Sonication - Revision history

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	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references />

	[[Category:~~Laboratory~~ techniques]]		<!---Place all category tags here-->
			[[Category:Scientific techniques]]

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	Sonication can also refer to buzz pollination – the process that bees use to shake pollen from flowers by vibrating their wing muscles.		Sonication can also refer to buzz pollination – the process that bees use to shake pollen from flowers by vibrating their wing muscles.

			==See also==
			* [[Ultrasonics]]

			==Notes==

			Some of this article is reused from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonication the Wikipedia article].

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

	~~==See also==~~
	* [[Ultrasonics]]

	[[Category:Laboratory techniques]]		[[Category:Laboratory techniques]]

Shawndouglas at 00:33, 22 September 2011

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	Sonication is commonly used in nanotechnology for evenly dispersing nanoparticles in liquids.		Sonication is commonly used in nanotechnology for evenly dispersing nanoparticles in liquids.

	Sonication is the mechanism used in [[ultrasonic cleaning]]; loosening particles adhering to surfaces. Outside the field of laboratory science, sonicating baths are used to clean objects such as [[spectacles]] and [[jewelry]].		Sonication is the mechanism used in [[Ultrasonic cleaner\|ultrasonic cleaning]]; loosening particles adhering to surfaces. Outside the field of laboratory science, sonicating baths are used to clean objects such as [[spectacles]] and [[jewelry]].

	Sonication is also used to extract microfossils from rock.<ref name=Gensel1990>{{cite journal		Sonication is also used to extract microfossils from rock.<ref name=Gensel1990>{{cite journal

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[[image:Sonicator.jpg|thumb|right|A sonicator at the Weizmann Institute of Science during sonication]]'''Sonication''' is the act of applying sound (usually [[ultrasound]]) energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes. In the laboratory, it is usually applied using an ''ultrasonic bath'' or an ''ultrasonic probe'', colloquially known as a sonicator. In a [[Fourdrinier machine|paper machine]], an [[Ultrasonic foil (papermaking)|ultrasonic foil]] can distribute cellulose fibres more uniformly and strengthen the paper.

Sonication has numerous effects, both chemical and physical. The chemical effects of ultrasound, i.e., [[sonochemistry]] is concerned with understanding the effect of sonic waves on chemical systems. The chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction with molecular species. Studies have shown that no direct coupling of the acoustic field with chemical species on a molecular level can account for [[sonochemistry]]<ref>Suslick, K. S. "Sonochemistry," Science 1990, 247, 1439-1445.</ref> or [[sonoluminescence]].<ref>Suslick, K. S.; Flannigan, D. J. “Inside a Collapsing Bubble, Sonoluminescence and Conditions during Cavitation” Annual Rev. Phys. Chem. 2008, 59, 659-683.</ref> Instead, sonochemistry arises from acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid.<ref name=Suslick1989>Suslick, Kenneth S. (February 1989). The Chemical Effects of Ultrasound. ''Scientific American''. pp.62-68 (p.62)</ref>

Sonication can be used to speed dissolution, by breaking intermolecular interactions. It is especially useful when it is not possible to stir the sample, as with [[NMR tube]]s. It may also be used to provide the energy for certain chemical reactions to proceed. Sonication can be used to remove dissolved gases from liquids ([[degassing]]) by sonicating the liquid while it is under a vacuum. This is an alternative to the freeze-pump-thaw and [[sparging]] methods.

In biological applications, sonication may be sufficient to disrupt or deactivate a biological material. For example, sonication is often used to [[Cell disruption|disrupt cell membranes]] and release cellular contents. This process is called [[sonoporation]]. Sonication is also use to fragment molecules of DNA, in which the DNA subjected to brief periods of sonication is sheared into smaller fragments.

Sonication is commonly used in nanotechnology for evenly dispersing nanoparticles in liquids.

Sonication is the mechanism used in [[ultrasonic cleaning]]; loosening particles adhering to surfaces. Outside the field of laboratory science, sonicating baths are used to clean objects such as [[spectacles]] and [[jewelry]].

Sonication is also used to extract microfossils from rock.<ref name=Gensel1990>{{cite journal
| author = Gensel, P.G.
| coauthors = Johnson, N.G.; Strother, P.K.
| year = 1990
| title = Early Land Plant Debris (Hooker's" Waifs and Strays"?)
| journal = PALAIOS
| volume = 5
| issue = 6
| pages = 520–547
| accessdate = 2007-11-16
| doi = 10.2307/3514860
| jstor=3514860
}}</ref>

Sonication can also refer to buzz pollination – the process that bees use to shake pollen from flowers by vibrating their wing muscles.

==References==
<references/>

==See also==
* [[Ultrasonics]]

[[Category:Laboratory techniques]]