User:Rthiggins/Sandbox - Revision history

Rthiggins: Added commas to citation formatting

2018-09-14T04:22:28Z

Added commas to citation formatting

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:22, 14 September 2018
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	===Pharmacology/medicinal chemistry===		===Pharmacology/medicinal chemistry===
	;Pharmacology		;Pharmacology
	: 1. Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action,<ref name="VallanceTheFuture06">{{cite journal \|authors=Vallance P.; Smart T.G. \|title=The future of pharmacology \|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology \|volume=147 \|issue=S1\|pages=S304–7 \|year=January 2006 \|pmid=16402118 \|pmc=1760753 \|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 \|url=}}</ref> where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.		: 1. Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action,<ref name="VallanceTheFuture06">{{cite journal \|authors=Vallance, P.; Smart, T.G. \|title=The future of pharmacology \|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology \|volume=147 \|issue=S1\|pages=S304–7 \|year=January 2006 \|pmid=16402118 \|pmc=1760753 \|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 \|url=}}</ref> where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

	;Medicinal chemistry		;Medicinal chemistry
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	{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->		{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="4" style="color:white; background-color:#000000;"\| Table 27.1 Strict vs. Loose Serum Glucose Control<ref name="ReichardTheEffect93">{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard P.; Nilsson B.Y.; Rosenqvist U.\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|year=1993 \|}}</ref>		! colspan="4" style="color:white; background-color:#000000;"\| Table 27.1 Strict vs. Loose Serum Glucose Control<ref name="ReichardTheEffect93">{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard, P.; Nilsson, B.Y.; Rosenqvist, U.\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|year=1993 \|}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	! '''Diabetes<br />Complication'''		! '''Diabetes<br />Complication'''
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	Clearly, higher HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correlate to higher aldose reductase activity, also correlate to more severe diabetic complications. According to Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:		Clearly, higher HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correlate to higher aldose reductase activity, also correlate to more severe diabetic complications. According to Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:
	<blockquote>Complications of diabetes might be prevented if one had drugs which inhibited aldose reductase. A large-scale effort to identify such drugs was mounted in the 1980s, but the only clinical candidate drug, sorbinil, had unacceptable toxicity.<ref name="WilliamsFoyesPrinciples02">{{cite book \|url= \|chapter=Chapter 27: Insulin and Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs \|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry \|author=Williams D.A.; Lemke T.L. \|pages=632 \|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins \|year=2002 \|edition=5th \|volume= \|isbn=9780683307375 \|accessdate=}}</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>Complications of diabetes might be prevented if one had drugs which inhibited aldose reductase. A large-scale effort to identify such drugs was mounted in the 1980s, but the only clinical candidate drug, sorbinil, had unacceptable toxicity.<ref name="WilliamsFoyesPrinciples02">{{cite book \|url= \|chapter=Chapter 27: Insulin and Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs \|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry \|author=Williams, D.A.; Lemke, T.L. \|pages=632 \|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins \|year=2002 \|edition=5th \|volume= \|isbn=9780683307375 \|accessdate=}}</ref></blockquote>
	Sadly, development of additional drugs in this class, namely zenarestat and zopolrestat, has not produced a safe and effective means to target this enzyme. Instead, focus has shifted to different pharmacologic targets, with agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) being the most promising to date.		Sadly, development of additional drugs in this class, namely zenarestat and zopolrestat, has not produced a safe and effective means to target this enzyme. Instead, focus has shifted to different pharmacologic targets, with agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) being the most promising to date.

Rthiggins: Added notice banner to top of page

2018-09-06T12:46:37Z

Added notice banner to top of page

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:46, 6 September 2018
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			{{ombox
			\| type = notice
			\| image =
			\| style = width960px;
			\| text = All the writing on this page is original copy I wrote, except quotations and the definitions of pharmacology and medicinal chemistry, which are paraphrased from their respective Wikipedia articles.
			}}


	This is a Sandbox. Sure is a lot of sand in this sandbox.		This is a Sandbox. Sure is a lot of sand in this sandbox.

Rthiggins: Added category

2018-09-06T12:37:11Z

Added category

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:37, 6 September 2018
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	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

			<!---Place all category tags here-->
			[[Category:User sandbox]]

Rthiggins: Updated Reference 3 citation w/template

2018-09-06T12:27:44Z

Updated Reference 3 citation w/template

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:27, 6 September 2018
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	Clearly, higher HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correlate to higher aldose reductase activity, also correlate to more severe diabetic complications. According to Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:		Clearly, higher HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correlate to higher aldose reductase activity, also correlate to more severe diabetic complications. According to Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:
	<blockquote>Complications of diabetes might be prevented if one had drugs which inhibited aldose reductase. A large-scale effort to identify such drugs was mounted in the 1980s, but the only clinical candidate drug, sorbinil, had unacceptable toxicity.<ref name="WilliamsFoyesPrinciples02">{{cite book \|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry \|author=Williams D.A.; Lemke T.L. ~~\|year=2002~~ \|pages=632 ~~\|edition=5th~~ \|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins \|isbn=9780683307375}}</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>Complications of diabetes might be prevented if one had drugs which inhibited aldose reductase. A large-scale effort to identify such drugs was mounted in the 1980s, but the only clinical candidate drug, sorbinil, had unacceptable toxicity.<ref name="WilliamsFoyesPrinciples02">{{cite book \|url= \|chapter=Chapter 27: Insulin and Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs \|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry \|author=Williams D.A.; Lemke T.L. \|pages=632 \|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins \|year=2002 \|edition=5th \|volume= \|isbn=9780683307375 \|accessdate=}}</ref></blockquote>
	Sadly, development of additional drugs in this class, namely zenarestat and zopolrestat, has not produced a safe and effective means to target this enzyme. Instead, focus has shifted to different pharmacologic targets, with agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) being the most promising to date.		Sadly, development of additional drugs in this class, namely zenarestat and zopolrestat, has not produced a safe and effective means to target this enzyme. Instead, focus has shifted to different pharmacologic targets, with agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) being the most promising to date.

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

Rthiggins: Implemented Shawn's recommended changes

2018-09-06T11:38:33Z

Implemented Shawn's recommended changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:38, 6 September 2018
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	===Pharmacology/medicinal chemistry===		===Pharmacology/medicinal chemistry===
	;Pharmacology		;Pharmacology
	: 1. Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action,<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Vallance P, Smart TG \|title=The future of pharmacology \|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology \|volume=147 ~~Suppl 1~~ \|issue= S1\|pages=S304–7 \|~~date~~=January 2006 \|pmid=16402118 \|pmc=1760753 \|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 \|url=}}</ref> where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.		: 1. Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action,<ref name="VallanceTheFuture06">{{cite journal \|authors=Vallance P.; Smart T.G. \|title=The future of pharmacology \|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology \|volume=147 \|issue=S1\|pages=S304–7 \|year=January 2006 \|pmid=16402118 \|pmc=1760753 \|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 \|url=}}</ref> where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

	;Medicinal chemistry		;Medicinal chemistry
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	{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->		{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="4" style="color:white; background-color:#000000;"\| Table 27.1 Strict vs. Loose Serum Glucose Control<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard P, Nilsson ~~BY,~~ Rosenqvist U\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|~~date~~=1993 \|}}</ref>		! colspan="4" style="color:white; background-color:#000000;"\| Table 27.1 Strict vs. Loose Serum Glucose Control<ref name="ReichardTheEffect93">{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard P.; Nilsson B.Y.; Rosenqvist U.\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|year=1993 \|}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	! '''Diabetes<br />Complication'''		! '''Diabetes<br />Complication'''
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	Clearly, higher HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correlate to higher aldose reductase activity, also correlate to more severe diabetic complications. According to Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:		Clearly, higher HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correlate to higher aldose reductase activity, also correlate to more severe diabetic complications. According to Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:
	<blockquote>Complications of diabetes might be prevented if one had drugs which inhibited aldose reductase. A large-scale effort to identify such drugs was mounted in the 1980s, but the only clinical candidate drug, sorbinil, had unacceptable toxicity.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry \|author=Williams ~~DA,~~ Lemke TL \|year=2002 \|pages=632 \|edition=5th \|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins \|isbn:9780683307375}}</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>Complications of diabetes might be prevented if one had drugs which inhibited aldose reductase. A large-scale effort to identify such drugs was mounted in the 1980s, but the only clinical candidate drug, sorbinil, had unacceptable toxicity.<ref name="WilliamsFoyesPrinciples02">{{cite book \|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry \|author=Williams D.A.; Lemke T.L. \|year=2002 \|pages=632 \|edition=5th \|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins \|isbn=9780683307375}}</ref></blockquote>
	Sadly, development of additional drugs in this class, namely zenarestat and zopolrestat, has not produced a safe and effective means to target this enzyme. Instead, focus has shifted to different pharmacologic targets, with agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) being the most promising to date.		Sadly, development of additional drugs in this class, namely zenarestat and zopolrestat, has not produced a safe and effective means to target this enzyme. Instead, focus has shifted to different pharmacologic targets, with agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) being the most promising to date.

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

Rthiggins: Changed table coloring so citation would be visible as hypertext

2018-09-04T12:35:55Z

Changed table coloring so citation would be visible as hypertext

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 4 September 2018
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	'''<u>Table 27.1</u>'''<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|date=1993 \|}}</ref>====

	{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->		{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="4" style="color:white; background-color:#~~118124~~;"\| Table 27.1 Strict vs. Loose Serum Glucose Control		! colspan="4" style="color:white; background-color:#000000;"\| Table 27.1 Strict vs. Loose Serum Glucose Control<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|date=1993 \|}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	! '''Diabetes<br />Complication'''		! '''Diabetes<br />Complication'''

Rthiggins: /* Table 27.1{{cite journal |authors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |issu...

2018-09-04T12:28:37Z

/* Table 27.1{{cite journal |authors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |issu...

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:28, 4 September 2018
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	~~====~~Table 27.1<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|date=1993 \|}}</ref>====		'''<u>Table 27.1</u>'''<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|date=1993 \|}}</ref>====

	{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->		{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->

Rthiggins: Aldose Reductase Image Placement

2018-09-04T12:27:32Z

Aldose Reductase Image Placement

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:27, 4 September 2018
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	===Combining subjects===		===Combining subjects===
	These subjects were studied concurrently at my school, because the material in each supports the other. Here's a great example of that, which also serves as an example of my ability (or lack thereof) to distill complex subject matter into something more digestible to a reader.		These subjects were studied concurrently at my school, because the material in each supports the other. Here's a great example of that, which also serves as an example of my ability (or lack thereof) to distill complex subject matter into something more digestible to a reader.

	In molecular biology we studied the etiology of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Patients with diabetes often experience very high levels of glucose in their blood, which in turn causes high levels of glucose in specific cell types (nerve, epithelial, kidney). High levels of glucose in these cells activates an enzyme called <u>aldose reductase</u>, which converts excess glucose into the sugar alcohol '''sorbitol'''. Because sorbitol cannot exit the cell via the cell membrane, it causes the osmolarity (the amount of stuff dissolved in a solution) of the cell to increase. Cells rely on the osmolarity both inside and outside the cell being maintained in a narrow window for nearly all of the thousands of processes that occur within them. While it can cope with some abnormalities, eventually the high osmolarity overwhelms the cell's ability to do its most basic functions, and the cell dies.		In molecular biology we studied the etiology of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Patients with diabetes often experience very high levels of glucose in their blood, which in turn causes high levels of glucose in specific cell types (nerve, epithelial, kidney). High levels of glucose in these cells activates an enzyme called <u>aldose reductase</u>, which converts excess glucose into the sugar alcohol '''sorbitol'''.
			[[File:Aldose reductase 1us0.png \| thumb \| border \| sub \| Aldose reductase: Not the sweetest enzyme]]

			Because sorbitol cannot exit the cell via the cell membrane, it causes the osmolarity (the amount of stuff dissolved in a solution) of the cell to increase. Cells rely on the osmolarity both inside and outside the cell being maintained in a narrow window for nearly all of the thousands of processes that occur within them. While it can cope with some abnormalities, eventually the high osmolarity overwhelms the cell's ability to do its most basic functions, and the cell dies.

	The risk of developing complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy increases the more times the cell experiences these glucose "spikes." Because a patient's blood glucose level can't be monitored and recorded every second, and patients are often <strike>lazy</strike> less-than-diligent about using their testing meters, we rely on a lab measurement of hemoglobin A<sub>1</sub>C, or HbA<sub>1</sub>C. As the table below illustrates, incidence of complications is lower in patients with lower HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correspond to stricter control over blood glucose levels (fewer spikes).		The risk of developing complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy increases the more times the cell experiences these glucose "spikes." Because a patient's blood glucose level can't be monitored and recorded every second, and patients are often <strike>lazy</strike> less-than-diligent about using their testing meters, we rely on a lab measurement of hemoglobin A<sub>1</sub>C, or HbA<sub>1</sub>C. As the table below illustrates, incidence of complications is lower in patients with lower HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correspond to stricter control over blood glucose levels (fewer spikes).


	====Table 27.1<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|date=1993 \|}}</ref>====		====Table 27.1<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|date=1993 \|}}</ref>====
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	\| style="background-color:white;" align="center" \| Not measured		\| style="background-color:white;" align="center" \| Not measured
	\|}		\|}


	Clearly, higher HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correlate to higher aldose reductase activity, also correlate to more severe diabetic complications. According to Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:		Clearly, higher HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correlate to higher aldose reductase activity, also correlate to more severe diabetic complications. According to Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:
	<blockquote>Complications of diabetes might be prevented if one had drugs which inhibited aldose reductase. A large-scale effort to identify such drugs was mounted in the 1980s, but the only clinical candidate drug, sorbinil, had unacceptable toxicity.</blockquote>		<blockquote>Complications of diabetes might be prevented if one had drugs which inhibited aldose reductase. A large-scale effort to identify such drugs was mounted in the 1980s, but the only clinical candidate drug, sorbinil, had unacceptable toxicity.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry \|author=Williams DA, Lemke TL \|year=2002 \|pages=632 \|edition=5th \|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins \|isbn:9780683307375}}</ref></blockquote>
	Sadly, development of additional drugs in this class, namely zenarestat and zopolrestat, has not produced a safe and effective means to target this enzyme. Instead, focus has shifted to different pharmacologic targets, with agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) being the most promising to date.		Sadly, development of additional drugs in this class, namely zenarestat and zopolrestat, has not produced a safe and effective means to target this enzyme. Instead, focus has shifted to different pharmacologic targets, with agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) being the most promising to date.

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

Rthiggins: Added Table 27.1 citation

2018-09-04T12:06:01Z

Added Table 27.1 citation

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:06, 4 September 2018
Line 9:		Line 9:
	===Pharmacology/medicinal chemistry===		===Pharmacology/medicinal chemistry===
	;Pharmacology		;Pharmacology
	: 1. Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action,<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Vallance P, Smart TG \|title=The future of pharmacology \|journal=[[British Journal of Pharmacology]] \|volume=147 Suppl 1 \|issue= S1\|pages=S304–7 \|date=January 2006 \|pmid=16402118 \|pmc=1760753 \|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 \|url=}}</ref> where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.		: 1. Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action,<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Vallance P, Smart TG \|title=The future of pharmacology \|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology \|volume=147 Suppl 1 \|issue= S1\|pages=S304–7 \|date=January 2006 \|pmid=16402118 \|pmc=1760753 \|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 \|url=}}</ref> where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

	;Medicinal chemistry		;Medicinal chemistry
Line 25:		Line 25:

	The risk of developing complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy increases the more times the cell experiences these glucose "spikes." Because a patient's blood glucose level can't be monitored and recorded every second, and patients are often <strike>lazy</strike> less-than-diligent about using their testing meters, we rely on a lab measurement of hemoglobin A<sub>1</sub>C, or HbA<sub>1</sub>C. As the table below illustrates, incidence of complications is lower in patients with lower HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correspond to stricter control over blood glucose levels (fewer spikes).		The risk of developing complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy increases the more times the cell experiences these glucose "spikes." Because a patient's blood glucose level can't be monitored and recorded every second, and patients are often <strike>lazy</strike> less-than-diligent about using their testing meters, we rely on a lab measurement of hemoglobin A<sub>1</sub>C, or HbA<sub>1</sub>C. As the table below illustrates, incidence of complications is lower in patients with lower HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correspond to stricter control over blood glucose levels (fewer spikes).

			====Table 27.1<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|issue=329 \|pages=304-309 \|date=1993 \|}}</ref>====

	{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->		{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="4" style="color:white; background-color:#118124;"\| Table 27.1 Strict vs. Loose Serum Glucose Control<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U.\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=[[N Engl J Med]] \|volume=329 \|issue= S1\|pages=S304–7 \|date=January 2006 \|pmid=16402118 \|pmc=1760753 \|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 \|url=}}</ref>		! colspan="4" style="color:white; background-color:#118124;"\| Table 27.1 Strict vs. Loose Serum Glucose Control
	\|-		\|-
	! '''Diabetes<br />Complication'''		! '''Diabetes<br />Complication'''

Rthiggins: Added block quote and conclusion

2018-09-04T11:55:12Z

Added block quote and conclusion

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:55, 4 September 2018
Line 9:		Line 9:
	===Pharmacology/medicinal chemistry===		===Pharmacology/medicinal chemistry===
	;Pharmacology		;Pharmacology
	: 1. Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action,<ref>{{cite journal \|~~vauthors~~=Vallance P, Smart TG \|title=The future of pharmacology \|journal=[[British Journal of Pharmacology]] \|volume=147 Suppl 1 \|issue= S1\|pages=S304–7 \|date=January 2006 \|pmid=16402118 \|pmc=1760753 \|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 \|url=}}</ref> where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.		: 1. Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action,<ref>{{cite journal \|authors=Vallance P, Smart TG \|title=The future of pharmacology \|journal=[[British Journal of Pharmacology]] \|volume=147 Suppl 1 \|issue= S1\|pages=S304–7 \|date=January 2006 \|pmid=16402118 \|pmc=1760753 \|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 \|url=}}</ref> where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

	;Medicinal chemistry		;Medicinal chemistry
Line 28:		Line 28:
	{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->		{\| class="wikitable collapsible" <!--I realize the instructions stated 'wikitable', just practicing-->
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="4" style="color:white; background-color:#118124;"\| Table 27.1 Strict vs. Loose Serum Glucose Control		! colspan="4" style="color:white; background-color:#118124;"\| Table 27.1 Strict vs. Loose Serum Glucose Control<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U.\|title=The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. \|journal=[[N Engl J Med]] \|volume=329 \|issue= S1\|pages=S304–7 \|date=January 2006 \|pmid=16402118 \|pmc=1760753 \|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 \|url=}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	! '''Diabetes<br />Complication'''		! '''Diabetes<br />Complication'''
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	\| style="background-color:white;" align="center" \| Not measured		\| style="background-color:white;" align="center" \| Not measured
	\|}		\|}

			Clearly, higher HbA<sub>1</sub>C levels, which correlate to higher aldose reductase activity, also correlate to more severe diabetic complications. According to Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:
			<blockquote>Complications of diabetes might be prevented if one had drugs which inhibited aldose reductase. A large-scale effort to identify such drugs was mounted in the 1980s, but the only clinical candidate drug, sorbinil, had unacceptable toxicity.</blockquote>
			Sadly, development of additional drugs in this class, namely zenarestat and zopolrestat, has not produced a safe and effective means to target this enzyme. Instead, focus has shifted to different pharmacologic targets, with agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) being the most promising to date.

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>