Geographic information system - Revision history

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	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references />

			<!---Place all category tags here-->
			[[Category:Software systems]]

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	==GIS developments==		==GIS developments==
	~~[[Image:GeaBiosOpenLaszloSatelliteMappingApplication2.PNG\|thumb\|right\|400px\|[[GeaBios]] - tiny WMS/WFS client (Flash/DHTML)]]~~
	Many disciplines can benefit from GIS technology. An active GIS market has resulted in lower costs and continual improvements in the hardware and software components of GIS. These developments will, in turn, result in a much wider use of the technology{{Or\|date=March 2009}} throughout science, government, business, and [[industry]], with applications including real estate, public health, crime mapping, national defense, sustainable development, natural resources, landscape architecture, archaeology, regional and community planning, transportation and logistics. GIS is also diverging into location-based services (LBS). LBS allows GPS enabled mobile devices to display their location in relation to fixed assets (nearest restaurant, gas station, fire hydrant), mobile assets (friends, children, police car) or to relay their position back to a central server for display or other processing. These services continue to develop with the increased integration of GPS functionality with increasingly powerful mobile electronics (cell phones, PDAs, laptops).		Many disciplines can benefit from GIS technology. An active GIS market has resulted in lower costs and continual improvements in the hardware and software components of GIS. These developments will, in turn, result in a much wider use of the technology{{Or\|date=March 2009}} throughout science, government, business, and [[industry]], with applications including real estate, public health, crime mapping, national defense, sustainable development, natural resources, landscape architecture, archaeology, regional and community planning, transportation and logistics. GIS is also diverging into location-based services (LBS). LBS allows GPS enabled mobile devices to display their location in relation to fixed assets (nearest restaurant, gas station, fire hydrant), mobile assets (friends, children, police car) or to relay their position back to a central server for display or other processing. These services continue to develop with the increased integration of GPS functionality with increasingly powerful mobile electronics (cell phones, PDAs, laptops).

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	==Society==		==Society==
	With the popularization of GIS in decision making, scholars have begun to scrutinize the social implications of GIS. It has been argued{{By whom\|date=April 2010}} that the production, distribution, utilization, and representation of geographic information are largely related with the social context.{{Clarify\|date=April 2010}} Other related topics include discussion on copyright, privacy, and censorship. A more optimistic social approach to GIS adoption is to use it as a tool for public participation.		With the popularization of GIS in decision making, scholars have begun to scrutinize the social implications of GIS. It has been argued{{By whom\|date=April 2010}} that the production, distribution, utilization, and representation of geographic information are largely related with the social context.{{Clarify\|date=April 2010}} Other related topics include discussion on copyright, privacy, and censorship. A more optimistic social approach to GIS adoption is to use it as a tool for public participation.

	~~==References==~~
	~~===Footnotes===~~
	~~<references/>~~
	~~Some retrieved from Federal Geographic Data Committee~~

	~~===Notations===~~
	*IGRS-GIS Institute of Geoinformatics & Remote Sensing

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
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	*[http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/ USGS GIS Poster] — Frequently cited "What is GIS" poster.		*[http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/ USGS GIS Poster] — Frequently cited "What is GIS" poster.

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Geographic Information System}}~~		==Notes==
	[~~[Category~~:~~Geographic information systems]~~]
			The bulk of this article is reused from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system the Wikipedia article].

			==References==
			<references/>

Shawndouglas: Internal link.

2013-09-13T22:00:06Z

Internal link.

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	A GIS can be thought of as a system — it digitally creates and "manipulates" spatial areas that may be jurisdictional, purpose or application-oriented for which a specific GIS is developed. Hence, a GIS developed for an application, jurisdiction, enterprise or purpose may not be necessarily interoperable or compatible with a GIS that has been developed for some other application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose. What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure (SDI), a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries.		A GIS can be thought of as a system — it digitally creates and "manipulates" spatial areas that may be jurisdictional, purpose or application-oriented for which a specific GIS is developed. Hence, a GIS developed for an application, jurisdiction, enterprise or purpose may not be necessarily interoperable or compatible with a GIS that has been developed for some other application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose. What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure (SDI), a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries.

	Therefore, in a general sense, the term describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares and displays geographic information for informing decision making. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data, maps, and present the results of all these operations.<ref>Clarke, K. C., 1986. Advances in geographic information systems, computers, environment and urban systems, Vol. 10, pp. 175-184.</ref> [[Geographic information science]] is the science underlying the geographic concepts, applications and systems.<ref>Goodchild, Michael F., (2010). Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010. JOURNAL OF SPATIAL INFORMATION SCIENCE Number 1 pp. 3–20 doi:10.5311/JOSIS.2010.1.2. July 27, 2010.</ref>		Therefore, in a general sense, the term describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares and displays geographic [[information]] for informing decision making. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data, maps, and present the results of all these operations.<ref>Clarke, K. C., 1986. Advances in geographic information systems, computers, environment and urban systems, Vol. 10, pp. 175-184.</ref> [[Geographic information science]] is the science underlying the geographic concepts, applications and systems.<ref>Goodchild, Michael F., (2010). Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010. JOURNAL OF SPATIAL INFORMATION SCIENCE Number 1 pp. 3–20 doi:10.5311/JOSIS.2010.1.2. July 27, 2010.</ref>

	==Applications==		==Applications==

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2012-01-28T22:12:02Z

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	Data capture—entering information into the system—consumes much of the time of GIS practitioners. There are a variety of methods used to enter data into a GIS where it is stored in a digital format.		Data capture—entering information into the system—consumes much of the time of GIS practitioners. There are a variety of methods used to enter data into a GIS where it is stored in a digital format.

	Existing data printed on paper or PET film maps can be digitized or scanned to produce digital data. A digitizer produces vector data as an operator traces points, lines, and polygon boundaries from a map. Scanning a map results in raster data that could be further processed to produce vector data.		Existing data printed on paper or [[PET]] film maps can be digitized or scanned to produce digital data. A digitizer produces vector data as an operator traces points, lines, and polygon boundaries from a map. Scanning a map results in raster data that could be further processed to produce vector data.

	Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital data collection systems on survey instruments using a technique called Coordinate Geometry (COGO). Positions from a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) like Global Positioning System (GPS), another survey tool, can also be directly entered into a GIS.		Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital data collection systems on survey instruments using a technique called Coordinate Geometry (COGO). Positions from a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) like Global Positioning System (GPS), another survey tool, can also be directly entered into a GIS.

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