Public health laboratory - Revision history

Shawndouglas: /* Public health informatics organizations, associations, and initiatives */ Internal link.

2015-06-29T17:10:47Z

Public health informatics organizations, associations, and initiatives: Internal link.

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	* [http://www.bt.cdc.gov/lrn/ Laboratory Response Network]: a CDC-run collaborative effort dedicated to "maintaining an integrated network of state and local public health, federal, military, and international laboratories that can respond to bioterrorism, chemical terrorism and other public health emergencies"		* [http://www.bt.cdc.gov/lrn/ Laboratory Response Network]: a CDC-run collaborative effort dedicated to "maintaining an integrated network of state and local public health, federal, military, and international laboratories that can respond to bioterrorism, chemical terrorism and other public health emergencies"
	* [http://www.naphsis.org/about/Pages/AboutNaphsis.aspx National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems]: a U.S. not-for-profit association which aims to "provide a forum for the study, discussion, and solution of problems ... in the respective members' health departments"		* [http://www.naphsis.org/about/Pages/AboutNaphsis.aspx National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems]: a U.S. not-for-profit association which aims to "provide a forum for the study, discussion, and solution of problems ... in the respective members' health departments"
	* [http://www.phdsc.org/ Public Health Data Standards Consortium]: a U.S. not-for-profit dedicated to "empower[ing] the healthcare and public health communities with health information technology standards to improve individual and community health"		* [http://www.phdsc.org/ Public Health Data Standards Consortium]: a U.S. not-for-profit dedicated to "empower[ing] the healthcare and public health communities with [[health information technology]] standards to improve individual and community health"
	* [http://www.phii.org/about/ Public Health Informatics Institute]: a program dedicated to "transforming health practitioners' ability to apply information effectively in order to improve health outcomes worldwide"		* [http://www.phii.org/about/ Public Health Informatics Institute]: a program dedicated to "transforming health practitioners' ability to apply information effectively in order to improve health outcomes worldwide"
	* [http://www.cdc.gov/phin/about/index.html Public Health Information Network]: a CDC-run "national initiative to increase the capacity of public health agencies to electronically exchange data and information across organizations and jurisdictions"		* [http://www.cdc.gov/phin/about/index.html Public Health Information Network]: a CDC-run "national initiative to increase the capacity of public health agencies to electronically exchange data and information across organizations and jurisdictions"

Shawndouglas: /* Informatics in the public health laboratory */ Internal link

2014-08-22T16:37:55Z

Informatics in the public health laboratory: Internal link

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	==Informatics in the public health laboratory==		==Informatics in the public health laboratory==
	It wasn't until the 1980s that information technology in the laboratory sector truly expanded.<ref name="PractPathInfo">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WerUyK618fcC \|title=Practical Pathology Informatics: Demstifying Informatics for the Practicing Anatomic Pathologist \|author=Sinard, John H. \|publisher=Springer \|year=2006 \|pages=393 \|isbn=0387280588}}</ref> Today web-based and database-centric Internet applications of [[laboratory informatics]] software have changed the way researchers and technicians interact with data, with web-driven data formatting technologies like ~~eXtensible~~ Markup Language (XML) making the [[laboratory information system]] (LIS) a much-needed reality.<ref name="OverBarEMR">{{cite journal \|url=http://jhi.sagepub.com/content/16/4/306.abstract \|journal=Health Informatics Journal \|year=December 2010 \|volume=16 \|issue=4 \|title=Overcoming barriers to electronic medical record (EMR) implementation in the US healthcare system: A comparative study \|author=Kumar, Sameer; Aldrich, Krista \|doi=10.1177/1460458210380523 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref>		It wasn't until the 1980s that information technology in the laboratory sector truly expanded.<ref name="PractPathInfo">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WerUyK618fcC \|title=Practical Pathology Informatics: Demstifying Informatics for the Practicing Anatomic Pathologist \|author=Sinard, John H. \|publisher=Springer \|year=2006 \|pages=393 \|isbn=0387280588}}</ref> Today web-based and database-centric Internet applications of [[laboratory informatics]] software have changed the way researchers and technicians interact with data, with web-driven data formatting technologies like [[Extensible Markup Language]] (XML) making the [[laboratory information system]] (LIS) a much-needed reality.<ref name="OverBarEMR">{{cite journal \|url=http://jhi.sagepub.com/content/16/4/306.abstract \|journal=Health Informatics Journal \|year=December 2010 \|volume=16 \|issue=4 \|title=Overcoming barriers to electronic medical record (EMR) implementation in the US healthcare system: A comparative study \|author=Kumar, Sameer; Aldrich, Krista \|doi=10.1177/1460458210380523 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref>

	Yet because 1. the public health laboratory is integrated into the social structure of a city, state, or country, and 2. public health laboratories have a responsibility to disseminate information up and down the stream, reliable information management technology has increasingly become vital. This critical need was recognized by the APHL, the Public Health Informatics Institute, and many private and public labs in October 2002, collaborating "to determine a more efficient and economically viable manner to address information technology needs" after the bioterrorism events in the United States in September 2001.<ref name="PHLTechReqs">{{cite web \|url=http://www.aphl.org/aphlprograms/informatics/Documents/INF_2003Sept_Reqs-for-PHL-IMS.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=Requirements for Public Health Laboratory Information Management Systems: A Collaboration of State Public Health Laboratories, the Association of Public Health Laboratories and the Public Health Informatics Institute \|publisher=Association of Public Health Laboratories \|date=September 2003 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> The collaborators succeeded in creating a set of applicable system requirements for laboratory information systems to better serve the needs of public health laboratories. This activity has led to a continual push to upgrade information systems and data transfer methodologies across the world. Groups like the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) have contributed money, information, and time to public health laboratories in the 2000s and beyond with the goal of improving their information systems and their performance.<ref name="RWJF1">{{cite web \|url=http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2012/rwjf402400 \|format=PDF \|title=Common Ground: Transforming Public Health Information Systems \|publisher=Robert Wood Johnson Foundation \|date=30 October 2012 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> This drive to upgrade systems has expanded beyond the U.S. into other parts of the world, with continents like Africa<ref name="MLOArt" /><ref name="WBAfrica">{{cite web \|url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P111556/east-africa-public-health-laboratory-networking-project?lang=en&tab=overview \|title=East Africa Public Health Laboratory Networking Project \|publisher=The World Bank Group \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="LFLIS">{{cite web \|url=http://limsfinder.com/listpage.aspx?showlist=1&author=2128&searchtype=Advanced \|title=LIMSfinder Search: APHLGlobalHealth \|publisher=Laboratory Informatics Institute \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> and countries like Vietnam and Haiti<ref name="PHIN1">{{cite journal \|journal=PHINews \|year=2008 \|volume=2 \|issue=4 \|pages=6–9 \|title=OpenELIS: How a small lab community created a world-wide database \|author=Jones, Jay \|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \|format=PDF \|url=http://www.cdc.gov/phin/library/documents/pdf/PHINews%20Volume%202%20Issue%204.pdf}}</ref> receiving significant investment in public health laboratories and associated information technology.<ref name="PHNBehind">{{cite web \|url=http://www.publichealthnewswire.org/?p=3191 \|title=Behind the scenes of public health labs with APHL’s Scott Becker \|author=Short, Kim \|publisher=Public Health Newswire \|date=18 April 2012 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref>		Yet because 1. the public health laboratory is integrated into the social structure of a city, state, or country, and 2. public health laboratories have a responsibility to disseminate information up and down the stream, reliable information management technology has increasingly become vital. This critical need was recognized by the APHL, the Public Health Informatics Institute, and many private and public labs in October 2002, collaborating "to determine a more efficient and economically viable manner to address information technology needs" after the bioterrorism events in the United States in September 2001.<ref name="PHLTechReqs">{{cite web \|url=http://www.aphl.org/aphlprograms/informatics/Documents/INF_2003Sept_Reqs-for-PHL-IMS.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=Requirements for Public Health Laboratory Information Management Systems: A Collaboration of State Public Health Laboratories, the Association of Public Health Laboratories and the Public Health Informatics Institute \|publisher=Association of Public Health Laboratories \|date=September 2003 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> The collaborators succeeded in creating a set of applicable system requirements for laboratory information systems to better serve the needs of public health laboratories. This activity has led to a continual push to upgrade information systems and data transfer methodologies across the world. Groups like the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) have contributed money, information, and time to public health laboratories in the 2000s and beyond with the goal of improving their information systems and their performance.<ref name="RWJF1">{{cite web \|url=http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2012/rwjf402400 \|format=PDF \|title=Common Ground: Transforming Public Health Information Systems \|publisher=Robert Wood Johnson Foundation \|date=30 October 2012 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> This drive to upgrade systems has expanded beyond the U.S. into other parts of the world, with continents like Africa<ref name="MLOArt" /><ref name="WBAfrica">{{cite web \|url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P111556/east-africa-public-health-laboratory-networking-project?lang=en&tab=overview \|title=East Africa Public Health Laboratory Networking Project \|publisher=The World Bank Group \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="LFLIS">{{cite web \|url=http://limsfinder.com/listpage.aspx?showlist=1&author=2128&searchtype=Advanced \|title=LIMSfinder Search: APHLGlobalHealth \|publisher=Laboratory Informatics Institute \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> and countries like Vietnam and Haiti<ref name="PHIN1">{{cite journal \|journal=PHINews \|year=2008 \|volume=2 \|issue=4 \|pages=6–9 \|title=OpenELIS: How a small lab community created a world-wide database \|author=Jones, Jay \|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \|format=PDF \|url=http://www.cdc.gov/phin/library/documents/pdf/PHINews%20Volume%202%20Issue%204.pdf}}</ref> receiving significant investment in public health laboratories and associated information technology.<ref name="PHNBehind">{{cite web \|url=http://www.publichealthnewswire.org/?p=3191 \|title=Behind the scenes of public health labs with APHL’s Scott Becker \|author=Short, Kim \|publisher=Public Health Newswire \|date=18 April 2012 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref>

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2014-08-04T19:08:16Z

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	<!---Place all category tags here-->		<!---Place all category tags here-->
	~~[[Category:Healthcare setting]]~~
	[[Category:Laboratory types]]		[[Category:Laboratory types]]

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	<references/>		<references/>

			<!---Place all category tags here-->
			[[Category:Healthcare setting]]
	[[Category:Laboratory types]]		[[Category:Laboratory types]]

Shawndouglas: Internal link

2014-03-23T17:35:54Z

Internal link

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	====Organization====		====Organization====
	At the national level, public health laboratories are often embedded in federal agencies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). These labs often assist state and local labs with outbreaks, special testing, training, and guidance.<ref name="PHANovick" /><ref name="APHLAbout" />		At the national level, public health laboratories are often embedded in federal agencies like the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). These labs often assist state and local labs with outbreaks, special testing, training, and guidance.<ref name="PHANovick" /><ref name="APHLAbout" />

	At the state level, public health laboratories are typically organized in one of three ways: within a state health department, within or affiliated with a university, or as a consolidated laboratory within another state agency. Regardless of organization, the laboratories are part of both a state public health system and a national public health network. Information from the laboratories may trickle down to the local level, move up to the national level, or be shared with other entities at the state level. State labs most often work with national entities like the CDC, while local labs most often coordinate with state labs.<ref name="PHANovick" /><ref name="APHLAbout" />		At the state level, public health laboratories are typically organized in one of three ways: within a state health department, within or affiliated with a university, or as a consolidated laboratory within another state agency. Regardless of organization, the laboratories are part of both a state public health system and a national public health network. Information from the laboratories may trickle down to the local level, move up to the national level, or be shared with other entities at the state level. State labs most often work with national entities like the CDC, while local labs most often coordinate with state labs.<ref name="PHANovick" /><ref name="APHLAbout" />

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2014-03-22T20:46:42Z

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			[[File:CDC scientist transfers H7N9.png\|\|thumb\|400px\|right\|The CDC and its partner laboratories all work together for the benefit of the public and its health.]]
	A '''public health laboratory''' is a [[laboratory]] that serves regional, national, or in some cases global communities by providing clinical diagnostic testing, environmental testing, disease diagnosis and evaluation, emergency response support, applied research, regulation and standards recommendations, laboratory training, and other essential services to the communities they serve.<ref name="PHLJenkins">{{cite book \|title=Public Health Laboratories: Analysis, Operations, and Management \|chapter=Chapter 1: An Introduction to Public Health Laboratories \|author=Becker, Scott; Perlman, Eva J.; Jenkins, Wiley (ed.) \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6SDqL72zPRUC \|pages=01–14 \|year=2010 \|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning \|isbn=0763771023}}</ref><ref name="PH21">{{cite book \|title=The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century \|chapter=Chapter 3: The Governmental Public Health Structure \|author=Committee on Assuring the Health of the Public in the 21st Century, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qa8XYZQprt0C \|pages=136–146 \|year=2003 \|publisher=National Academies Press \|isbn=0309133181}}</ref><ref name="APHLAbout">{{cite web \|url=http://www.aphl.org/AboutAPHL/aboutphls/Pages/default.aspx \|title=About Public Health Labs \|publisher=Association of Public Health Laboratories \|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="PHANovick">{{cite book \|title=Public Health Administration: Principles for Population-based Management \|chapter=Chapter 27: Public Health Laboratory Administration \|author=Becker, Scott J.; Blank, Eric C.; Martin, Robert; Skeels, Michael; Novick, Lloyd F. (ed.); Mays, Glen P. (ed.) \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bFBPMcQe6ogC \|pages=623–627 \|year=2005 \|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning \|isbn=0763740780}}</ref>		A '''public health laboratory''' is a [[laboratory]] that serves regional, national, or in some cases global communities by providing clinical diagnostic testing, environmental testing, disease diagnosis and evaluation, emergency response support, applied research, regulation and standards recommendations, laboratory training, and other essential services to the communities they serve.<ref name="PHLJenkins">{{cite book \|title=Public Health Laboratories: Analysis, Operations, and Management \|chapter=Chapter 1: An Introduction to Public Health Laboratories \|author=Becker, Scott; Perlman, Eva J.; Jenkins, Wiley (ed.) \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6SDqL72zPRUC \|pages=01–14 \|year=2010 \|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning \|isbn=0763771023}}</ref><ref name="PH21">{{cite book \|title=The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century \|chapter=Chapter 3: The Governmental Public Health Structure \|author=Committee on Assuring the Health of the Public in the 21st Century, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qa8XYZQprt0C \|pages=136–146 \|year=2003 \|publisher=National Academies Press \|isbn=0309133181}}</ref><ref name="APHLAbout">{{cite web \|url=http://www.aphl.org/AboutAPHL/aboutphls/Pages/default.aspx \|title=About Public Health Labs \|publisher=Association of Public Health Laboratories \|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="PHANovick">{{cite book \|title=Public Health Administration: Principles for Population-based Management \|chapter=Chapter 27: Public Health Laboratory Administration \|author=Becker, Scott J.; Blank, Eric C.; Martin, Robert; Skeels, Michael; Novick, Lloyd F. (ed.); Mays, Glen P. (ed.) \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bFBPMcQe6ogC \|pages=623–627 \|year=2005 \|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning \|isbn=0763740780}}</ref>

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2014-03-22T20:22:07Z

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	[[Category:Laboratory]]		[[Category:Laboratory types]]
	~~[[Category:Types of laboratories~~]]

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	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

			[[Category:Laboratory]]
			[[Category:Types of laboratories]]

Shawndouglas: /* Activities of a public health laboratory */ Internal link.

2013-09-13T22:11:54Z

Activities of a public health laboratory: Internal link.

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	* ''disease prevention, control, and surveillance'': provide timely and accurate analytical results for the assessment and surveillance of exposures; rapidly recognize and prevent the spread of communicable diseases; detect and identify biologic agents of significance in human disease; provide specialized tests for low-incidence, high-risk diseases;		* ''disease prevention, control, and surveillance'': provide timely and accurate analytical results for the assessment and surveillance of exposures; rapidly recognize and prevent the spread of communicable diseases; detect and identify biologic agents of significance in human disease; provide specialized tests for low-incidence, high-risk diseases;
	* ''integrated data management'': accumulate, blend, and disseminate scientific information in support of public health programs; collect, monitor, and analyze laboratory data using national database systems; assist state epidemiologists, other laboratories, and practitioners with data needs		* ''integrated data management'': accumulate, blend, and disseminate scientific [[information]] in support of public health programs; collect, monitor, and analyze laboratory data using national database systems; assist state epidemiologists, other laboratories, and practitioners with data needs
	* ''reference and specialized testing'': serve as a primary reference microbiology laboratory for a wide variety of needs		* ''reference and specialized testing'': serve as a primary reference microbiology laboratory for a wide variety of needs
	* ''environmental health and protection'': conduct scientific analyses of potentially threatening environmental samples; detect, identify, and quantify toxic contaminants in environmental and biological specimens; provide air, water, soil, and other environmental laboratory testing services; provide environmental chemistry testing; determine the relationship between environmental hazards and human health; determine extent of a community's exposure to environmental hazards; rovide industrial hygiene/occupational health testing		* ''environmental health and protection'': conduct scientific analyses of potentially threatening environmental samples; detect, identify, and quantify toxic contaminants in environmental and biological specimens; provide air, water, soil, and other environmental laboratory testing services; provide environmental chemistry testing; determine the relationship between environmental hazards and human health; determine extent of a community's exposure to environmental hazards; rovide industrial hygiene/occupational health testing

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	The APHL and its Global Health Program are also partners in the WHO's Laboratory Twinning Initiative.		The APHL and its Global Health Program are also partners in the WHO's Laboratory Twinning Initiative.

	==~~Laboratory information systems~~==		==Informatics in the public health laboratory==
	It wasn't until the 1980s that information technology in the laboratory sector truly expanded.<ref name="PractPathInfo">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WerUyK618fcC \|title=Practical Pathology Informatics: Demstifying Informatics for the Practicing Anatomic Pathologist \|author=Sinard, John H. \|publisher=Springer \|year=2006 \|pages=393 \|isbn=0387280588}}</ref> Today web-based and database-centric Internet applications of [[laboratory informatics]] software have changed the way researchers and technicians interact with data, with web-driven data formatting technologies like eXtensible Markup Language (XML) making the [[laboratory information system]] (LIS) a much-needed reality.<ref name="OverBarEMR">{{cite journal \|url=http://jhi.sagepub.com/content/16/4/306.abstract \|journal=Health Informatics Journal \|year=December 2010 \|volume=16 \|issue=4 \|title=Overcoming barriers to electronic medical record (EMR) implementation in the US healthcare system: A comparative study \|author=Kumar, Sameer; Aldrich, Krista \|doi=10.1177/1460458210380523 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref>		It wasn't until the 1980s that information technology in the laboratory sector truly expanded.<ref name="PractPathInfo">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WerUyK618fcC \|title=Practical Pathology Informatics: Demstifying Informatics for the Practicing Anatomic Pathologist \|author=Sinard, John H. \|publisher=Springer \|year=2006 \|pages=393 \|isbn=0387280588}}</ref> Today web-based and database-centric Internet applications of [[laboratory informatics]] software have changed the way researchers and technicians interact with data, with web-driven data formatting technologies like eXtensible Markup Language (XML) making the [[laboratory information system]] (LIS) a much-needed reality.<ref name="OverBarEMR">{{cite journal \|url=http://jhi.sagepub.com/content/16/4/306.abstract \|journal=Health Informatics Journal \|year=December 2010 \|volume=16 \|issue=4 \|title=Overcoming barriers to electronic medical record (EMR) implementation in the US healthcare system: A comparative study \|author=Kumar, Sameer; Aldrich, Krista \|doi=10.1177/1460458210380523 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref>

	Yet because 1. the public health laboratory is integrated into the social structure of a city, state, or country, and 2. public health laboratories have a responsibility to disseminate information up and down the stream, reliable information management technology has increasingly become vital. This critical need was recognized by the APHL, the Public Health Informatics Institute, and many private and public labs in October 2002, collaborating "to determine a more efficient and economically viable manner to address information technology needs" after the bioterrorism events in the United States in September 2001.<ref name="PHLTechReqs">{{cite web \|url=http://www.aphl.org/aphlprograms/informatics/Documents/INF_2003Sept_Reqs-for-PHL-IMS.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=Requirements for Public Health Laboratory Information Management Systems: A Collaboration of State Public Health Laboratories, the Association of Public Health Laboratories and the Public Health Informatics Institute \|publisher=Association of Public Health Laboratories \|date=September 2003 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> The collaborators succeeded in creating a set of applicable system requirements for laboratory information systems to better serve the needs of public health laboratories. This activity has led to a continual push to upgrade information systems and data transfer methodologies across the world. Groups like the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) have contributed money, information, and time to public health laboratories in the 2000s and beyond with the goal of improving their information systems and their performance.<ref name="RWJF1">{{cite web \|url=http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2012/rwjf402400 \|format=PDF \|title=Common Ground: Transforming Public Health Information Systems \|publisher=Robert Wood Johnson Foundation \|date=30 October 2012 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> This drive to upgrade systems has expanded beyond the U.S. into other parts of the world, with continents like Africa<ref name="MLOArt" /><ref name="WBAfrica">{{cite web \|url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P111556/east-africa-public-health-laboratory-networking-project?lang=en&tab=overview \|title=East Africa Public Health Laboratory Networking Project \|publisher=The World Bank Group \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="LFLIS">{{cite web \|url=http://limsfinder.com/listpage.aspx?showlist=1&author=2128&searchtype=Advanced \|title=LIMSfinder Search: APHLGlobalHealth \|publisher=Laboratory Informatics Institute \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> and countries like Vietnam and Haiti<ref name="PHIN1">{{cite journal \|journal=PHINews \|year=2008 \|volume=2 \|issue=4 \|pages=6–9 \|title=OpenELIS: How a small lab community created a world-wide database \|author=Jones, Jay \|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \|format=PDF \|url=http://www.cdc.gov/phin/library/documents/pdf/PHINews%20Volume%202%20Issue%204.pdf}}</ref> receiving significant investment in public health laboratories and associated information technology.		Yet because 1. the public health laboratory is integrated into the social structure of a city, state, or country, and 2. public health laboratories have a responsibility to disseminate information up and down the stream, reliable information management technology has increasingly become vital. This critical need was recognized by the APHL, the Public Health Informatics Institute, and many private and public labs in October 2002, collaborating "to determine a more efficient and economically viable manner to address information technology needs" after the bioterrorism events in the United States in September 2001.<ref name="PHLTechReqs">{{cite web \|url=http://www.aphl.org/aphlprograms/informatics/Documents/INF_2003Sept_Reqs-for-PHL-IMS.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=Requirements for Public Health Laboratory Information Management Systems: A Collaboration of State Public Health Laboratories, the Association of Public Health Laboratories and the Public Health Informatics Institute \|publisher=Association of Public Health Laboratories \|date=September 2003 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> The collaborators succeeded in creating a set of applicable system requirements for laboratory information systems to better serve the needs of public health laboratories. This activity has led to a continual push to upgrade information systems and data transfer methodologies across the world. Groups like the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) have contributed money, information, and time to public health laboratories in the 2000s and beyond with the goal of improving their information systems and their performance.<ref name="RWJF1">{{cite web \|url=http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2012/rwjf402400 \|format=PDF \|title=Common Ground: Transforming Public Health Information Systems \|publisher=Robert Wood Johnson Foundation \|date=30 October 2012 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> This drive to upgrade systems has expanded beyond the U.S. into other parts of the world, with continents like Africa<ref name="MLOArt" /><ref name="WBAfrica">{{cite web \|url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P111556/east-africa-public-health-laboratory-networking-project?lang=en&tab=overview \|title=East Africa Public Health Laboratory Networking Project \|publisher=The World Bank Group \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="LFLIS">{{cite web \|url=http://limsfinder.com/listpage.aspx?showlist=1&author=2128&searchtype=Advanced \|title=LIMSfinder Search: APHLGlobalHealth \|publisher=Laboratory Informatics Institute \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref> and countries like Vietnam and Haiti<ref name="PHIN1">{{cite journal \|journal=PHINews \|year=2008 \|volume=2 \|issue=4 \|pages=6–9 \|title=OpenELIS: How a small lab community created a world-wide database \|author=Jones, Jay \|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \|format=PDF \|url=http://www.cdc.gov/phin/library/documents/pdf/PHINews%20Volume%202%20Issue%204.pdf}}</ref> receiving significant investment in public health laboratories and associated information technology.<ref name="PHNBehind">{{cite web \|url=http://www.publichealthnewswire.org/?p=3191 \|title=Behind the scenes of public health labs with APHL’s Scott Becker \|author=Short, Kim \|publisher=Public Health Newswire \|date=18 April 2012 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref>

			===Public health informatics organizations, associations, and initiatives===

			There are numerous entities which promote, support, and provide assistance to public health laboratories and their information technology needs:

			* [http://www.amia.org/programs/working-groups/public-health-informatics American Medical Informatics Association's Public Health Informatics working group]: an AMIA working group dedicated to public health informatics
			* [https://www.cphi.washington.edu/ Center for Public Health Informatics]: a University of Washington - Seattle cooperative that "works to enhance the effective application of information systems and technologies for practice, research, and learning" in the public health sector
			* [http://www.bt.cdc.gov/lrn/ Laboratory Response Network]: a CDC-run collaborative effort dedicated to "maintaining an integrated network of state and local public health, federal, military, and international laboratories that can respond to bioterrorism, chemical terrorism and other public health emergencies"
			* [http://www.naphsis.org/about/Pages/AboutNaphsis.aspx National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems]: a U.S. not-for-profit association which aims to "provide a forum for the study, discussion, and solution of problems ... in the respective members' health departments"
			* [http://www.phdsc.org/ Public Health Data Standards Consortium]: a U.S. not-for-profit dedicated to "empower[ing] the healthcare and public health communities with health information technology standards to improve individual and community health"
			* [http://www.phii.org/about/ Public Health Informatics Institute]: a program dedicated to "transforming health practitioners' ability to apply information effectively in order to improve health outcomes worldwide"
			* [http://www.cdc.gov/phin/about/index.html Public Health Information Network]: a CDC-run "national initiative to increase the capacity of public health agencies to electronically exchange data and information across organizations and jurisdictions"

			==See also==
			* [[Public health informatics]]
			* [[Laboratory information system]]
			* [[:Category:Public health software (open source)\|Public health software (open source)]]
			* [[:Category:Public health and service LIMS\|Public health and service LIMS]]

			==Further reading==
			* {{cite book \|title=Public Health Laboratories: Analysis, Operations, and Management \|editor=Jenkins, Wiley \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6SDqL72zPRUC \|pages=01–14 \|year=2010 \|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning \|isbn=0763771023}}
			* {{cite book \|title=The Future of Public Health \|chapter=Chapter 3: A History of the Public Health System \|author=Institute of Medicine Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health \|url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1091&page=56 \|pages=56–72 \|year=1988 \|publisher=National Academy Press \|isbn=9780309038300}}
			* {{cite web \|url=http://www.publichealthnewswire.org/?p=3191 \|title=Behind the scenes of public health labs with APHL’s Scott Becker \|author=Short, Kim \|publisher=Public Health Newswire \|date=18 April 2012 \|accessdate=12 September 2013}}

	==References==		==References==
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