007833 |journal=Food Research International |language=en |volume=152 |pages=110883 |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110883}}</ref> This leads into...
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| *'''Support standardized and controlled vocabularies''': By extension, this gets into the matter of improved interoperability of feed testing results from different laboratories, particularly government labs in different jurisdictions responsible for monitoring contaminates in animal feed.<ref name="AAFCOSACStrat22">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafco.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SAC_Strategic_Plan_2023-2025.pdf |format=PDF |title=Strategic Plan 2023-2025 - Objective 3.2 - Promote and integrate laboratory technology, methods, quality systems, and collaboration in support of animal food safety systems |author=The Association of American Feed Control Officials, Strategic Affairs Committee |publisher=AAFCO |pages=10–15 |date=16 November 2022 |accessdate=22 May 2024}}</ref> The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Strategic Affairs Committee (SAC) highlight this in their Strategic Plan for 2023–2025, stating that in order to "promote and integrate laboratory technology, methods, quality systems, and collaboration in support of animal food safety systems," the different LIMS used across various states demand an integrated IT environment where "comparable results from different labs" can effectively be made.<ref name="AAFCOSACStrat22" /> As of 2024, a standardized, internationally recognized controlled vocabulary for animal feed isn't fully apparent. However, efforts such as the AAFCO Ingredient Definitions Committee (with their results published in the AAFCO ''Official Publication'' [OP])<ref name="AAFCOIDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafco.org/about/committees/ingredient-definitions/ |title=Ingredient Definitions Committee ||publisher=Association of American Feed Control Officials |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref>, FEED<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wall |first=Christine E. |last2=Vinyard |first2=Christopher J. |last3=Williams |first3=Susan H. |last4=Gapeyev |first4=Vladimir |last5=Liu |first5=Xianhua |last6=Lapp |first6=Hilmar |last7=German |first7=Rebecca Z. |date=2011-08 |title=Overview of FEED, the Feeding Experiments End-user Database |url=https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icb/icr047 |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=215–223 |doi=10.1093/icb/icr047 |issn=1557-7023 |pmc=PMC3135827 |pmid=21700574}}</ref>, Feedipedia<ref>{{Cite web |last=INRAE CIRAD AFZ and FAO |date=2022 |title=Feedipedia: An on-line encyclopedia of animal feeds |work=Feedipedia - Animal Feed Resources Information System |url=https://www.feedipedia.org/content/about-feedipedia |accessdate=25 May 2024}}</ref>, FoodOn<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dooley |first=Damion M. |last2=Griffiths |first2=Emma J. |last3=Gosal |first3=Gurinder S. |last4=Buttigieg |first4=Pier L. |last5=Hoehndorf |first5=Robert |last6=Lange |first6=Matthew C. |last7=Schriml |first7=Lynn M. |last8=Brinkman |first8=Fiona S. L. |last9=Hsiao |first9=William W. L. |date=2018-12-18 |title=FoodOn: a harmonized food ontology to increase global food traceability, quality control and data integration |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41538-018-0032-6 |journal=npj Science of Food |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=23 |doi=10.1038/s41538-018-0032-6 |issn=2396-8370 |pmc=PMC6550238 |pmid=31304272}}</ref>, and MYTOX-SOUTH<ref name=":1" /> have made inroads into to the area of developing or extending controlled vocabularies that could apply to feed testing, and a LIMS vendor that taps into one or more these options arguably has a leg up on other such vendors.
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| *'''Provide tools that support [[quality management system]] (QMS) initiatives''': In the same AAFCO-SAC Strategic Plan is the recognition of the importance of a QMS to the feed testing lab, in particular in regards to how it should be integrated with laboratory technology such as LIMS and the workflows the LIMS can improve.<ref name="AAFCOSACStrat22" /> As such, a LIMS developed with feed testing in mind will ideally have a variety of tools and functionality that help the lab better achieve its QMS goals. At the farthest end of the scale could be a feed testing LIMS that essentially provides the full set of functionality of an electronic QMS so as to limit data duplication and extra integration considerations that comes with using multiple electronic systems. This includes the LIMS providing document management, training management, equipment and maintenance management, workflow and method management, quality control and assessment tools, out-of-specification and incident management, batch management, qualification management, and more.<ref name="FAOTheFeed13" /><ref name="AAFCOSACStrat22" /> Most of this functionality is listed in the base LIMS requirements above, but the combination of them all better supports the QMS needs of a feed testing lab compared to a system that only provides a few of those functionalities.
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| ==Conclusion==
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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