Immunoinformatics - Revision history

Shawndouglas: Updated URLs for 2022

2022-01-06T21:37:43Z

Updated URLs for 2022

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:37, 6 January 2022
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	==History==		==History==
	Immunology researchers like Hans-Georg Rammensee trace the history of immunoinformatics back to the study of theoretical immunology. In June 1987, the Theoretical Immunology Workshop was hosted in Santa Fe, New Mexico to discuss "the topics of immune surveillance, mathematical models of HIV infection, complexities of antigen-antibody systems, immune suppression and tolerance, and idiotypie networks."<ref name="WVPressTheo">{{cite web \|url=http://westviewpress.com/books/theoretical-immunology-part-one/ \|title=Theoretical Immunology, Part One \|publisher=Westview Press \|accessdate=20 January ~~2015~~}}</ref><ref name="NovImmunoChair">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBJc1JO1WuwC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Chair's introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Bioinformatic Strategies for Better Understanding of Immune Function \|author=Rammensee, Hans-Georg; Novartis Foundation \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2004 \|pages=1–2 \|isbn=9780470090756 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="PerelsonTheo">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Theoretical_immunology.html?id=DxxrAAAAMAAJ \|title=Theoretical Immunology: The Proceedings of the Theoretical Immunology Workshop, held June 1987, in Santa Fe, New Mexico \|author=Perelson, Alan S. (Ed.) \|publisher=Addison-Wesley Pub. Co \|year=1988 \|volume=1 and 2 \|pages=811 \|isbn=9780201156829 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>		Immunology researchers like Hans-Georg Rammensee trace the history of immunoinformatics back to the study of theoretical immunology. In June 1987, the Theoretical Immunology Workshop was hosted in Santa Fe, New Mexico to discuss "the topics of immune surveillance, mathematical models of HIV infection, complexities of antigen-antibody systems, immune suppression and tolerance, and idiotypie networks."<ref name="WVPressTheo">{{cite web \|url=http://westviewpress.com/books/theoretical-immunology-part-one/ \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422182632/http://westviewpress.com/books/theoretical-immunology-part-one/ \|title=Theoretical Immunology, Part One \|publisher=Westview Press \|archivedate=22 April 2016 \|accessdate=06 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="NovImmunoChair">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBJc1JO1WuwC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Chair's introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Bioinformatic Strategies for Better Understanding of Immune Function \|author=Rammensee, Hans-Georg; Novartis Foundation \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2004 \|pages=1–2 \|isbn=9780470090756 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="PerelsonTheo">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Theoretical_immunology.html?id=DxxrAAAAMAAJ \|title=Theoretical Immunology: The Proceedings of the Theoretical Immunology Workshop, held June 1987, in Santa Fe, New Mexico \|author=Perelson, Alan S. (Ed.) \|publisher=Addison-Wesley Pub. Co \|year=1988 \|volume=1 and 2 \|pages=811 \|isbn=9780201156829 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

	One of the first immunoinformatics efforts to result in a long-term informatics solution was the construction of the IMGT information system in 1989 by the Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM). Created to "standardize and manage the complexity of the immunogenetics data" coming out of the lab, the information system went on to become an international public reference for genetic and proteomic data related to immunology.<ref name="SchönbachImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgjWcFng-4YC&pg=PA1 \|title=Immunoinformatics \|author= Schönbach, Christian; Ranganathan, Shoba; Brusic, Vladimir (Eds.) \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|year=2007 \|pages=200 \|isbn=9780387729671 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref> In July 1995, IMGT moved to the web, and by 2007 it was handling more than 140,000 requests per month.<ref name="LefrancImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA19 \|chapter=IMGT: The International ImmunoGeneTics Information System for Immunoinformatics \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Lefranc, Marie-Paule; Flower, Darren R. (Ed.) \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=19–42 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>		One of the first immunoinformatics efforts to result in a long-term informatics solution was the construction of the IMGT information system in 1989 by the Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM). Created to "standardize and manage the complexity of the immunogenetics data" coming out of the lab, the information system went on to become an international public reference for genetic and proteomic data related to immunology.<ref name="SchönbachImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgjWcFng-4YC&pg=PA1 \|title=Immunoinformatics \|author= Schönbach, Christian; Ranganathan, Shoba; Brusic, Vladimir (Eds.) \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|year=2007 \|pages=200 \|isbn=9780387729671 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref> In July 1995, IMGT moved to the web, and by 2007 it was handling more than 140,000 requests per month.<ref name="LefrancImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA19 \|chapter=IMGT: The International ImmunoGeneTics Information System for Immunoinformatics \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Lefranc, Marie-Paule; Flower, Darren R. (Ed.) \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=19–42 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

	In 1999, the SYFPEITHI database for MHC ligands and T-cell epitopes – a component of an antigen or antibody generator – went public.<ref name="RammenseeSYF">{{cite journal ~~\|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10602881~~ \|title=SYFPEITHI: Database for MHC ligands and peptide motifs \|journal=Immunogenetics \|author=Rammensee, H.; Bachmann, J; Emmerich, N. P.; Bachor, O. A.; Stevanović, S. \|volume=50 \|issue=3–4 \|pages=213–219 \|year=November 1999 \|doi=10.1007/s002510050595 \|pmid=10602881 ~~\|accessdate=20 January 2015~~}}</ref>		In 1999, the SYFPEITHI database for MHC ligands and T-cell epitopes – a component of an antigen or antibody generator – went public.<ref name="RammenseeSYF">{{cite journal \|title=SYFPEITHI: Database for MHC ligands and peptide motifs \|journal=Immunogenetics \|author=Rammensee, H.; Bachmann, J; Emmerich, N. P.; Bachor, O. A.; Stevanović, S. \|volume=50 \|issue=3–4 \|pages=213–219 \|year=November 1999 \|doi=10.1007/s002510050595 \|pmid=10602881}}</ref>

	In 2003, the Anthony Nolan Research Institute and the European Bioinformatics Institute developed the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) "to provide a centralised system for the study of polymorphism in genes of the immune system."<ref name="IPD">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ \|title=Immuno Polymorphism Database \|publisher=EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>		In 2003, the Anthony Nolan Research Institute and the European Bioinformatics Institute developed the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) "to provide a centralised system for the study of polymorphism in genes of the immune system."<ref name="IPD">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ \|title=Immuno Polymorphism Database \|publisher=EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>
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	==Application==		==Application==
	Immunoinformatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the following<ref name="SchönbachImm" /><ref name="NovImmunoNew" /><ref name="TongAller">{{cite journal ~~\|url=https://www.bioscience.org/2008/v13/af/3047/fulltext.htm~~ \|author=Tong, J.C.; Tammi, M.T. \|title=Methods and protocols for the assessment of protein allergenicity and cross-reactivity \|journal=Frontiers in Bioscience \|volume=13 ~~\|issue=~~ \|pages=4882–4888 \|year=2008 \|pmid=18508553 ~~\|accessdate=31 March 2015~~}}</ref><ref name="model">{{cite journal ~~\|url=http://iospress.metapress.com/content/d3pm5eqan5kx3n7q/?genre=article&issn=1386-6338&volume=1&issue=2&spage=109~~ \|author=Brusic, V.; van Endert, P.; Zeleznikow, J.; Daniel, S.; Hammer, J.; Petrovsky, N. \|title=A neural network model approach to the study of human TAP transporter \|journal=In Silico Biology \|volume=1 \|issue=2 \|pages=109–21 \|year=1999 \|pmid=11471244 ~~\|accessdate=31 March 2015~~}}</ref>:		Immunoinformatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the following<ref name="SchönbachImm" /><ref name="NovImmunoNew" /><ref name="TongAller">{{cite journal \|author=Tong, J.C.; Tammi, M.T. \|title=Methods and protocols for the assessment of protein allergenicity and cross-reactivity \|journal=Frontiers in Bioscience \|volume=13 \|pages=4882–4888 \|year=2008 \|doi=10.2741/3047 \|pmid=18508553}}</ref><ref name="model">{{cite journal \|author=Brusic, V.; van Endert, P.; Zeleznikow, J.; Daniel, S.; Hammer, J.; Petrovsky, N. \|title=A neural network model approach to the study of human TAP transporter \|journal=In Silico Biology \|volume=1 \|issue=2 \|pages=109–21 \|year=1999 \|pmid=11471244}}</ref>:

	* improving the development of biological therapeutics		* improving the development of biological therapeutics
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	One of the key informatics tools of immunology researchers is computational analysis software and systems, including modeling and simulation software. With modern software, an immunological question can be asked, the question can be interpreted into a computer-based computation or simulation, and the resulting data can then be output and analyzed for meaningful answers. T-cell receptors (TCRs) are molecular proteins vital to the immune response, and their diversity is estimated to ranges from 10<sup>7</sup> to 10<sup>15</sup> different clonotypes, highlighting the need for powerful computational tools to better understand their effects on immune response.<ref name="NovImmunoNew" /> Immunological databases are another vital component of immunoinformatics, especially as other computational tools have increasingly produced large quantities of varied data. In 2014 Oxford Journals published a list of more than 30 such popular databases in its journal ''Nucleic Acids Research''.<ref name="OxID" />		One of the key informatics tools of immunology researchers is computational analysis software and systems, including modeling and simulation software. With modern software, an immunological question can be asked, the question can be interpreted into a computer-based computation or simulation, and the resulting data can then be output and analyzed for meaningful answers. T-cell receptors (TCRs) are molecular proteins vital to the immune response, and their diversity is estimated to ranges from 10<sup>7</sup> to 10<sup>15</sup> different clonotypes, highlighting the need for powerful computational tools to better understand their effects on immune response.<ref name="NovImmunoNew" /> Immunological databases are another vital component of immunoinformatics, especially as other computational tools have increasingly produced large quantities of varied data. In 2014 Oxford Journals published a list of more than 30 such popular databases in its journal ''Nucleic Acids Research''.<ref name="OxID" />

	Other informatics applications assist with text mining<ref name="Miotto05">{{cite journal ~~\|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16901087~~ \|author=Miotto, O.; Tan, T.W.; Brusic, V. \|title=Supporting the curation of biological databases with reusable text mining \|journal=Genome Inform \|volume=16 \|issue=2 \|pages=32–44 \|year=2005 \|pmid=16901087 ~~\|accessdate=31 March 2015~~}}</ref>, information management<ref name=McDAuto">{{cite journal ~~\|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/humu.20363/abstract;jsessionid=1E01262FD2409FC2D8DD817921F974B4.f03t04~~ \|author=McDonald, R.; Scott Winters, R.; Ankuda, C.K. et al. \|title=An automated procedure to identify biomedical articles that contain cancer-associated gene variants \|journal=Human Mutation \|volume=27 \|issue=9 \|pages=957–64 \|~~date~~=~~September~~ 2006 \|pmid=16865690 \|doi=10.1002/humu.20363 ~~\|accessdate=31 March 2015~~}}</ref><ref name="WangAuto">{{cite journal ~~\|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/8/269~~ \|author=Wang, P.; Morgan, A.A.; Zhang, Q.; Sette, A.; Peters, B. \|title=Automating document classification for the Immune Epitope Database \|journal=BMC Bioinformatics \|volume=8 \|issue= \|pages=269 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17655769 \|pmc=1965490 \|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-8-269 ~~\|accessdate=31 March 2015~~}}</ref>, sequence analysis, and molecular interaction analysis. Attempts are also being made to extract interesting and complex patterns from non-structured text documents in the immunological domain, including allergen cross-reactivity information,<ref name="Miotto05" /> cancer-associated gene variant data, and immune epitope data.		Other informatics applications assist with text mining<ref name="Miotto05">{{cite journal \|author=Miotto, O.; Tan, T.W.; Brusic, V. \|title=Supporting the curation of biological databases with reusable text mining \|journal=Genome Inform \|volume=16 \|issue=2 \|pages=32–44 \|year=2005 \|pmid=16901087}}</ref>, information management<ref name=McDAuto">{{cite journal \|author=McDonald, R.; Scott Winters, R.; Ankuda, C.K. et al. \|title=An automated procedure to identify biomedical articles that contain cancer-associated gene variants \|journal=Human Mutation \|volume=27 \|issue=9 \|pages=957–64 \|year=2006 \|pmid=16865690 \|doi=10.1002/humu.20363}}</ref><ref name="WangAuto">{{cite journal \|author=Wang, P.; Morgan, A.A.; Zhang, Q.; Sette, A.; Peters, B. \|title=Automating document classification for the Immune Epitope Database \|journal=BMC Bioinformatics \|volume=8 \|issue= \|pages=269 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17655769 \|pmc=1965490 \|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-8-269}}</ref>, sequence analysis, and molecular interaction analysis. Attempts are also being made to extract interesting and complex patterns from non-structured text documents in the immunological domain, including allergen cross-reactivity information,<ref name="Miotto05" /> cancer-associated gene variant data, and immune epitope data.

	==See also==		==See also==
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

	* {{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics and the In Silico Prediction of Immunogenicity: An Introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Flower, Darren R. \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=1–15 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189}}		* {{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics and the In Silico Prediction of Immunogenicity: An Introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Flower, Darren R. \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=1–15 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189}}

	==External links==		==External links==

	* [~~http~~://www.imgt.org/ IMGT Information System]		* [https://www.imgt.org/ IMGT Information System]
	* [~~http://www.imcportal.org/ Immune Modeling Community]~~		* [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ Immuno Polymorphism Database]
	* [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ Immuno Polymorphism Database]
	* [http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/nar/database/cat/14 Oxford Journals' listing of immunological databases]		* [http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/nar/database/cat/14 Oxford Journals' listing of immunological databases]
	* [http://www.syfpeithi.de/0-Home.htm SYFPEITHI]		* [http://www.syfpeithi.de/0-Home.htm SYFPEITHI]
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	==Notes==		==Notes==

	This article reuses an element or two from [~~http~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_immunology the Wikipedia article].		This article reuses an element or two from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_immunology the Wikipedia article].

	==References==		==References==
	~~<references/>~~		{{Reflist\|colwidth=30em}}

	<!---Place all category tags here-->		<!---Place all category tags here-->
	[[Category:Informatics]]		[[Category:Informatics]]

Shawndouglas: Updated.

2015-03-31T19:23:15Z

Updated.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 31 March 2015
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			[[File:1FYT T-cell receptor and HLA class II complex.png\|300px\|right\|thumb\|T-cell receptors are one of the many aspects of immunology studied with informatics tools.]]
	'''Immunoinformatics''' (sometimes referred to as '''computational immunology''') is a sub-branch of [[bioinformatics]] that focuses on the use of data management and computational tools to improve immunological research. The scope of immunoinformatics covers a wide variety of territory, from genomic and proteomic study of the immune system to molecular- and organism-level modeling, putting it in close ties with [[genome informatics]].<ref name="NovImmunoNew">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBJc1JO1WuwC&pg=PA3 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics - The new kid in town \|title=Immunoinformatics: Bioinformatic Strategies for Better Understanding of Immune Function \|author=Brusic, Vladimir; Petrovsky, Nikolai; Novartis Foundation \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2004 \|pages=3–22 \|isbn=9780470090756 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="FlowerImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics and the In Silico Prediction of Immunogenicity: An Introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Flower, Darren R. \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=1–15 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189}}</ref>		'''Immunoinformatics''' (sometimes referred to as '''computational immunology''') is a sub-branch of [[bioinformatics]] that focuses on the use of data management and computational tools to improve immunological research. The scope of immunoinformatics covers a wide variety of territory, from genomic and proteomic study of the immune system to molecular- and organism-level modeling, putting it in close ties with [[genome informatics]].<ref name="NovImmunoNew">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBJc1JO1WuwC&pg=PA3 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics - The new kid in town \|title=Immunoinformatics: Bioinformatic Strategies for Better Understanding of Immune Function \|author=Brusic, Vladimir; Petrovsky, Nikolai; Novartis Foundation \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2004 \|pages=3–22 \|isbn=9780470090756 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="FlowerImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics and the In Silico Prediction of Immunogenicity: An Introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Flower, Darren R. \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=1–15 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189}}</ref>

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	In 1999, the SYFPEITHI database for MHC ligands and T-cell epitopes – a component of an antigen or antibody generator – went public.<ref name="RammenseeSYF">{{cite journal \|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10602881 \|title=SYFPEITHI: Database for MHC ligands and peptide motifs \|journal=Immunogenetics \|author=Rammensee, H.; Bachmann, J; Emmerich, N. P.; Bachor, O. A.; Stevanović, S. \|volume=50 \|issue=3–4 \|pages=213–219 \|year=November 1999 \|doi=10.1007/s002510050595 \|pmid=10602881 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>		In 1999, the SYFPEITHI database for MHC ligands and T-cell epitopes – a component of an antigen or antibody generator – went public.<ref name="RammenseeSYF">{{cite journal \|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10602881 \|title=SYFPEITHI: Database for MHC ligands and peptide motifs \|journal=Immunogenetics \|author=Rammensee, H.; Bachmann, J; Emmerich, N. P.; Bachor, O. A.; Stevanović, S. \|volume=50 \|issue=3–4 \|pages=213–219 \|year=November 1999 \|doi=10.1007/s002510050595 \|pmid=10602881 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

	In 2003, the Anthony Nolan Research Institute and the European Bioinformatics Institute developed the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) "to provide a centralised system for the study of polymorphism in genes of the immune system."<ref name="IPD">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ \|title=Immuno Polymorphism Database \|publisher=EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute \|~~acessdate~~=20 January 2015}}</ref>		In 2003, the Anthony Nolan Research Institute and the European Bioinformatics Institute developed the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) "to provide a centralised system for the study of polymorphism in genes of the immune system."<ref name="IPD">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ \|title=Immuno Polymorphism Database \|publisher=EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

	{{As of\|January 2015}}, the Oxford University Press lists over 30 different immunological databases in popular use.<ref name="OxID">{{cite web \|url=http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/nar/database/cat/14 \|title=2014 NAR Database Summary Paper Category List \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>		{{As of\|January 2015}}, the Oxford University Press lists over 30 different immunological databases in popular use.<ref name="OxID">{{cite web \|url=http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/nar/database/cat/14 \|title=2014 NAR Database Summary Paper Category List \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

	==Application==		==Application==
	Immunoinformatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the following<ref name="SchönbachImm" /><ref name="NovImmunoNew" />:		Immunoinformatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the following<ref name="SchönbachImm" /><ref name="NovImmunoNew" /><ref name="TongAller">{{cite journal \|url=https://www.bioscience.org/2008/v13/af/3047/fulltext.htm \|author=Tong, J.C.; Tammi, M.T. \|title=Methods and protocols for the assessment of protein allergenicity and cross-reactivity \|journal=Frontiers in Bioscience \|volume=13 \|issue= \|pages=4882–4888 \|year=2008 \|pmid=18508553 \|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="model">{{cite journal \|url=http://iospress.metapress.com/content/d3pm5eqan5kx3n7q/?genre=article&issn=1386-6338&volume=1&issue=2&spage=109 \|author=Brusic, V.; van Endert, P.; Zeleznikow, J.; Daniel, S.; Hammer, J.; Petrovsky, N. \|title=A neural network model approach to the study of human TAP transporter \|journal=In Silico Biology \|volume=1 \|issue=2 \|pages=109–21 \|year=1999 \|pmid=11471244 \|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref>:

	* improving the development of biological therapeutics		* improving the development of biological therapeutics
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	* developing and improving allergen and other immunological databases		* developing and improving allergen and other immunological databases
	* creating better mathematical and computer models of the immune system		* creating better mathematical and computer models of the immune system
			* predicting protein allergenicity for the screening of novel foods before wide-scale release and use
			* the design and development of peptide-based immuno-therapeutic drugs and vaccines

	==Informatics==		==Informatics==
			One of the key informatics tools of immunology researchers is computational analysis software and systems, including modeling and simulation software. With modern software, an immunological question can be asked, the question can be interpreted into a computer-based computation or simulation, and the resulting data can then be output and analyzed for meaningful answers. T-cell receptors (TCRs) are molecular proteins vital to the immune response, and their diversity is estimated to ranges from 10<sup>7</sup> to 10<sup>15</sup> different clonotypes, highlighting the need for powerful computational tools to better understand their effects on immune response.<ref name="NovImmunoNew" /> Immunological databases are another vital component of immunoinformatics, especially as other computational tools have increasingly produced large quantities of varied data. In 2014 Oxford Journals published a list of more than 30 such popular databases in its journal ''Nucleic Acids Research''.<ref name="OxID" />

			Other informatics applications assist with text mining<ref name="Miotto05">{{cite journal \|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16901087 \|author=Miotto, O.; Tan, T.W.; Brusic, V. \|title=Supporting the curation of biological databases with reusable text mining \|journal=Genome Inform \|volume=16 \|issue=2 \|pages=32–44 \|year=2005 \|pmid=16901087 \|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref>, information management<ref name=McDAuto">{{cite journal \|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/humu.20363/abstract;jsessionid=1E01262FD2409FC2D8DD817921F974B4.f03t04 \|author=McDonald, R.; Scott Winters, R.; Ankuda, C.K. et al. \|title=An automated procedure to identify biomedical articles that contain cancer-associated gene variants \|journal=Human Mutation \|volume=27 \|issue=9 \|pages=957–64 \|date=September 2006 \|pmid=16865690 \|doi=10.1002/humu.20363 \|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="WangAuto">{{cite journal \|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/8/269 \|author=Wang, P.; Morgan, A.A.; Zhang, Q.; Sette, A.; Peters, B. \|title=Automating document classification for the Immune Epitope Database \|journal=BMC Bioinformatics \|volume=8 \|issue= \|pages=269 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17655769 \|pmc=1965490 \|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-8-269 \|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref>, sequence analysis, and molecular interaction analysis. Attempts are also being made to extract interesting and complex patterns from non-structured text documents in the immunological domain, including allergen cross-reactivity information,<ref name="Miotto05" /> cancer-associated gene variant data, and immune epitope data.

	==See also==		==See also==
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	* [http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/nar/database/cat/14 Oxford Journals' listing of immunological databases]		* [http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/nar/database/cat/14 Oxford Journals' listing of immunological databases]
	* [http://www.syfpeithi.de/0-Home.htm SYFPEITHI]		* [http://www.syfpeithi.de/0-Home.htm SYFPEITHI]

			==Notes==

			This article reuses an element or two from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_immunology the Wikipedia article].

	==References==		==References==

Shawndouglas: Added more information.

2015-01-20T18:49:34Z

Added more information.

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 20 January 2015
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	'''Immunoinformatics''' is a sub-branch of [[bioinformatics]] that focuses on the use of data management and computational tools to improve immunological research. The scope of immunoinformatics covers a wide variety of territory, from genomic and proteomic study of the immune system to molecular- and organism-level modeling, putting it in close ties with [[genome informatics]].<ref name="NovImmunoNew">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBJc1JO1WuwC&pg=PA3 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics - The new kid in town \|title=Immunoinformatics: Bioinformatic Strategies for Better Understanding of Immune Function \|author=Brusic, Vladimir; Petrovsky, Nikolai; Novartis Foundation \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2004 \|pages=3–22 \|isbn=9780470090756 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="FlowerImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics and the In Silico Prediction of Immunogenicity: An Introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Flower, Darren R. \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=1–15 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189}}</ref>		'''Immunoinformatics''' (sometimes referred to as '''computational immunology''') is a sub-branch of [[bioinformatics]] that focuses on the use of data management and computational tools to improve immunological research. The scope of immunoinformatics covers a wide variety of territory, from genomic and proteomic study of the immune system to molecular- and organism-level modeling, putting it in close ties with [[genome informatics]].<ref name="NovImmunoNew">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBJc1JO1WuwC&pg=PA3 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics - The new kid in town \|title=Immunoinformatics: Bioinformatic Strategies for Better Understanding of Immune Function \|author=Brusic, Vladimir; Petrovsky, Nikolai; Novartis Foundation \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2004 \|pages=3–22 \|isbn=9780470090756 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="FlowerImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics and the In Silico Prediction of Immunogenicity: An Introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Flower, Darren R. \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=1–15 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
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	In 2003, the Anthony Nolan Research Institute and the European Bioinformatics Institute developed the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) "to provide a centralised system for the study of polymorphism in genes of the immune system."<ref name="IPD">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ \|title=Immuno Polymorphism Database \|publisher=EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute \|acessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>		In 2003, the Anthony Nolan Research Institute and the European Bioinformatics Institute developed the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) "to provide a centralised system for the study of polymorphism in genes of the immune system."<ref name="IPD">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ \|title=Immuno Polymorphism Database \|publisher=EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute \|acessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

			{{As of\|January 2015}}, the Oxford University Press lists over 30 different immunological databases in popular use.<ref name="OxID">{{cite web \|url=http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/nar/database/cat/14 \|title=2014 NAR Database Summary Paper Category List \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

	==Application==		==Application==
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	* [http://www.imcportal.org/ Immune Modeling Community]		* [http://www.imcportal.org/ Immune Modeling Community]
	* [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ Immuno Polymorphism Database]		* [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ Immuno Polymorphism Database]
			* [http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/nar/database/cat/14 Oxford Journals' listing of immunological databases]
	* [http://www.syfpeithi.de/0-Home.htm SYFPEITHI]		* [http://www.syfpeithi.de/0-Home.htm SYFPEITHI]

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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:41, 20 January 2015
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			'''Immunoinformatics''' is a sub-branch of [[bioinformatics]] that focuses on the use of data management and computational tools to improve immunological research. The scope of immunoinformatics covers a wide variety of territory, from genomic and proteomic study of the immune system to molecular- and organism-level modeling, putting it in close ties with [[genome informatics]].<ref name="NovImmunoNew">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBJc1JO1WuwC&pg=PA3 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics - The new kid in town \|title=Immunoinformatics: Bioinformatic Strategies for Better Understanding of Immune Function \|author=Brusic, Vladimir; Petrovsky, Nikolai; Novartis Foundation \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2004 \|pages=3–22 \|isbn=9780470090756 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="FlowerImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics and the In Silico Prediction of Immunogenicity: An Introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Flower, Darren R. \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=1–15 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189}}</ref>

			==History==
			Immunology researchers like Hans-Georg Rammensee trace the history of immunoinformatics back to the study of theoretical immunology. In June 1987, the Theoretical Immunology Workshop was hosted in Santa Fe, New Mexico to discuss "the topics of immune surveillance, mathematical models of HIV infection, complexities of antigen-antibody systems, immune suppression and tolerance, and idiotypie networks."<ref name="WVPressTheo">{{cite web \|url=http://westviewpress.com/books/theoretical-immunology-part-one/ \|title=Theoretical Immunology, Part One \|publisher=Westview Press \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="NovImmunoChair">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBJc1JO1WuwC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Chair's introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Bioinformatic Strategies for Better Understanding of Immune Function \|author=Rammensee, Hans-Georg; Novartis Foundation \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2004 \|pages=1–2 \|isbn=9780470090756 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="PerelsonTheo">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Theoretical_immunology.html?id=DxxrAAAAMAAJ \|title=Theoretical Immunology: The Proceedings of the Theoretical Immunology Workshop, held June 1987, in Santa Fe, New Mexico \|author=Perelson, Alan S. (Ed.) \|publisher=Addison-Wesley Pub. Co \|year=1988 \|volume=1 and 2 \|pages=811 \|isbn=9780201156829 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

	~~==History==~~		One of the first immunoinformatics efforts to result in a long-term informatics solution was the construction of the IMGT information system in 1989 by the Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM). Created to "standardize and manage the complexity of the immunogenetics data" coming out of the lab, the information system went on to become an international public reference for genetic and proteomic data related to immunology.<ref name="SchönbachImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgjWcFng-4YC&pg=PA1 \|title=Immunoinformatics \|author= Schönbach, Christian; Ranganathan, Shoba; Brusic, Vladimir (Eds.) \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|year=2007 \|pages=200 \|isbn=9780387729671 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref> In July 1995, IMGT moved to the web, and by 2007 it was handling more than 140,000 requests per month.<ref name="LefrancImm">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA19 \|chapter=IMGT: The International ImmunoGeneTics Information System for Immunoinformatics \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Lefranc, Marie-Paule; Flower, Darren R. (Ed.) \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=19–42 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>
	~~Immunology researchers like Hans-Georg Rammensee trace~~ the ~~history of~~ immunoinformatics ~~back~~ to the ~~study~~ of ~~theoretical immunology. In June 1987,~~ the ~~Theoretical Immunology Workshop was hosted~~ in ~~Santa Fe, New Mexico~~ to ~~discuss~~ "the ~~topics~~ of ~~immune surveillance, mathematical models~~ of ~~HIV infection~~, ~~complexities of antigen-antibody systems, immune suppression~~ and ~~tolerance, and idiotypie networks~~."<ref name="~~WVPressTheo~~">{{cite ~~web~~ \|url=~~http~~://~~westviewpress~~.com/books~~/theoretical~~-~~immunology-part-one/~~ \|title=~~Theoretical Immunology~~, ~~Part One~~ \|publisher=~~Westview Press~~ \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="~~NovImmuno~~">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=~~iBJc1JO1WuwC~~&pg=~~PA1~~ \|chapter=~~Chair's introduction~~ \|title=Immunoinformatics: ~~Bioinformatic Strategies for Better Understanding of Immune Function~~ \|author=~~Rammensee~~, ~~Hans~~-~~Georg~~; ~~Novartis Foundation~~ \|publisher=~~John Wiley~~ & ~~Sons~~ \|~~year~~=~~2004~~ \|~~pages~~=~~1–2~~ \|isbn=~~9780470090756~~ \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="~~PerelsonTheo~~">{{cite ~~book~~ \|url=http://~~books~~.~~google~~.~~com~~/~~books~~/~~about/Theoretical_immunology.html?id=DxxrAAAAMAAJ~~ \|title=~~Theoretical Immunology~~: ~~The Proceedings of the Theoretical Immunology Workshop~~, ~~held June 1987~~, ~~in Santa Fe~~, ~~New Mexico \|author=Perelson~~, ~~Alan~~ S. ~~(Ed.)~~ \|~~publisher~~=~~Addison-Wesley Pub. Co~~ \|~~year~~=~~1988~~ \|~~volume~~=~~1 and 2~~ \|~~pages~~=~~811~~ \|~~isbn~~=~~9780201156829~~ \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>
			In 1999, the SYFPEITHI database for MHC ligands and T-cell epitopes – a component of an antigen or antibody generator – went public.<ref name="RammenseeSYF">{{cite journal \|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10602881 \|title=SYFPEITHI: Database for MHC ligands and peptide motifs \|journal=Immunogenetics \|author=Rammensee, H.; Bachmann, J; Emmerich, N. P.; Bachor, O. A.; Stevanović, S. \|volume=50 \|issue=3–4 \|pages=213–219 \|year=November 1999 \|doi=10.1007/s002510050595 \|pmid=10602881 \|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

	~~One of~~ the ~~first immunoinformatics efforts to result in a long-term informatics solution was the construction of~~ the ~~IMGT information system in 1989 by~~ the ~~Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire~~ (~~LIGM~~)~~. Created~~ to ~~"standardize and manage~~ the ~~complexity~~ of ~~the immunogenetics data" coming out~~ of the ~~lab, the information~~ system ~~went on to become an international public reference for genetic and proteomic data related to immunology~~.<ref name="~~SchönbachImm~~">{{cite ~~book~~ \|url=~~https~~://~~books~~.~~google~~.~~com~~/~~books?id=YgjWcFng-4YC&pg=PA1~~ \|title=~~Immunoinformatics \|author= Schönbach, Christian; Ranganathan, Shoba; Brusic, Vladimir (Eds.)~~ \|publisher=~~Springer Science & Business Media \|year=2007 \|pages=200 \|isbn=9780387729671~~ \|~~accessdate~~=20 January 2015}}</ref>		In 2003, the Anthony Nolan Research Institute and the European Bioinformatics Institute developed the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) "to provide a centralised system for the study of polymorphism in genes of the immune system."<ref name="IPD">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ \|title=Immuno Polymorphism Database \|publisher=EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute \|acessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

	==Application==		==Application==
	Immunoinformatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the following<ref name="SchönbachImm" />:		Immunoinformatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the following<ref name="SchönbachImm" /><ref name="NovImmunoNew" />:

	* improving the development of biological therapeutics		* improving the development of biological therapeutics
	* developing and improving analysis and data management solutions for immunogenetics		* developing and improving analysis and data management solutions for immunogenetics
	* developing and improving allergen databases		* developing and improving allergen and other immunological databases
	* creating better computer models of the immune system		* creating better mathematical and computer models of the immune system

	==Informatics==		==Informatics==
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	==See also==		==See also==

	* [[Genome informatics]]		* [[Genome informatics]]
	* [[Infectious disease informatics]]		* [[Infectious disease informatics]]

			==Further reading==

			* {{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJtZurJ5BvoC&pg=PA1 \|chapter=Immunoinformatics and the In Silico Prediction of Immunogenicity: An Introduction \|title=Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity in Silico \|author=Flower, Darren R. \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|pages=1–15 \|year=2007 \|isbn=9781603271189}}

	==External links==		==External links==

	* [http://www.imgt.org/ IMGT Information System]		* [http://www.imgt.org/ IMGT Information System]
			* [http://www.imcportal.org/ Immune Modeling Community]
			* [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/ Immuno Polymorphism Database]
			* [http://www.syfpeithi.de/0-Home.htm SYFPEITHI]

	==References==		==References==

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==History==
Immunology researchers like Hans-Georg Rammensee trace the history of immunoinformatics back to the study of theoretical immunology. In June 1987, the Theoretical Immunology Workshop was hosted in Santa Fe, New Mexico to discuss "the topics of immune surveillance, mathematical models of HIV infection, complexities of antigen-antibody systems, immune suppression and tolerance, and idiotypie networks."<ref name="WVPressTheo">{{cite web |url=http://westviewpress.com/books/theoretical-immunology-part-one/ |title=Theoretical Immunology, Part One |publisher=Westview Press |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="NovImmuno">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBJc1JO1WuwC&pg=PA1 |chapter=Chair's introduction |title=Immunoinformatics: Bioinformatic Strategies for Better Understanding of Immune Function |author=Rammensee, Hans-Georg; Novartis Foundation |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2004 |pages=1–2 |isbn=9780470090756 |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="PerelsonTheo">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Theoretical_immunology.html?id=DxxrAAAAMAAJ |title=Theoretical Immunology: The Proceedings of the Theoretical Immunology Workshop, held June 1987, in Santa Fe, New Mexico |author=Perelson, Alan S. (Ed.) |publisher=Addison-Wesley Pub. Co |year=1988 |volume=1 and 2 |pages=811 |isbn=9780201156829 |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

One of the first immunoinformatics efforts to result in a long-term informatics solution was the construction of the IMGT information system in 1989 by the Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM). Created to "standardize and manage the complexity of the immunogenetics data" coming out of the lab, the information system went on to become an international public reference for genetic and proteomic data related to immunology.<ref name="SchönbachImm">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgjWcFng-4YC&pg=PA1 |title=Immunoinformatics |author= Schönbach, Christian; Ranganathan, Shoba; Brusic, Vladimir (Eds.) |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2007 |pages=200 |isbn=9780387729671 |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

==Application==
Immunoinformatics can help tackle problems and tasks such as the following<ref name="SchönbachImm" />:

* improving the development of biological therapeutics
* developing and improving analysis and data management solutions for immunogenetics
* developing and improving allergen databases
* creating better computer models of the immune system

==Informatics==

==See also==
* [[Genome informatics]]
* [[Infectious disease informatics]]

==External links==

* [http://www.imgt.org/ IMGT Information System]

==References==
<references/>


[[Category:Informatics]]