Data center - Revision history

Shawndouglas: Added image.

2014-08-27T22:37:31Z

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			[[File:Intel Team Inside Facebook Data Center.jpg\|thumb\|right\|400px\|A team from Intel reviews the inner workings of Facebook's first built-from-scratch data center in 2013.]]
	A '''data center''' is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components such as telecommunications and storage systems. A data center generally includes redundant or backup power supplies, redundant data communications connections, environmental controls (e.g. air conditioning and fire suppression), and various security devices. Data centers vary in size<ref name="CCDA640-864">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cuOoV5u3WCUC&pg=PA130 \|title=Official Cert Guide: CCDA 640-864 \|author=Bruno, Anthony; Jordan, Steve \|publisher=Cisco Press \|edition=4th \|year=2011 \|page=130 \|isbn=9780132372145 \|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>, with some large data centers capable of using as much electricity as a "medium-size town."<ref name="GlanzData">{{cite web \|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html \|title=Power, Pollution and the Internet \|author=Glanz, James \|work=The New York Times \|date=22 September 2012 \|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>		A '''data center''' is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components such as telecommunications and storage systems. A data center generally includes redundant or backup power supplies, redundant data communications connections, environmental controls (e.g. air conditioning and fire suppression), and various security devices. Data centers vary in size<ref name="CCDA640-864">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cuOoV5u3WCUC&pg=PA130 \|title=Official Cert Guide: CCDA 640-864 \|author=Bruno, Anthony; Jordan, Steve \|publisher=Cisco Press \|edition=4th \|year=2011 \|page=130 \|isbn=9780132372145 \|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>, with some large data centers capable of using as much electricity as a "medium-size town."<ref name="GlanzData">{{cite web \|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html \|title=Power, Pollution and the Internet \|author=Glanz, James \|work=The New York Times \|date=22 September 2012 \|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>

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	==Standards and design guidelines==		==Standards and design guidelines==
	[[File:Datacenter-telecom.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Racks of telecommunications equipment in part of a data center]]		[[File:Datacenter-telecom.jpg\|thumb\|left\|240px\|Racks of telecommunications equipment in part of a data center]]
	IT operations are a crucial aspect of most organizations' business continuity, often relying on their information systems to run business operations. Organizations thus depend on reliable infrastructure for IT operations in order to minimize any chance of disruption caused by power failure and/or security breach. That reliable infrastructure is normally built on a sound set of widely accepted standards and design guidelines.		IT operations are a crucial aspect of most organizations' business continuity, often relying on their information systems to run business operations. Organizations thus depend on reliable infrastructure for IT operations in order to minimize any chance of disruption caused by power failure and/or security breach. That reliable infrastructure is normally built on a sound set of widely accepted standards and design guidelines.

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 A '''data center''' is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components such as telecommunications and storage systems. A data center generally includes redundant or backup power supplies, redundant data communications connections, environmental controls (e.g. air conditioning and fire suppression), and various security devices. Data centers vary in size<ref name="CCDA640-864">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cuOoV5u3WCUC&pg=PA130 |title=Official Cert Guide: CCDA 640-864 |author=Bruno, Anthony; Jordan, Steve |publisher=Cisco Press |edition=4th |year=2011 |page=130 |isbn=9780132372145 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>, with some large data centers capable of using as much electricity as a "medium-size town."<ref name="GlanzData">{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html |title=Power, Pollution and the Internet |author=Glanz, James |work=The New York Times |date=22 September 2012 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>
 ==History==
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 ===Efficiency ratings===
 In the U.S., the EPA began offering in 2010 an Energy Star rating for standalone or large data centers. To qualify for the ecolabel, a data center had to be within the top quartile of energy efficiency of all reported facilities.<ref name="PouchetStar">{{cite web |url=http://www.efficientdatacenters.com/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229143352/http://www.efficientdatacenters.com/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx |title=Introducing EPA ENERGY STAR for Data Centers |author=Pouchet, Jack |work=Efficient Data Centers |publisher=Emerson Electric Co |date=15 June 2010 |archivedate=29 February 2012 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The European Union also developed a similar initiative: The European Code of Conduct for Energy Efficiency in Data Centre.<ref name="JRCDC">{{cite web |url=http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/ict-codes-conduct/data-centres-energy-efficiency |title=Data Centres Energy Efficiency |publisher=Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport |date=22 August 2014 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>
 ==Notes==

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Carbon footprint: Punctuation

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:14, 27 August 2014
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	One way designers and operators of data centers can track energy use is through an energy efficiency analysis, which measures factors such as a data center's power use effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and identifies air-management metrics.<ref name="PUEGoogle">{{cite web \|url=http://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/ \|title=Efficiency: How we do it \|work=Google Data Centers \|publisher=Google \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The average data center in the US has a PUE of 2.0<ref name="ESRepo">{{cite web \|url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency \|publisher=ENERGY STAR Program, EPA \|date=07 August 2007 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, meaning that the facility uses one watt of overhead power for every watt delivered to IT equipment. Energy efficiency can also be analyzed through the use of a power and cooling analysis. This can help identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater power use density, the breakpoint of equipment loading, the effectiveness of a raised-floor strategy, and optimal equipment positioning (such as AC units) to balance temperatures across the data center.		One way designers and operators of data centers can track energy use is through an energy efficiency analysis, which measures factors such as a data center's power use effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and identifies air-management metrics.<ref name="PUEGoogle">{{cite web \|url=http://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/ \|title=Efficiency: How we do it \|work=Google Data Centers \|publisher=Google \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The average data center in the US has a PUE of 2.0<ref name="ESRepo">{{cite web \|url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency \|publisher=ENERGY STAR Program, EPA \|date=07 August 2007 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, meaning that the facility uses one watt of overhead power for every watt delivered to IT equipment. Energy efficiency can also be analyzed through the use of a power and cooling analysis. This can help identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater power use density, the breakpoint of equipment loading, the effectiveness of a raised-floor strategy, and optimal equipment positioning (such as AC units) to balance temperatures across the data center.

	The ~~buildings locations~~ is also a factor that ~~effects~~ the energy consumption and environmental effects of a data center. In areas where climate favors cooling and lots of renewable electricity is available, the environmental footprint will be more moderate. Thus countries with such favorable conditions — like Canada<ref name="LadurantayeCanada">{{cite web \|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/canada-called-prime-real-estate-for-massive-data-computers/article2071677/ \|title=Canada Called Prime Real Estate for Massive Data Computers \|work=The Globe & Mail \|author=Ladurantaye, Steve \|date=22 June 2011 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, Finland<ref name="FinCloud">{{cite web \|url=http://www.fincloud.freehostingcloud.com/ \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110111357/http://www.fincloud.freehostingcloud.com/ \|title=Finland - First Choice for Siting Your Cloud Computing Data Center \|publisher=Invest in Finland \|archivedate=10 January 2013 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, Sweden<ref name="StockDC">{{cite web \|url=http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819190918/http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN \|title=Stockholm sets sights on data center customers \|publisher=Stockholm Business Region \|date=19 August 2010 \|archivedate=19 August 2010 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, and Switzerland<ref name="WheelandDC">{{cite web \|url=http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2010/06/30/swiss-carbon-neutral-servers-hit-cloud \|title=Swiss Carbon-Neutral Servers Hit the Cloud \|author=Wheeland, Matthew \|publisher=GreenBiz Group \|date=30 June 2010 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> — are trying to attract cloud computing data centers. Meanwhile, companies like Apple have tried to lessen their data centers' carbon footprints by siting new data centers in places like the more arid U.S. state of Nevada.<ref name="AppleFoot">{{cite web \|url=http://www.wired.com/2014/04/green-apple/ \|title=Apple Aims to Shrink Its Carbon Footprint With New Data Centers \|author=Levy, Steven \|work=Wired \|publisher=Condé Nast \|date=21 April 2014 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>		The building's location is also a factor that affects the energy consumption and environmental effects of a data center. In areas where climate favors cooling and lots of renewable electricity is available, the environmental footprint will be more moderate. Thus countries with such favorable conditions — like Canada<ref name="LadurantayeCanada">{{cite web \|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/canada-called-prime-real-estate-for-massive-data-computers/article2071677/ \|title=Canada Called Prime Real Estate for Massive Data Computers \|work=The Globe & Mail \|author=Ladurantaye, Steve \|date=22 June 2011 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, Finland<ref name="FinCloud">{{cite web \|url=http://www.fincloud.freehostingcloud.com/ \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110111357/http://www.fincloud.freehostingcloud.com/ \|title=Finland - First Choice for Siting Your Cloud Computing Data Center \|publisher=Invest in Finland \|archivedate=10 January 2013 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, Sweden<ref name="StockDC">{{cite web \|url=http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819190918/http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN \|title=Stockholm sets sights on data center customers \|publisher=Stockholm Business Region \|date=19 August 2010 \|archivedate=19 August 2010 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, and Switzerland<ref name="WheelandDC">{{cite web \|url=http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2010/06/30/swiss-carbon-neutral-servers-hit-cloud \|title=Swiss Carbon-Neutral Servers Hit the Cloud \|author=Wheeland, Matthew \|publisher=GreenBiz Group \|date=30 June 2010 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> — are trying to attract cloud computing data centers. Meanwhile, companies like Apple have tried to lessen their data centers' carbon footprints by siting new data centers in places like the more arid U.S. state of Nevada.<ref name="AppleFoot">{{cite web \|url=http://www.wired.com/2014/04/green-apple/ \|title=Apple Aims to Shrink Its Carbon Footprint With New Data Centers \|author=Levy, Steven \|work=Wired \|publisher=Condé Nast \|date=21 April 2014 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

	===Efficiency ratings===		===Efficiency ratings===

Shawndouglas: /* Carbon footprint */ Updated content of this section.

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 One way designers and operators of data centers can track energy use is through an energy efficiency analysis, which measures factors such as a data center's power use effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and identifies air-management metrics.<ref name="PUEGoogle">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/ |title=Efficiency: How we do it |work=Google Data Centers |publisher=Google |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The average data center in the US has a PUE of 2.0<ref name="ESRepo">{{cite web |url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf |format=PDF |title=Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency |publisher=ENERGY STAR Program, EPA |date=07 August 2007 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, meaning that the facility uses one watt of overhead power for every watt delivered to IT equipment. Energy efficiency can also be analyzed through the use of a power and cooling analysis. This can help identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater power use density, the breakpoint of equipment loading, the effectiveness of a raised-floor strategy, and optimal equipment positioning (such as AC units) to balance temperatures across the data center.
-The buildings locations is also a factor that effects the energy consumption and environmental effects of a data center. In areas where climate favors cooling and lots of renewable electricity is available, the environmental footprint will be more moderate. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as Canada,
+The buildings locations is also a factor that effects the energy consumption and environmental effects of a data center. In areas where climate favors cooling and lots of renewable electricity is available, the environmental footprint will be more moderate. Thus countries with such favorable conditions — like Canada<ref name="LadurantayeCanada">{{cite web |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/canada-called-prime-real-estate-for-massive-data-computers/article2071677/ |title=Canada Called Prime Real Estate for Massive Data Computers |work=The Globe & Mail |author=Ladurantaye, Steve |date=22 June 2011 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, Finland<ref name="FinCloud">{{cite web |url=http://www.fincloud.freehostingcloud.com/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110111357/http://www.fincloud.freehostingcloud.com/ |title=Finland - First Choice for Siting Your Cloud Computing Data Center |publisher=Invest in Finland |archivedate=10 January 2013 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, Sweden<ref name="StockDC">{{cite web |url=http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819190918/http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN |title=Stockholm sets sights on data center customers |publisher=Stockholm Business Region |date=19 August 2010 |archivedate=19 August 2010 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, and Switzerland<ref name="WheelandDC">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2010/06/30/swiss-carbon-neutral-servers-hit-cloud |title=Swiss Carbon-Neutral Servers Hit the Cloud |author=Wheeland, Matthew |publisher=GreenBiz Group |date=30 June 2010 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> — are trying to attract cloud computing data centers. Meanwhile, companies like Apple have tried to lessen their data centers' carbon footprints by siting new data centers in places like the more arid U.S. state of Nevada.<ref name="AppleFoot">{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/2014/04/green-apple/ |title=Apple Aims to Shrink Its Carbon Footprint With New Data Centers |author=Levy, Steven |work=Wired |publisher=Condé Nast |date=21 April 2014 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>
 ===Efficiency ratings===
 In the U.S., the EPA began offering in 2010 an Energy Star rating for standalone or large data centers. To qualify for the ecolabel, a data center had to be within the top quartile of energy efficiency of all reported facilities.<ref name="PouchetStar">{{cite web |url=http://www.efficientdatacenters.com/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229143352/http://www.efficientdatacenters.com/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx |title=Introducing EPA ENERGY STAR for Data Centers |author=Pouchet, Jack |work=Efficient Data Centers |publisher=Emerson Electric Co |date=15 June 2010 |archivedate=29 February 2012 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The European Union also developed a similar initiative: The European Code of Conduct for Energy Efficiency in Data Centre.<ref name="JRCDC">{{cite web |url=http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/ict-codes-conduct/data-centres-energy-efficiency |title=Data Centres Energy Efficiency |publisher=Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport |date=22 August 2014 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>
 ==Network infrastructure==

Shawndouglas: /* Carbon footprint */

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Carbon footprint

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 One way designers and operators of data centers can track energy use is through an energy efficiency analysis, which measures factors such as a data center's power use effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and identifies air-management metrics.<ref name="PUEGoogle">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/ |title=Efficiency: How we do it |work=Google Data Centers |publisher=Google |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The average data center in the US has a PUE of 2.0<ref name="ESRepo">{{cite web |url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf |format=PDF |title=Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency |publisher=ENERGY STAR Program, EPA |date=07 August 2007 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, meaning that the facility uses one watt of overhead power for every watt delivered to IT equipment. Energy efficiency can also be analyzed through the use of a power and cooling analysis. This can help identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater power use density, the breakpoint of equipment loading, the effectiveness of a raised-floor strategy, and optimal equipment positioning (such as AC units) to balance temperatures across the data center.
-Siting is one of the factors that affect the energy consumption and environmental effects of a datacenter. In areas where climate favors cooling and lots of renewable electricity is available the environmental effects will be more moderate. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as: Canada,<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/canada-called-prime-real-estate-for-massive-data-computers/article2071677/ Canada Called Prime Real Estate for Massive Data Computers - Globe & Mail] Retrieved June 29, 2011.</ref> Finland,<ref>[http://www.fincloud.freehostingcloud.com/ Finland - First Choice for Siting Your Cloud Computing Data Center.]. Retrieved 4 August 2010.</ref> Sweden<ref>[http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN Stockholm sets sights on data center customers.] Accessed 4 August 2010.</ref> and Switzerland,<ref>[http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2010/06/30/swiss-carbon-neutral-servers-hit-cloud Swiss Carbon-Neutral Servers Hit the Cloud.]. Retrieved 4 August 2010.</ref> are trying to attract cloud computing data centers.
+The buildings locations is also a factor that effects the energy consumption and environmental effects of a data center. In areas where climate favors cooling and lots of renewable electricity is available, the environmental footprint will be more moderate. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as Canada,
 In an 18-month investigation by scholars at Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy in Houston and the Institute for Sustainable and Applied Infodynamics in Singapore, data center-related emissions will more than triple by 2020.

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 As with any other power consumption, a data center's power consumption has an associated carbon footprint associated with it. That footprint is generally defined as "the carbon emissions equivalent of the total amount of electricity a particular data center consumes."<ref name="APCCarbonFoot" /> Data centers that use numerous diesel generators for backup power stand to increase that carbon footprint even further.<ref name="GlanzGobble">{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/24/technology/data-centers-in-rural-washington-state-gobble-power.html |title=Data Barns in a Farm Town, Gobbling Power and Flexing Muscle |author=Glanz, James |work=The New York Times |date=23 September 2012 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> However, in the U.S. at least, new non-mobile diesel generators will need to comply with new EPA Tier 4 Final requirements of reduced emissions and toxins by 2015<ref name="Tier4">{{cite web |url=http://tier4answers.com/tier-4-answers |title=Answers to Your Tier 4 Questions |publisher=Cummins Power Generation, Inc |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>
-One way designers and operators of data centers can track energy use is through an energy efficiency analysis, which measures factors such as a data center's power use effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and identifies air-management metrics.<ref name="PUEGoogle">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/ |title=Efficiency: How we do it |work=Google Data Centers |publisher=Google |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The average data center in the US has a PUE of 2.0<ref name="ESRepo">{{cite web |url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf |format=PDF |title=Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency |publisher=ENERGY STAR Program, EPA |date=07 August 2007 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, meaning that the facility uses one watt of overhead power for every watt delivered to IT equipment.
+One way designers and operators of data centers can track energy use is through an energy efficiency analysis, which measures factors such as a data center's power use effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and identifies air-management metrics.<ref name="PUEGoogle">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/ |title=Efficiency: How we do it |work=Google Data Centers |publisher=Google |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The average data center in the US has a PUE of 2.0<ref name="ESRepo">{{cite web |url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf |format=PDF |title=Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency |publisher=ENERGY STAR Program, EPA |date=07 August 2007 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, meaning that the facility uses one watt of overhead power for every watt delivered to IT equipment. Energy efficiency can also be analyzed through the use of a power and cooling analysis. This can help identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater power use density, the breakpoint of equipment loading, the effectiveness of a raised-floor strategy, and optimal equipment positioning (such as AC units) to balance temperatures across the data center.
 Siting is one of the factors that affect the energy consumption and environmental effects of a datacenter. In areas where climate favors cooling and lots of renewable electricity is available the environmental effects will be more moderate. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as: Canada,<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/canada-called-prime-real-estate-for-massive-data-computers/article2071677/ Canada Called Prime Real Estate for Massive Data Computers - Globe & Mail] Retrieved June 29, 2011.</ref> Finland,<ref>[http://www.fincloud.freehostingcloud.com/ Finland - First Choice for Siting Your Cloud Computing Data Center.]. Retrieved 4 August 2010.</ref> Sweden<ref>[http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN Stockholm sets sights on data center customers.] Accessed 4 August 2010.</ref> and Switzerland,<ref>[http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2010/06/30/swiss-carbon-neutral-servers-hit-cloud Swiss Carbon-Neutral Servers Hit the Cloud.]. Retrieved 4 August 2010.</ref> are trying to attract cloud computing data centers.
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 }}</ref>
-===Energy efficiency===
+===Efficiency ratings===
-The most commonly used metric to determine the energy efficiency of a data center is [[power usage effectiveness]], or PUE. This simple ratio is the total power entering the data center divided by the power used by the IT equipment.
+In the U.S., the EPA began offering in 2010 an Energy Star rating for standalone or large data centers. To qualify for the ecolabel, a data center had to be within the top quartile of energy efficiency of all reported facilities.<ref name="PouchetStar">{{cite web |url=http://www.efficientdatacenters.com/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229143352/http://www.efficientdatacenters.com/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx |title=Introducing EPA ENERGY STAR for Data Centers |author=Pouchet, Jack |work=Efficient Data Centers |publisher=Emerson Electric Co |date=15 June 2010 |archivedate=29 February 2012 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The European Union also developed a similar initiative: The European Code of Conduct for Energy Efficiency in Data Centre.<ref name="JRCDC">{{cite web |url=http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/ict-codes-conduct/data-centres-energy-efficiency |title=Data Centres Energy Efficiency |publisher=Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport |date=22 August 2014 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

Shawndouglas: /* Energy use */ Updated. Saving and modifying more.

2014-08-27T21:29:41Z

Energy use: Updated. Saving and modifying more.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:29, 27 August 2014
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	==~~Energy use~~==		==Carbon footprint==
	[[File:Google Data Center, The Dalles.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Google Data Center, [[The Dalles, Oregon]]]]		[[File:Google Data Center, The Dalles.jpg\|thumb\|right\|320px\|Google Data Center, The Dalles, Oregon]]
	{{~~main~~\|IT energy ~~management~~}}
			Energy use is a central issue for data centers. Power draw for data centers ranges from a few kW for a rack of servers in a closet to several tens of MW for large facilities. Some facilities have power densities more than 100 times that of a typical office building.<ref name="DCDeptEnergy">{{cite web \|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/program/dc_energy_consumption.html \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222115559/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/program/dc_energy_consumption.html \|title=Data Center Energy Consumption Trends \|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy \|date=30 May 2009 \|archivedate=22 February 2012 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> For power-dense facilities, electricity costs are a dominant operating expense; in 2007 electricity purchases accounted for over 10 percent of the total cost of ownership of a data center.<ref name="KoomeyAssessing">{{cite web \|url=http://www.intel.com/assets/pdf/general/servertrendsreleasecomplete-v25.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=Assessing Trends Over Time in Performance, Costs, and Energy Use for Servers \|author=Koomey, Jonathan G. ; Belady, Christian; Patterson, Michael; Santos, Anthony; Lange, Klaus-Dieter \|publisher=Intel Corporation \|date=17 August 2009 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> On a larger, national scale, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found 1.5 percent of the country's power supply (61 billion kilowatt-hours) was used to power data centers in 2006. The following year in Western Europe, 56 terawatt-hours of energy fed data centers, with the European Union estimating that number to nearly double by 2020.<ref name="APCCarbonFoot">{{cite web \|url=http://ensynch.com/content/dam/insight/en_US/pdfs/apc/apc-estimating-data-centers-carbon-footprint.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=Estimating a Data Center's Electrical Carbon Footprint \|author=Bouley, Dennis \|publisher=Schneider Electric \|date=2010 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

			As with any other power consumption, a data center's power consumption has an associated carbon footprint associated with it. That footprint is generally defined as "the carbon emissions equivalent of the total amount of electricity a particular data center consumes."<ref name="APCCarbonFoot" /> Data centers that use numerous diesel generators for backup power stand to increase that carbon footprint even further.<ref name="GlanzGobble">{{cite web \|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/24/technology/data-centers-in-rural-washington-state-gobble-power.html \|title=Data Barns in a Farm Town, Gobbling Power and Flexing Muscle \|author=Glanz, James \|work=The New York Times \|date=23 September 2012 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> However, in the U.S. at least, new non-mobile diesel generators will need to comply with new EPA Tier 4 Final requirements of reduced emissions and toxins by 2015<ref name="Tier4">{{cite web \|url=http://tier4answers.com/tier-4-answers \|title=Answers to Your Tier 4 Questions \|publisher=Cummins Power Generation, Inc \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

			One way designers and operators of data centers can track energy use is through an energy efficiency analysis, which measures factors such as a data center's power use effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and identifies air-management metrics.<ref name="PUEGoogle">{{cite web \|url=http://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/ \|title=Efficiency: How we do it \|work=Google Data Centers \|publisher=Google \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The average data center in the US has a PUE of 2.0<ref name="ESRepo">{{cite web \|url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency \|publisher=ENERGY STAR Program, EPA \|date=07 August 2007 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>, meaning that the facility uses one watt of overhead power for every watt delivered to IT equipment.

			===Efficiency ratings===
			In the U.S., the EPA began offering in 2010 an Energy Star rating for standalone or large data centers. To qualify for the ecolabel, a data center had to be within the top quartile of energy efficiency of all reported facilities.<ref name="PouchetStar">{{cite web \|url=http://www.efficientdatacenters.com/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229143352/http://www.efficientdatacenters.com/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx \|title=Introducing EPA ENERGY STAR for Data Centers \|author=Pouchet, Jack \|work=Efficient Data Centers \|publisher=Emerson Electric Co \|date=15 June 2010 \|archivedate=29 February 2012 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> The European Union also developed a similar initiative: The European Code of Conduct for Energy Efficiency in Data Centre.<ref name="JRCDC">{{cite web \|url=http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/ict-codes-conduct/data-centres-energy-efficiency \|title=Data Centres Energy Efficiency \|publisher=Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport \|date=22 August 2014 \|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>


	Energy use is a central issue for data centers. Power draw for data centers ranges from a few kW for a rack of servers in a closet to several tens of MW for large facilities. Some facilities have power densities more than 100 times that of a typical office building.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/program/dc_energy_consumption.html\|title=Data Center Energy Consumption Trends\|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy\|accessdate=2010-06-10}}</ref> For higher power density facilities, electricity costs are a dominant [[operating expense]] and account for over 10% of the [[total cost of ownership]] (TCO) of a data center.<ref>J Koomey, C. Belady, M. Patterson, A. Santos, K.D. Lange. [http://www.intel.com/assets/pdf/general/servertrendsreleasecomplete-v25.pdf Assessing Trends Over Time in Performance, Costs, and Energy Use for Servers] Released on the web August 17th, 2009.</ref> By 2012 the cost of power for the data center is expected to exceed the cost of the original capital investment.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/data_center_qsguide.pdf\|title=Quick Start Guide to Increase Data Center Energy Efficiency\|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy\|accessdate=2010-06-10}}</ref>

	~~===Greenhouse gas emissions===~~

	~~and sometimes are a significant source of air pollution in the form of diesel exhaust.~~

	<ref name=NYT92312>{{cite news\|title=Data Barns in a Farm Town, Gobbling Power and Flexing Muscle\|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/24/technology/data-centers-in-rural-washington-state-gobble-power.html\|accessdate=September 25, 2012\|newspaper=The New York Times\|date=September 23, 2012\|author=James Glanz}}</ref>

	~~Capabilities exist to install modern retrofit devices on older diesel generators, including those found in data centers, to reduce emissions.~~

	<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/Stationary_Engine_Diesel_Retrofit_Case_Studies_1109final.pdf\|title=CASE STUDIES OF STATIONARY RECIPROCATING DIESEL ENGINE RETROFIT PROJECTS\|date=November 2009\|work=Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association\|accessdate=August 5, 2014}}</ref>

	Additionally, engines manufactured in the U.S. beginning in 2014 must meet strict emissions reduction requirements according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's [http://tier4answers.com/tier-4-answers "Tier 4"] regulations for off-road uses including those found in diesel generators. These regulations require near zero levels of emissions.
	In 2007 the entire [[information and communication technologies]] or ICT sector was estimated to be responsible for roughly 2% of global [[Greenhouse gas\|carbon emissions]] with data centers accounting for 14% of the ICT footprint.<ref name="smart1">{{cite web\|url=http://www.smart2020.org/_assets/files/03_Smart2020Report_lo_res.pdf\|title=Smart 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age\|publisher=The Climate Group for the Global e-Sustainability Initiative\|accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref> The US EPA estimates that servers and data centers are responsible for up to 1.5% of the total US electricity consumption,<ref name="energystar1">{{cite web\|url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf\|title=Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency\|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ENERGY STAR Program}}</ref> or roughly .5% of US GHG emissions,<ref>A calculation of data center electricity burden cited in the [http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency] and electricity generation contributions to green house gas emissions published by the EPA in the [http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads10/US-GHG-Inventory-2010_ExecutiveSummary.pdf Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Report]. Retrieved 2010-06-08.</ref> for 2007. Given a business as usual scenario greenhouse gas emissions from data centers is projected to more than double from 2007 levels by 2020.<ref name="smart1"/>

	Siting is one of the factors that affect the energy consumption and environmental effects of a datacenter. In areas where climate favors cooling and lots of renewable electricity is available the environmental effects will be more moderate. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as: Canada,<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/canada-called-prime-real-estate-for-massive-data-computers/article2071677/ Canada Called Prime Real Estate for Massive Data Computers - Globe & Mail] Retrieved June 29, 2011.</ref> Finland,<ref>[http://www.fincloud.freehostingcloud.com/ Finland - First Choice for Siting Your Cloud Computing Data Center.]. Retrieved 4 August 2010.</ref> Sweden<ref>[http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN Stockholm sets sights on data center customers.] Accessed 4 August 2010.</ref> and Switzerland,<ref>[http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2010/06/30/swiss-carbon-neutral-servers-hit-cloud Swiss Carbon-Neutral Servers Hit the Cloud.]. Retrieved 4 August 2010.</ref> are trying to attract cloud computing data centers.		Siting is one of the factors that affect the energy consumption and environmental effects of a datacenter. In areas where climate favors cooling and lots of renewable electricity is available the environmental effects will be more moderate. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as: Canada,<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/canada-called-prime-real-estate-for-massive-data-computers/article2071677/ Canada Called Prime Real Estate for Massive Data Computers - Globe & Mail] Retrieved June 29, 2011.</ref> Finland,<ref>[http://www.fincloud.freehostingcloud.com/ Finland - First Choice for Siting Your Cloud Computing Data Center.]. Retrieved 4 August 2010.</ref> Sweden<ref>[http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN Stockholm sets sights on data center customers.] Accessed 4 August 2010.</ref> and Switzerland,<ref>[http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2010/06/30/swiss-carbon-neutral-servers-hit-cloud Swiss Carbon-Neutral Servers Hit the Cloud.]. Retrieved 4 August 2010.</ref> are trying to attract cloud computing data centers.
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	The most commonly used metric to determine the energy efficiency of a data center is [[power usage effectiveness]], or PUE. This simple ratio is the total power entering the data center divided by the power used by the IT equipment.		The most commonly used metric to determine the energy efficiency of a data center is [[power usage effectiveness]], or PUE. This simple ratio is the total power entering the data center divided by the power used by the IT equipment.

	Power used by support equipment, often referred to as overhead load, mainly consists of cooling systems, power delivery, and other facility infrastructure like lighting. The average data center in the US has a PUE of 2.0,<ref name="energystar1"/> meaning that the facility uses one watt of overhead power for every watt delivered to IT equipment. State-of-the-art data center energy efficiency is estimated to be roughly 1.2.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://microsite.accenture.com/svlgreport/Documents/pdf/SVLG_Report.pdf\|title=Data Center Energy Forecast\|publisher=Silicon Valley Leadership Group}}</ref> Some large data center operators like [[Microsoft]] and [[Yahoo!]] have published projections of PUE for facilities in development; [[Google]] publishes quarterly actual efficiency performance from data centers in operation.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2009/10/15/google-efficiency-update-pue-of-1-22/\|title=Google Efficiency Update\|publisher=Data Center Knowledge\|accessdate=2010-06-08}}</ref>

	The [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] has an [[Energy Star]] rating for standalone or large data centers. To qualify for the ecolabel, a data center must be within the top quartile of energy efficiency of all reported facilities.<ref>Commentary on introduction of Energy Star for Data Centers {{cite web\|title=Introducing EPA ENERGY STAR for Data Centers\|url=http://www.emerson.com/edc/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx\|format=Web site\|publisher=Jack Pouchet\|accessdate=2010-09-27\|date=2010-09-27}}</ref>

	European Union also has a similar initiative: EU Code of Conduct for Data Centres<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/html/standby_initiative_data_centers.htm \|title=EU Code of Conduct for Data Centres \|publisher=Re.jrc.ec.europa.eu \|date= \|accessdate=2013-08-30}}</ref>

	~~===Energy use analysis===~~
	Often, the first step toward curbing energy use in a data center is to understand how energy is being used in the data center. Multiple types of analysis exist to measure data center energy use. Aspects measured include not just energy used by IT equipment itself, but also by the data center facility equipment, such as chillers and fans.<ref>Sweeney, Jim. "Reducing Data Center Power and Energy Consumption: Saving Money and 'Going Green,' " GTSI Solutions, pages 2–3. [http://www.gtsi.com/cms/documents/white-papers/green-it.pdf]</ref>

	~~===Power and cooling analysis===~~		A power and cooling analysis, also referred to as a thermal assessment, measures the relative temperatures in specific areas as well as the capacity of the cooling systems to handle specific ambient temperatures.<ref>Needle, David. “HP's Green Data Center Portfolio Keeps Growing,” InternetNews, July 25, 2007. [http://www.internetnews.com/xSP/article.php/3690651/HPs+Green+Data+Center+Portfolio+Keeps+Growing.htm]</ref> A power and cooling analysis can help to identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater power use density, the breakpoint of equipment loading, the effectiveness of a raised-floor strategy, and optimal equipment positioning (such as AC units) to balance temperatures across the data center. Power cooling density is a measure of how much square footage the center can cool at maximum capacity.<ref name=Inc_Howtochoose>{{Citation
	~~Power is the largest recurring cost to the user of a data center.<ref name=DRJ_Choosing>{{Citation~~
	~~\| title = Choosing a Data Center~~
	~~\| url = http://www.atlantic.net/images/pdf/choosing_a_data_center.pdf~~
	~~\| publisher = Disaster Recovery Journal~~
	~~\| year = 2009~~
	~~\| author = Cosmano, Joe~~
	~~\| accessdate = 2012-07-21~~
	~~}}</ref>~~ A power and cooling analysis, also referred to as a thermal assessment, measures the relative temperatures in specific areas as well as the capacity of the cooling systems to handle specific ambient temperatures.<ref>Needle, David. “HP's Green Data Center Portfolio Keeps Growing,” InternetNews, July 25, 2007. [http://www.internetnews.com/xSP/article.php/3690651/HPs+Green+Data+Center+Portfolio+Keeps+Growing.htm]</ref> A power and cooling analysis can help to identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater power use density, the breakpoint of equipment loading, the effectiveness of a raised-floor strategy, and optimal equipment positioning (such as AC units) to balance temperatures across the data center. Power cooling density is a measure of how much square footage the center can cool at maximum capacity.<ref name=Inc_Howtochoose>{{Citation
	\| title = How to Choose a Data Center		\| title = How to Choose a Data Center
	\| url = http://www.inc.com/guides/2010/11/how-to-choose-a-data-center_pagen_2.html		\| url = http://www.inc.com/guides/2010/11/how-to-choose-a-data-center_pagen_2.html
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	===Energy efficiency analysis===		===Energy efficiency analysis===
	An energy efficiency analysis measures the energy use of data center IT and facilities equipment. A typical energy efficiency analysis measures factors such as a data center’s power use effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and identifies air-management metrics.<ref>Siranosian, Kathryn. “HP Shows Companies How to Integrate Energy Management and Carbon Reduction,” TriplePundit, April 5, 2011. [http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/04/hp-launches-program-companies-integrate-manage-energy-carbon-reduction-strategies/]</ref>

	===Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis===		===Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis===

Shawndouglas: /* Design considerations */ Updated section.

2014-08-27T18:58:56Z

Design considerations: Updated section.

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Shawndouglas: Updated more content. Saving and will update more content tomorrow.

2014-08-26T22:49:54Z

Updated more content. Saving and will update more content tomorrow.

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Shawndouglas: /* History */ Added references.

2014-08-26T21:13:29Z

History: Added references.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:13, 26 August 2014
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	==History==		==History==
	Data centers have their roots in the huge computer rooms of the early ages of the computing industry. Early computer systems were complex to operate and maintain, and required a special environment in which to operate. Many cables were necessary to connect all the components, and methods to accommodate and organize these were devised, such as standard racks to mount equipment, raised floors, and cable trays (installed overhead or under the elevated floor). Also, a single mainframe required a great deal of power and had to be cooled to avoid overheating. Security was important; computers were expensive, and were often used for military purposes. ~~Basic design guidelines for controlling access~~ to ~~the computer room were therefore devised.~~		Data centers have their roots in the huge computer rooms of the early ages of the computing industry. Early computer systems were complex to operate and maintain, and required a special environment in which to operate. Many cables were necessary to connect all the components, and methods to accommodate and organize these were devised, such as standard racks to mount equipment, raised floors, and cable trays (installed overhead or under the elevated floor). Also, a single mainframe required a great deal of power and had to be cooled to avoid overheating. Security was important; computers were expensive, and were often used for military purposes.<ref name="BartelsDCE">{{cite web \|url=http://www.rackspace.com/blog/datacenter-evolution-1960-to-2000/ \|title=[INFOGRAPHIC] Data Center Evolution: 1960 to 2000 \|author=Bartels, Angela \|work=The Rackspace Blog! & Newsroom \|publisher=Rackspace, US Inc \|date=31 August 2011 \|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>

	During the boom of the microcomputer industry, especially during the 1980s, computers started to be deployed everywhere, in many cases with little or no care about operating requirements. However, as information technology (IT) operations started to grow in complexity, companies grew aware of the need to control IT resources. With the advent of Linux and the subsequent proliferation of freely available Unix-compatible PC operating systems during the 1990s, as well as MS-DOS finally giving way to a multi-tasking capable Windows operating system, personal computers started to ~~find their places~~ in ~~the old~~ computer rooms. These were called "servers" as ~~timesharing~~ operating systems like Unix rely heavily on the client-server model to facilitate sharing unique resources between multiple users. The availability of inexpensive networking equipment, coupled with new standards for network structured cabling, made it possible to use a hierarchical design that put the servers in a specific room inside the company. The use of the term "data center," as applied to specially designed computer rooms, started to gain popular recognition ~~about this time~~.		During the boom of the microcomputer industry, especially during the 1980s, computers started to be deployed everywhere, in many cases with little or no care about operating requirements. However, as information technology (IT) operations started to grow in complexity, companies grew aware of the need to control IT resources.<ref name="MurrayDC81">{{cite web \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1REkdf3I86oC&pg=PA35 \|title=Data Center Problems: You're Not Alone \|author=Murray, John P. \|work=Computerworld \|date=26 October 1981 \|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> With the advent of Linux and the subsequent proliferation of freely available Unix-compatible PC operating systems during the 1990s, as well as MS-DOS finally giving way to a multi-tasking capable Windows operating system, personal computers started to replace the older systems found in computer rooms.<ref name="BartelsDCE" /><ref name="BartonACM">{{cite web \|url=http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=945076 \|title=From Server Room to Living Room \|author=Barton, Jim \|work=Queue \|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery \|date=01 October 2003 \|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> These were called "servers," as time sharing operating systems like Unix rely heavily on the client-server model to facilitate sharing unique resources between multiple users. The availability of inexpensive networking equipment, coupled with new standards for network structured cabling, made it possible to use a hierarchical design that put the servers in a specific room inside the company. The use of the term "data center," as applied to specially designed computer rooms, started to gain popular recognition.<ref name="BlandingDCM">{{cite web \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XrEwl7VWXXMC&pg=PA75 \|chapter=Chapter 7: Reverting to Centralized Data Center Management \|title=Enterprise Operations Management Handbook \|author=Axelrod, C. Warren; Blanding, Steve (ed.) \|publisher=CRC Press \|edition=2nd \|year=1998 \|pages=75–84 \|isbn=9781420052169 \|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>

	The boom of ~~data centers came during~~ the ~~dot-com bubble. Companies needed fast Internet connectivity~~ and nonstop operation to deploy systems and establish a presence on the Internet. Installing such equipment was not viable for many smaller companies. Many companies started building very large facilities, called Internet data centers (IDCs), ~~which provide businesses with a range of solutions for systems deployment and operation. New~~ technologies and practices were designed to handle the scale and ~~the~~ operational requirements of ~~such large-scale operations~~. These practices eventually migrated toward private data centers and were adopted largely because of their practical results.		The dot-com boom of the late '90s and early '00s brought about significant investment into what would be called Internet data centers (IDCs). As these grew in size, new technologies and practices were designed to better handle the scale and operational requirements of these facilities. These practices eventually migrated toward private data centers and were adopted largely because of their practical results.<ref name="KatzTech">{{cite web \|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/buildings/tech-titans-building-boom \|title=Tech Titans Building Boom \|author=Katz, Randy H \|work=IEEE Spectrum \|publisher=IEEE \|date=01 February 2009 \|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="BartelsDCE" /> As [[cloud computing]] became more prominent in the 2000s, business and government organizations scrutinized data centers to a higher degree in areas such as security, availability, environmental impact, and adherence to standards.<ref name="KatzTech" />

	~~With an increase in the uptake of~~ [[cloud computing]], business and government organizations ~~have been scrutinizing~~ data centers to a higher degree in areas such as security, availability, environmental impact, and adherence to standards.

	==Standards and design guidelines==		==Standards and design guidelines==