Journal:Strengthening public health surveillance through blockchain technology - Revision history

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	Today many countries use machine learning techniques in surveillance. However, there are certain unique and added advantages of blockchain technology over machine learning techniques. For example, blockchain predominantly blocks malicious activities, like data hacking and duplication.<ref name="RahoutiBitcoin18">{{cite journal \|title=Bitcoin Concepts, Threats, and Machine-Learning Security Solutions \|journal=IEEE Access \|author=Rahouti, M.; Xiong, K.; Ghani, N. \|volume=6 \|pages=67189-67205 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2874539}}</ref> Additionally, the combination of blockchain technology with [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) is the proverbial "cherry on top" for the medical research and health sectors.<ref name="MamoshinaConverg17">{{cite journal \|title=Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and healthcare \|journal=Oncotarget \|author=Mamoshina, P.; Ojomoko, L.; Yanovich, Y. et al. \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=5665-5690 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.22345 \|pmid=29464026 \|pmc=PMC5814166}}</ref>		Today many countries use machine learning techniques in surveillance. However, there are certain unique and added advantages of blockchain technology over machine learning techniques. For example, blockchain predominantly blocks malicious activities, like data hacking and duplication.<ref name="RahoutiBitcoin18">{{cite journal \|title=Bitcoin Concepts, Threats, and Machine-Learning Security Solutions \|journal=IEEE Access \|author=Rahouti, M.; Xiong, K.; Ghani, N. \|volume=6 \|pages=67189-67205 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2874539}}</ref> Additionally, the combination of blockchain technology with [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) is the proverbial "cherry on top" for the medical research and health sectors.<ref name="MamoshinaConverg17">{{cite journal \|title=Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and healthcare \|journal=Oncotarget \|author=Mamoshina, P.; Ojomoko, L.; Yanovich, Y. et al. \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=5665-5690 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.22345 \|pmid=29464026 \|pmc=PMC5814166}}</ref>

	There is also tremendous scope for integration with [[~~geographical~~ information system]]s (GIS) to expedite routine epidemic investigations, as well as drug and vaccine supply chain management. The other critical aspect is that by ensuring transparency and correct reporting, as in the case of reporting deaths from an outbreak, blockchain overcomes the existing limitations of local health information systems. The following illustration (Figure 3) shows how the application of blockchain in surveillance systems enhances activities for ensuring health security.		There is also tremendous scope for integration with [[geographic information system]]s (GIS) to expedite routine epidemic investigations, as well as drug and vaccine supply chain management. The other critical aspect is that by ensuring transparency and correct reporting, as in the case of reporting deaths from an outbreak, blockchain overcomes the existing limitations of local health information systems. The following illustration (Figure 3) shows how the application of blockchain in surveillance systems enhances activities for ensuring health security.

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	This technology has a potential to give real-time data/information by sensing potential outbreaks or bioterrorism. Hence, if vaccinations, antibiotics, and other disease control measures are instituted promptly, massive casualties can be prevented. For example, fake news on social media against vaccination have critically impacted public health in recent years.<ref name="JervelundHowSoc18">{{cite journal \|title=How social media is transforming the spreading of knowledge: Implications for our perceptions concerning vaccinations and migrant health \|journal=Scandanavian Journal of Public Health \|author=Jervelund, S.S. \|volume=46 \|issue=2 \|pages=167-169 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1177/1403494818760139}}</ref> Huckle and White reported a blockchain-based approach to identify the origins of such harmful content and identify the population at risk in digital communication.<ref name="HuckleFake17">{{cite journal \|title=Fake News: A Technological Approach to Proving the Origins of Content, Using Blockchains \|journal=Big Data \|author=Huckle, S.; White, M. \|volume=5 \|issue=4 \|pages=356–71 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.1089/big.2017.0071}}</ref> This highlights the potential of blockchain to improve public health surveillance in the era of digitalization.		This technology has a potential to give real-time data/information by sensing potential outbreaks or bioterrorism. Hence, if vaccinations, antibiotics, and other disease control measures are instituted promptly, massive casualties can be prevented. For example, fake news on social media against vaccination have critically impacted public health in recent years.<ref name="JervelundHowSoc18">{{cite journal \|title=How social media is transforming the spreading of knowledge: Implications for our perceptions concerning vaccinations and migrant health \|journal=Scandanavian Journal of Public Health \|author=Jervelund, S.S. \|volume=46 \|issue=2 \|pages=167-169 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1177/1403494818760139}}</ref> Huckle and White reported a blockchain-based approach to identify the origins of such harmful content and identify the population at risk in digital communication.<ref name="HuckleFake17">{{cite journal \|title=Fake News: A Technological Approach to Proving the Origins of Content, Using Blockchains \|journal=Big Data \|author=Huckle, S.; White, M. \|volume=5 \|issue=4 \|pages=356–71 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.1089/big.2017.0071}}</ref> This highlights the potential of blockchain to improve public health surveillance in the era of digitalization.

	Today ~~manyt~~ countries use machine learning techniques in surveillance. However, there are certain unique and added advantages of blockchain technology over machine learning techniques. For example, blockchain predominantly blocks malicious activities, like data hacking and duplication.<ref name="RahoutiBitcoin18">{{cite journal \|title=Bitcoin Concepts, Threats, and Machine-Learning Security Solutions \|journal=IEEE Access \|author=Rahouti, M.; Xiong, K.; Ghani, N. \|volume=6 \|pages=67189-67205 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2874539}}</ref> Additionally, the combination of blockchain technology with [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) is the proverbial "cherry on top" for the medical research and health sectors.<ref name="MamoshinaConverg17">{{cite journal \|title=Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and healthcare \|journal=Oncotarget \|author=Mamoshina, P.; Ojomoko, L.; Yanovich, Y. et al. \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=5665-5690 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.22345 \|pmid=29464026 \|pmc=PMC5814166}}</ref>		Today many countries use machine learning techniques in surveillance. However, there are certain unique and added advantages of blockchain technology over machine learning techniques. For example, blockchain predominantly blocks malicious activities, like data hacking and duplication.<ref name="RahoutiBitcoin18">{{cite journal \|title=Bitcoin Concepts, Threats, and Machine-Learning Security Solutions \|journal=IEEE Access \|author=Rahouti, M.; Xiong, K.; Ghani, N. \|volume=6 \|pages=67189-67205 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2874539}}</ref> Additionally, the combination of blockchain technology with [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) is the proverbial "cherry on top" for the medical research and health sectors.<ref name="MamoshinaConverg17">{{cite journal \|title=Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and healthcare \|journal=Oncotarget \|author=Mamoshina, P.; Ojomoko, L.; Yanovich, Y. et al. \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=5665-5690 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.22345 \|pmid=29464026 \|pmc=PMC5814166}}</ref>

	There is also tremendous scope for integration with [[geographical information system]]s (GIS) to expedite routine epidemic investigations, as well as drug and vaccine supply chain management. The other critical aspect is that by ensuring transparency and correct reporting, as in the case of reporting deaths from an outbreak, blockchain overcomes the existing limitations of local health information systems. The following illustration (Figure 3) shows how the application of blockchain in surveillance systems enhances activities for ensuring health security.		There is also tremendous scope for integration with [[geographical information system]]s (GIS) to expedite routine epidemic investigations, as well as drug and vaccine supply chain management. The other critical aspect is that by ensuring transparency and correct reporting, as in the case of reporting deaths from an outbreak, blockchain overcomes the existing limitations of local health information systems. The following illustration (Figure 3) shows how the application of blockchain in surveillance systems enhances activities for ensuring health security.

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	[[Category:LIMSwiki journal articles (all)]]		[[Category:LIMSwiki journal articles (all)]]
	[[Category:LIMSwiki journal articles on cybersecurity]]		[[Category:LIMSwiki journal articles on cybersecurity]]
			[[Category:LIMSwiki journal articles on epidemiology]]
	[[Category:LIMSwiki journal articles on public health informatics]]		[[Category:LIMSwiki journal articles on public health informatics]]

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	3. Birth defects surveillance due to zika virus<br />		3. Birth defects surveillance due to zika virus<br />
	4. Include NCD indicators in current surveillance systems<br />		4. Include NCD indicators in current surveillance systems<br />
	5. Support inclusion of ~~Electronic Medical Records~~<br />		5. Support inclusion of electronic medical records<br />
	6. Implement for health data		6. Implement for health data
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	\|website = [http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/publichealth.2019.3.326 http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/publichealth.2019.3.326]		\|website = [http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/publichealth.2019.3.326 http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/publichealth.2019.3.326]
	\|download = [http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/publichealth.2019.3.326/pdf http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/publichealth.2019.3.326/pdf] (PDF)		\|download = [http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/publichealth.2019.3.326/pdf http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/publichealth.2019.3.326/pdf] (PDF)
	}}

	~~{{ombox~~
	~~\| type = notice~~
	~~\| image = [[Image:Emblem-important-yellow.svg\|40px]]~~
	~~\| style = width: 500px;~~
	~~\| text = This article should be considered a work in progress and incomplete. Consider this article incomplete until this notice is removed.~~
	}}		}}

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	Today manyt countries use machine learning techniques in surveillance. However, there are certain unique and added advantages of blockchain technology over machine learning techniques. For example, blockchain predominantly blocks malicious activities, like data hacking and duplication.<ref name="RahoutiBitcoin18">{{cite journal \|title=Bitcoin Concepts, Threats, and Machine-Learning Security Solutions \|journal=IEEE Access \|author=Rahouti, M.; Xiong, K.; Ghani, N. \|volume=6 \|pages=67189-67205 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2874539}}</ref> Additionally, the combination of blockchain technology with [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) is the proverbial "cherry on top" for the medical research and health sectors.<ref name="MamoshinaConverg17">{{cite journal \|title=Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and healthcare \|journal=Oncotarget \|author=Mamoshina, P.; Ojomoko, L.; Yanovich, Y. et al. \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=5665-5690 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.22345 \|pmid=29464026 \|pmc=PMC5814166}}</ref>		Today manyt countries use machine learning techniques in surveillance. However, there are certain unique and added advantages of blockchain technology over machine learning techniques. For example, blockchain predominantly blocks malicious activities, like data hacking and duplication.<ref name="RahoutiBitcoin18">{{cite journal \|title=Bitcoin Concepts, Threats, and Machine-Learning Security Solutions \|journal=IEEE Access \|author=Rahouti, M.; Xiong, K.; Ghani, N. \|volume=6 \|pages=67189-67205 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2874539}}</ref> Additionally, the combination of blockchain technology with [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) is the proverbial "cherry on top" for the medical research and health sectors.<ref name="MamoshinaConverg17">{{cite journal \|title=Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and healthcare \|journal=Oncotarget \|author=Mamoshina, P.; Ojomoko, L.; Yanovich, Y. et al. \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=5665-5690 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.22345 \|pmid=29464026 \|pmc=PMC5814166}}</ref>

			There is also tremendous scope for integration with [[geographical information system]]s (GIS) to expedite routine epidemic investigations, as well as drug and vaccine supply chain management. The other critical aspect is that by ensuring transparency and correct reporting, as in the case of reporting deaths from an outbreak, blockchain overcomes the existing limitations of local health information systems. The following illustration (Figure 3) shows how the application of blockchain in surveillance systems enhances activities for ensuring health security.


			[[File:Fig3 Bhattacharya AIMSPubHlth2019 6-3.png\|800px]]
			{{clear}}
			{\|
			\| STYLE="vertical-align:top;"\|
			{\| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="800px"
			\|-
			\| style="background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;"\| <blockquote>'''Figure 3.''' Application of block chain in surveillance system</blockquote>
			\|-
			\|}
			\|}

			As shown in Figure 3, the disease control actions of prevention, detection, and response, aided by blockchain, have their scope broadened for real-time surveillance and detection of non-communicable diseases (NCD). This also lends to the goals of the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) and its Action Package working groups.<ref name="GHSAAbout">{{cite web \|url=https://ghsagenda.org/home/about-the-ghsa/ \|title=About the GHSA \|author=Global Health Security Agenda \|date=2019}}</ref>

			By applying real-time surveillance, defining and tracking the early risk factors for NCDs can be improved. Additionally, by building up the capacity of medical units, the challenges of emergency response can be overcome through effective supply chain systems.<ref name="KostovaSynergies17">{{cite journal \|title=Synergies between Communicable and Noncommunicable Disease Programs to Enhance Global Health Security \|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases \|author=Kostova, D.; Husain, M.J.; Sugerman, D. et al. \|volume=23 \|issue=13 \|pages=S40–S46 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.3201/eid2313.170581 \|pmid=29155655 \|pmc=PMC5711304}}</ref> A summary of other NCD real-time surveillance activities within the framework of the GHSA are shown in Table 1.

			{\|
			\| STYLE="vertical-align:top;"\|
			{\| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
			\|-
			\| style="background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;" colspan="3"\|'''Table 1.''' Real time surveillance for NCDs within the Global Health Security Agenda
			\|-
			! style="background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;"\|GHSA category
			! style="background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;"\|GHSA action package
			! style="background-color:#e2e2e2; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;"\|NCD-related activity
			\|-
			\| style="background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;"\|Detect
			\| style="background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;"\|Real-time surveillance
			\| style="background-color:white; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;"\|
			1. Strengthen cancer registries<br />
			2. Support tobacco use surveillance<br />
			3. Birth defects surveillance due to zika virus<br />
			4. Include NCD indicators in current surveillance systems<br />
			5. Support inclusion of Electronic Medical Records<br />
			6. Implement for health data
			\|-
			\|}
			\|}

			==Limitations==
			Blockchain technology has several limitations which include use of the technology without adequate security and privacy measures, lack of frameworks for implementation and regulation, and concerns for cost-effectiveness and interoperability.<ref name="BoulosGeospatial18">{{cite journal \|title=Geospatial blockchain: Promises, challenges, and scenarios in health and healthcare \|journal=International Journal of Health Geographics \|author=Boulos, M.N.K.; Wilson, J.T.; Clauson, K.A. \|volume=17 \|at=25 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1186/s12942-018-0144-x}}</ref> These challenges can be overcome by gradual improvements in scalability and upgradeability.

			==Discussions and conclusions==
			The case of Taiwan is an excellent example of the application of this revolutionary blockchain technology.<ref name="JianReal17">{{cite journal \|title=Real-Time Surveillance of Infectious Diseases: Taiwan's Experience \|journal=Health Security \|author=Jian, S.W.; Chen, C.M.; Lee, C.Y. et al. \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=144–53 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.1089/hs.2016.0107 \|pmc=28418738 \|pmid=PMC5404256}}</ref> In Estonia, the complete public health infrastructure is being operated using blockchain.<ref name="MettlerBlock16">{{cite journal \|title=Blockchain technology in healthcare: The revolution starts here \|journal=Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services \|author=Mettler, M. \|page=1–3 \|year=2016 \|doi=10.1109/HealthCom.2016.7749510}}</ref> Other examples include countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada, where such real-time surveillance systems have been implemented in many of their departments. In England, at the national level, they have implemented it in their Emergency Department Syndromic Surveillance System (EDSSS). Emergency department syndromic surveillance has also been implemented by Canada at the regional level. Another excellent example of this application is the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network.<ref name="ChattuTheEmerg19" /><ref name="AbatReal15">{{cite journal \|title=Real-Time Microbiology Laboratory Surveillance System to Detect Abnormal Events and Emerging Infections, Marseille, France \|journal=Emergency Infectious Diseases \|author=Abat, C.; Chaudet, H.; Colson, P. et al. \|volume=21 \|issue=8 \|pages=1302-10 \|year=2015 \|doi=10.3201/eid2108.141419 \|pmc=26196165 \|pmid=PMC4517727}}</ref> Hence, we may conclude that blockchain applications can retain the prime characteristics of ideal disease surveillance. It can be more effective and rapid than traditional surveillance in terms of coverage, durability, consensus, selective privacy, uniqueness, and timing. Blockchain technology holds great promise in overpopulated and low-income countries like India, Pakistan, and Africa (where the health systems are prone to epidemic and pandemic) by strengthening the capacity of the countries with simplified early warning surveillance for diseases of epidemic potential by reducing the mortality, morbidity, and economic costs. It is high time to incorporate blockchain technology within the existing surveillance systems of at least low-income countries in order to strengthen their health systems.

			==Acknowledgements==
			We acknowledge all the present and previous authors (working in the field of blockchain technology, especially Dr Vijay Kumar Chattu), contributors and sources, who helped us directly or indirectly for preparing this manuscript. All the authors had contributed equally during preparation of this manuscript (concept, design, literature review, and editing).

			===Conflict of interest===
			All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.

	==References==		==References==
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	==Notes==		==Notes==
	This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.		This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. A reference was added for the GHSA in this version.

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	Blockchain could help independent organizations to manage data more efficiently during pandemics.<ref name="ChattuTheEmerg19">{{cite journal \|title=The Emerging Role of Blockchain Technology Applications in Routine Disease Surveillance Systems to Strengthen Global Health Security \|journal=Big Data and Cognitive Computing \|author=Chattu, V.K.; Nanda, A.; Chattu, S.K. et al. \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|at=25 \|year=2019 \|doi=10.3390/bdcc3020025}}</ref> It could also help track information for ongoing public health emergencies, like road traffic accidents, illicit drug use, opioid misuse, and so on.<ref name="KatuwalApp18">{{cite journal \|title=Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare: Current Landscape & Challenges \|journal=arXiv \|author=Katuwal, G.J.; Pandey, S.; Hennessey, M. et al. \|pages=1–17 \|year=2018 \|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02776}}</ref> When blockchain technology is used in a public health domain, these networks might be able to automate secure data sharing and storage at different levels of healthcare organizations.		Blockchain could help independent organizations to manage data more efficiently during pandemics.<ref name="ChattuTheEmerg19">{{cite journal \|title=The Emerging Role of Blockchain Technology Applications in Routine Disease Surveillance Systems to Strengthen Global Health Security \|journal=Big Data and Cognitive Computing \|author=Chattu, V.K.; Nanda, A.; Chattu, S.K. et al. \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|at=25 \|year=2019 \|doi=10.3390/bdcc3020025}}</ref> It could also help track information for ongoing public health emergencies, like road traffic accidents, illicit drug use, opioid misuse, and so on.<ref name="KatuwalApp18">{{cite journal \|title=Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare: Current Landscape & Challenges \|journal=arXiv \|author=Katuwal, G.J.; Pandey, S.; Hennessey, M. et al. \|pages=1–17 \|year=2018 \|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02776}}</ref> When blockchain technology is used in a public health domain, these networks might be able to automate secure data sharing and storage at different levels of healthcare organizations.

			This technology has a potential to give real-time data/information by sensing potential outbreaks or bioterrorism. Hence, if vaccinations, antibiotics, and other disease control measures are instituted promptly, massive casualties can be prevented. For example, fake news on social media against vaccination have critically impacted public health in recent years.<ref name="JervelundHowSoc18">{{cite journal \|title=How social media is transforming the spreading of knowledge: Implications for our perceptions concerning vaccinations and migrant health \|journal=Scandanavian Journal of Public Health \|author=Jervelund, S.S. \|volume=46 \|issue=2 \|pages=167-169 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1177/1403494818760139}}</ref> Huckle and White reported a blockchain-based approach to identify the origins of such harmful content and identify the population at risk in digital communication.<ref name="HuckleFake17">{{cite journal \|title=Fake News: A Technological Approach to Proving the Origins of Content, Using Blockchains \|journal=Big Data \|author=Huckle, S.; White, M. \|volume=5 \|issue=4 \|pages=356–71 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.1089/big.2017.0071}}</ref> This highlights the potential of blockchain to improve public health surveillance in the era of digitalization.

			Today manyt countries use machine learning techniques in surveillance. However, there are certain unique and added advantages of blockchain technology over machine learning techniques. For example, blockchain predominantly blocks malicious activities, like data hacking and duplication.<ref name="RahoutiBitcoin18">{{cite journal \|title=Bitcoin Concepts, Threats, and Machine-Learning Security Solutions \|journal=IEEE Access \|author=Rahouti, M.; Xiong, K.; Ghani, N. \|volume=6 \|pages=67189-67205 \|year=2018 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2874539}}</ref> Additionally, the combination of blockchain technology with [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) is the proverbial "cherry on top" for the medical research and health sectors.<ref name="MamoshinaConverg17">{{cite journal \|title=Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and healthcare \|journal=Oncotarget \|author=Mamoshina, P.; Ojomoko, L.; Yanovich, Y. et al. \|volume=9 \|issue=5 \|pages=5665-5690 \|year=2017 \|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.22345 \|pmid=29464026 \|pmc=PMC5814166}}</ref>



	==References==		==References==

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	Blockchain could help independent organizations to manage data more efficiently during pandemics.<ref name="ChattuTheEmerg19">{cite journal \|title=The Emerging Role of Blockchain Technology Applications in Routine Disease Surveillance Systems to Strengthen Global Health Security \|journal=Big Data and Cognitive Computing \|author=Chattu, V.K.; Nanda, A.; Chattu, S.K. et al. \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|at=25 \|year=2019 \|doi=10.3390/bdcc3020025}}</ref> It could also help track information for ongoing public health emergencies, like road traffic accidents, illicit drug use, opioid misuse, and so on.<ref name="KatuwalApp18">{{cite journal \|title=Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare: Current Landscape & Challenges \|journal=arXiv \|author=Katuwal, G.J.; Pandey, S.; Hennessey, M. et al. \|pages=1–17 \|year=2018 \|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02776}}</ref> When blockchain technology is used in a public health domain, these networks might be able to automate secure data sharing and storage at different levels of healthcare organizations.		Blockchain could help independent organizations to manage data more efficiently during pandemics.<ref name="ChattuTheEmerg19">{{cite journal \|title=The Emerging Role of Blockchain Technology Applications in Routine Disease Surveillance Systems to Strengthen Global Health Security \|journal=Big Data and Cognitive Computing \|author=Chattu, V.K.; Nanda, A.; Chattu, S.K. et al. \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|at=25 \|year=2019 \|doi=10.3390/bdcc3020025}}</ref> It could also help track information for ongoing public health emergencies, like road traffic accidents, illicit drug use, opioid misuse, and so on.<ref name="KatuwalApp18">{{cite journal \|title=Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare: Current Landscape & Challenges \|journal=arXiv \|author=Katuwal, G.J.; Pandey, S.; Hennessey, M. et al. \|pages=1–17 \|year=2018 \|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02776}}</ref> When blockchain technology is used in a public health domain, these networks might be able to automate secure data sharing and storage at different levels of healthcare organizations.

	==References==		==References==

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	Blockchain could help independent organizations to manage data more efficiently during pandemics.<ref name="ChattuTheEmerg19">{cite journal \|title=~~AThe~~ Emerging Role of Blockchain Technology Applications in Routine Disease Surveillance Systems to Strengthen Global Health Security \|journal=Big Data and Cognitive Computing \|author=Chattu, V.K.; Nanda, A.; Chattu, S.K. et al. \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|at=25 \|year=2019 \|doi=10.3390/bdcc3020025}}</ref> It could also help track information for ongoing public health emergencies, like road traffic accidents, illicit drug use, opioid misuse, and so on.<ref name="KatuwalApp18">{{cite journal \|title=Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare: Current Landscape & Challenges \|journal=arXiv \|author=Katuwal, G.J.; Pandey, S.; Hennessey, M. et al. \|pages=1–17 \|year=2018 \|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02776}}</ref> When blockchain technology is used in a public health domain, these networks might be able to automate secure data sharing and storage at different levels of healthcare organizations.		Blockchain could help independent organizations to manage data more efficiently during pandemics.<ref name="ChattuTheEmerg19">{cite journal \|title=The Emerging Role of Blockchain Technology Applications in Routine Disease Surveillance Systems to Strengthen Global Health Security \|journal=Big Data and Cognitive Computing \|author=Chattu, V.K.; Nanda, A.; Chattu, S.K. et al. \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|at=25 \|year=2019 \|doi=10.3390/bdcc3020025}}</ref> It could also help track information for ongoing public health emergencies, like road traffic accidents, illicit drug use, opioid misuse, and so on.<ref name="KatuwalApp18">{{cite journal \|title=Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare: Current Landscape & Challenges \|journal=arXiv \|author=Katuwal, G.J.; Pandey, S.; Hennessey, M. et al. \|pages=1–17 \|year=2018 \|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02776}}</ref> When blockchain technology is used in a public health domain, these networks might be able to automate secure data sharing and storage at different levels of healthcare organizations.



	==References==		==References==

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			Blockchain could help independent organizations to manage data more efficiently during pandemics.<ref name="ChattuTheEmerg19">{cite journal \|title=AThe Emerging Role of Blockchain Technology Applications in Routine Disease Surveillance Systems to Strengthen Global Health Security \|journal=Big Data and Cognitive Computing \|author=Chattu, V.K.; Nanda, A.; Chattu, S.K. et al. \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|at=25 \|year=2019 \|doi=10.3390/bdcc3020025}}</ref> It could also help track information for ongoing public health emergencies, like road traffic accidents, illicit drug use, opioid misuse, and so on.<ref name="KatuwalApp18">{{cite journal \|title=Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare: Current Landscape & Challenges \|journal=arXiv \|author=Katuwal, G.J.; Pandey, S.; Hennessey, M. et al. \|pages=1–17 \|year=2018 \|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02776}}</ref> When blockchain technology is used in a public health domain, these networks might be able to automate secure data sharing and storage at different levels of healthcare organizations.

Shawndouglas at 23:25, 11 May 2020

2020-05-11T23:25:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:25, 11 May 2020
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