Chemical industry - Revision history

Shawndouglas: /* References */ Cat

2022-09-17T16:44:56Z

References: Cat

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	<!---Place all category tags here-->		<!---Place all category tags here-->
	[[Category: ~~Industries~~]]		[[Category: Chemical industry]]

Shawndouglas: Updated intro.

2015-05-04T18:19:32Z

Updated intro.

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	=Chemical Industry=		=Chemical Industry=

	The chemical industry is comprised of numerous sectors. ~~One [~~http://www.chemindustry.com/category/11.html ~~site]~~, ~~which serves as~~ a ~~search engine for~~ the ~~industry, breaks the industry up into no less than 47 different categories. Following are some~~ major sectors within the industry:		The chemical industry is comprised of numerous sectors. A major search engine for the industry, for example, breaks the industry up into no fewer than 47 different categories.<ref name="ChemInd">{{cite web \|url=http://www.chemindustry.com/category/11.html \|title=Directory of categories \|publisher=ChemIndustry.com, Inc \|date=2015 \|accessdate=04 May 2015}}</ref> What follows are a few of the major sectors within the industry.

	==Glass manufacturing==		==Glass manufacturing==

Shawndouglas: /* References */ Added cat

2014-08-04T19:59:00Z

References: Added cat

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

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			[[Category: Industries]]

Jleecbd: /* Inorganic chemicals (sulfur, halogens, photographic chemicals, electronics chemicals) */

2012-04-19T05:20:51Z

Inorganic chemicals (sulfur, halogens, photographic chemicals, electronics chemicals)

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:20, 19 April 2012
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	Inorganic chemicals are manufactured from salts, metal compounds, minerals as well as from the atmosphere (inorganic manufacturing encompasses production of industrial gases). These chemicals are, in turn, used in a variety of end products.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.careercornerstone.org/industries/chemmanu.htm\|title=Sloane Career Cornerstone Center: Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math and Medicine\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> Many inorganic chemical products are catalysts that are used in other manufacturing processes, and thus will never be seen in a finished product.		Inorganic chemicals are manufactured from salts, metal compounds, minerals as well as from the atmosphere (inorganic manufacturing encompasses production of industrial gases). These chemicals are, in turn, used in a variety of end products.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.careercornerstone.org/industries/chemmanu.htm\|title=Sloane Career Cornerstone Center: Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math and Medicine\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> Many inorganic chemical products are catalysts that are used in other manufacturing processes, and thus will never be seen in a finished product.

	Inorganic chemicals can be used in some of the most sensitive manufacturing applications, for instance the production of silicon wafers and other electronic components. In these applications, extremely high purity is the main focus. Purity of the raw material, low particulate air, and tightly controlled manufacturing processes are fundamental. Integrated circuits require extremely pure silicon to produce (>99.9999% pure), and are produced in facilities that are able to maintain a class 1 or better air rating (1 .5 micron particle per cubic meter of air).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/silicon-disks/index\|title=Science around us: Perfect silicon disks\|publisher=BASF\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> This air rating is 10 times higher than the most stringent environmental requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturing.~~[[File:Silicon single crystal.jpg\|thumb\|Silicon single crystal]]~~		Inorganic chemicals can be used in some of the most sensitive manufacturing applications, for instance the production of silicon wafers and other electronic components. In these applications, extremely high purity is the main focus. Purity of the raw material, low particulate air, and tightly controlled manufacturing processes are fundamental. [[File:Silicon single crystal.jpg\|thumb\|Silicon single crystal]] Integrated circuits require extremely pure silicon to produce (>99.9999% pure), and are produced in facilities that are able to maintain a class 1 or better air rating (1 .5 micron particle per cubic meter of air).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/silicon-disks/index\|title=Science around us: Perfect silicon disks\|publisher=BASF\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> This air rating is 10 times higher than the most stringent environmental requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturing.

	Industrial gases are produced using one of two types of processes - cryogenic and non-cryogenic<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.uigi.com/compair.html\|title=Air Separation Process Technology and Supply System Optimization Overview\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>. As the name implies, cryogenic processes involve very low temperatures, in this case using a distillation process. Similar to the more familiar high temperature distillations involving organic chemicals (such as petrochemicals or alcohol), these separations are based on differences in boiling point between different gases. Non-cryogenic processes involve other differentiators, such as molecular weight. Cryogenic processes are used when high purity gases are required or when throughput is of concern.		Industrial gases are produced using one of two types of processes - cryogenic and non-cryogenic<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.uigi.com/compair.html\|title=Air Separation Process Technology and Supply System Optimization Overview\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>. As the name implies, cryogenic processes involve very low temperatures, in this case using a distillation process. Similar to the more familiar high temperature distillations involving organic chemicals (such as petrochemicals or alcohol), these separations are based on differences in boiling point between different gases. Non-cryogenic processes involve other differentiators, such as molecular weight. Cryogenic processes are used when high purity gases are required or when throughput is of concern.

Jleecbd: /* Inorganic chemicals (sulfur, halogens, photographic chemicals, electronics chemicals) */

2012-04-19T05:19:50Z

Inorganic chemicals (sulfur, halogens, photographic chemicals, electronics chemicals)

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:19, 19 April 2012
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	Inorganic chemicals are manufactured from salts, metal compounds, minerals as well as from the atmosphere (inorganic manufacturing encompasses production of industrial gases). These chemicals are, in turn, used in a variety of end products.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.careercornerstone.org/industries/chemmanu.htm\|title=Sloane Career Cornerstone Center: Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math and Medicine\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> Many inorganic chemical products are catalysts that are used in other manufacturing processes, and thus will never be seen in a finished product.		Inorganic chemicals are manufactured from salts, metal compounds, minerals as well as from the atmosphere (inorganic manufacturing encompasses production of industrial gases). These chemicals are, in turn, used in a variety of end products.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.careercornerstone.org/industries/chemmanu.htm\|title=Sloane Career Cornerstone Center: Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math and Medicine\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> Many inorganic chemical products are catalysts that are used in other manufacturing processes, and thus will never be seen in a finished product.

	Inorganic chemicals can be used in some of the most sensitive manufacturing applications, for instance the production of silicon wafers and other electronic components. In these applications, extremely high purity is the main focus. Purity of the raw material, low particulate air, and tightly controlled manufacturing processes are fundamental. Integrated circuits require extremely pure silicon to produce (>99.9999% pure), and are produced in facilities that are able to maintain a class 1 or better air rating (1 .5 micron particle per cubic meter of air).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/silicon-disks/index\|title=Science around us: Perfect silicon disks\|publisher=BASF\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> This air rating is 10 times higher than the most stringent environmental requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturing.		Inorganic chemicals can be used in some of the most sensitive manufacturing applications, for instance the production of silicon wafers and other electronic components. In these applications, extremely high purity is the main focus. Purity of the raw material, low particulate air, and tightly controlled manufacturing processes are fundamental. Integrated circuits require extremely pure silicon to produce (>99.9999% pure), and are produced in facilities that are able to maintain a class 1 or better air rating (1 .5 micron particle per cubic meter of air).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/silicon-disks/index\|title=Science around us: Perfect silicon disks\|publisher=BASF\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> This air rating is 10 times higher than the most stringent environmental requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturing.[[File:Silicon single crystal.jpg\|thumb\|Silicon single crystal]]

	Industrial gases are produced using one of two types of processes - cryogenic and non-cryogenic<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.uigi.com/compair.html\|title=Air Separation Process Technology and Supply System Optimization Overview\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>. As the name implies, cryogenic processes involve very low temperatures, in this case using a distillation process. Similar to the more familiar high temperature distillations involving organic chemicals (such as petrochemicals or alcohol), these separations are based on differences in boiling point between different gases. Non-cryogenic processes involve other differentiators, such as molecular weight. Cryogenic processes are used when high purity gases are required or when throughput is of concern.		Industrial gases are produced using one of two types of processes - cryogenic and non-cryogenic<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.uigi.com/compair.html\|title=Air Separation Process Technology and Supply System Optimization Overview\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>. As the name implies, cryogenic processes involve very low temperatures, in this case using a distillation process. Similar to the more familiar high temperature distillations involving organic chemicals (such as petrochemicals or alcohol), these separations are based on differences in boiling point between different gases. Non-cryogenic processes involve other differentiators, such as molecular weight. Cryogenic processes are used when high purity gases are required or when throughput is of concern.

Jleecbd: /* Fragrances */

2012-04-19T03:55:27Z

Fragrances

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	==Fragrances==		==Fragrances==

	Most fragrances are “essential oils”, either derived from plant and natural sources, or synthetically produced. Increasingly, due to environmental concerns, as well as expense, fragrances are being synthetically produced. Once the fragrances are manufactured, the perfumer then creates a blend of numerous different fragrances to produce a desired scent (some will have between 50 and 100 ingredients). Once this scent is created, for mass produced perfume, the recipe will be reproduced.		Most fragrances are “essential oils”, either derived from plant and natural sources, or synthetically produced. Increasingly, due to environmental concerns, as well as expense, fragrances are being synthetically produced. Once the fragrances are manufactured, the perfumer then creates a blend of numerous different fragrances to produce a desired scent (some will have between 50 and 100 ingredients). Once this scent is created, for mass produced perfume, the recipe will be reproduced.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://perfumedomain.com/perfume%20creation.html\|title=Perfume creation\|date=2007\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>

	Given the significant number of compounds in a given perfume, analysis of the finished product can be relatively difficult, often involving 2D gas chromatography using heart cuts from the orthogonal separation. Mass spectroscopy is also used in conjuction with the chromatographic separation to further assist in analyzing the relative quantities of the various ingredients in the finished product.		Given the significant number of compounds in a given perfume, analysis of the finished product can be relatively difficult, often involving 2D gas chromatography using heart cuts from the orthogonal separation. Mass spectroscopy is also used in conjuction with the chromatographic separation to further assist in analyzing the relative quantities of the various ingredients in the finished product.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.chem.agilent.com/Library/applications/5990-3576EN.pdf\|title=Analysis of Suspected Flavor and Fragrance Allergens in Perfumes Using Two-Dimensional GC with Independent Column Temperature Control Using an LTM Oven Module\|author=David, Frank\|publisher=Agilent\|date= 12 February 2009\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>

	~~Perfume manufacturing facilities often need to be located near the natural sources~~ of ~~the fragrances being utilized~~ in ~~the perfume~~, ~~as the fragrances need to be treated shortly after harvesting in order to preserve their scent.~~

	==Contract analytical chemistry==		==Contract analytical chemistry==

Jleecbd: /* Dyes and pigments */

2012-04-19T03:43:36Z

Dyes and pigments

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:43, 19 April 2012
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	Dyes and pigments represent two different classes of coloring compounds. Pigments are generally insoluble in water as well as other solvents. They are generally suspended in some other media and that is applied to a surface. Dyes are soluble in either aqueous or organic solvents, and are frequently differentiated based on which solvent class they are soluble in.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/2192/Dyes-Pigments.html\|title=Dyes and Pigments - Organic and Inorganic Colorants, Synthetic Colorants, Pigments, Dyes, Utilization - Coloring, Soluble, Chemical, and Name\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>		Dyes and pigments represent two different classes of coloring compounds. Pigments are generally insoluble in water as well as other solvents. They are generally suspended in some other media and that is applied to a surface. Dyes are soluble in either aqueous or organic solvents, and are frequently differentiated based on which solvent class they are soluble in.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/2192/Dyes-Pigments.html\|title=Dyes and Pigments - Organic and Inorganic Colorants, Synthetic Colorants, Pigments, Dyes, Utilization - Coloring, Soluble, Chemical, and Name\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>

	Pigments can be either organic or inorganic. An example of an inorganic pigment is ultramarine, which used to be derived from mined lapis lazuli, but is now manufactured synthetically (aluminum silicate with sulfur impurities). Organic pigments, on the other hand are entirely synthetic, such as dinitroaniline orange (C17H13N3O3).		Pigments can be either organic or inorganic. An example of an inorganic pigment is ultramarine, which used to be derived from mined lapis lazuli, but is now manufactured synthetically (aluminum silicate with sulfur impurities). Organic pigments, on the other hand are entirely synthetic, such as dinitroaniline orange (C17H13N3O3).

	Dyes, on the other hand are almost entirely oganic in nature. Dyes are also almost entirely synthetic, with very limited production of naturally occurring dyes. This is due to both expense as well as the wider range of hues that were achievable with synthetic processes. ~~For instance, a formerly popular dye,~~ The development of synthetic organic dyes in England in the 19th century ultimately became the foundation for essentially the entire organic chemistry industry within the Unites States, from pharmaceuticals to plastics.		Dyes, on the other hand are almost entirely oganic in nature. Dyes are also almost entirely synthetic, with very limited production of naturally occurring dyes. This is due to both expense as well as the wider range of hues that were achievable with synthetic processes.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye\|title=Dye - Wikipedia\|author=Wikipedia Contributors\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> The development of synthetic organic dyes in England in the 19th century ultimately became the foundation for essentially the entire organic chemistry industry within the Unites States, from pharmaceuticals to plastics.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.colorantshistory.org/\|title=Colorants Industry History\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>

	==Fragrances==		==Fragrances==

Jleecbd: /* Dyes and pigments */

2012-04-19T03:18:59Z

Dyes and pigments

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:18, 19 April 2012
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	==Dyes and pigments==		==Dyes and pigments==

	Dyes and pigments represent two different classes of coloring compounds. Pigments are generally insoluble in water as well as other solvents. They are generally suspended in some other media and that is applied to a surface. Dyes are soluble in either aqueous or organic solvents, and are frequently differentiated based on which solvent class they are soluble in.		Dyes and pigments represent two different classes of coloring compounds. Pigments are generally insoluble in water as well as other solvents. They are generally suspended in some other media and that is applied to a surface. Dyes are soluble in either aqueous or organic solvents, and are frequently differentiated based on which solvent class they are soluble in.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/2192/Dyes-Pigments.html\|title=Dyes and Pigments - Organic and Inorganic Colorants, Synthetic Colorants, Pigments, Dyes, Utilization - Coloring, Soluble, Chemical, and Name\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>

	Pigments can be either organic or inorganic. An example of an inorganic pigment is ultramarine, which used to be derived from mined lapis lazuli, but is now manufactured synthetically (aluminum silicate with sulfur impurities). Organic pigments, on the other hand are entirely synthetic, such as dinitroaniline orange (C17H13N3O3).		Pigments can be either organic or inorganic. An example of an inorganic pigment is ultramarine, which used to be derived from mined lapis lazuli, but is now manufactured synthetically (aluminum silicate with sulfur impurities). Organic pigments, on the other hand are entirely synthetic, such as dinitroaniline orange (C17H13N3O3).

Jleecbd: /* Ceramics */

2012-04-19T03:15:22Z

Ceramics

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:15, 19 April 2012
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	Ceramics have numerous uses, both industrial and otherwise, many somewhat surprising (for instance, bullet resistant materials<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/body-armor.htm\|title=How Body Armor Works\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>, as well as high quality cooking knives<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.myceramicknives.com/ceramic-vs-metal/\|title=Ceramic Knives vs Metal Knives - Pros and Cons\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>). Ceramics can be made from a number of materials, but most frequently are made from aluminum or zirconium oxides<ref name=ceramic_methods>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ceramics.net/methods/\|title = Ceramic parts and components - Manufacturing Methods\|publisher=Superior Technical Ceramics, Inc.\|date=2001\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>. These materials are formed into desired shapes via a number of techniques, such as isostatic pressing, extrusion, injection molding, and mechanical pressing. Following the forming process, parts are machined to get as close as possible to the desired end product before firing, as machining after firing is more complex and generally involves diamond tools<ref name=ceramic_methods/>. Finally, the material is fired, and finished - which frequently involves glazing with a glass material. In certain cases, such as in the production of ceramic knives, final sharpening has to wait until after the firing process, and thus requires diamond dust coated grinding wheels to create the necessary edge<ref>{{cite video\|title=Making Super Sharp Ceramic Knives - YouTube\|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFnT5INymiY\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>.		Ceramics have numerous uses, both industrial and otherwise, many somewhat surprising (for instance, bullet resistant materials<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/body-armor.htm\|title=How Body Armor Works\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>, as well as high quality cooking knives<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.myceramicknives.com/ceramic-vs-metal/\|title=Ceramic Knives vs Metal Knives - Pros and Cons\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>). Ceramics can be made from a number of materials, but most frequently are made from aluminum or zirconium oxides<ref name=ceramic_methods>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ceramics.net/methods/\|title = Ceramic parts and components - Manufacturing Methods\|publisher=Superior Technical Ceramics, Inc.\|date=2001\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>. These materials are formed into desired shapes via a number of techniques, such as isostatic pressing, extrusion, injection molding, and mechanical pressing. Following the forming process, parts are machined to get as close as possible to the desired end product before firing, as machining after firing is more complex and generally involves diamond tools<ref name=ceramic_methods/>. Finally, the material is fired, and finished - which frequently involves glazing with a glass material. In certain cases, such as in the production of ceramic knives, final sharpening has to wait until after the firing process, and thus requires diamond dust coated grinding wheels to create the necessary edge<ref>{{cite video\|title=Making Super Sharp Ceramic Knives - YouTube\|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFnT5INymiY\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>.

	The raw materials for producing ceramics, such as aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide, are produced largely from mining activities with some level of chemical purification. In the case of aluminum oxide, a common process is known as the Bayer process, which involves taking bauxite (basically an aluminum oxide ore) and converting the available aluminum oxide to an aluminum hydroxide to facilitate separation, and then converting it back to aluminum oxide via heating.		The raw materials for producing ceramics, such as aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide, are produced largely from mining activities with some level of chemical purification. In the case of aluminum oxide, a common process is known as the Bayer process, which involves taking bauxite (basically an aluminum oxide ore) and converting the available aluminum oxide to an aluminum hydroxide to facilitate separation, and then converting it back to aluminum oxide via heating.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nanopartikel.info/cms/lang/en/Wissensbasis/Aluminiumoxide\|title=Aluminum oxides\|date=7 June 2011\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>

	==Dyes and pigments==		==Dyes and pigments==

Jleecbd: /* Ceramics */

2012-04-19T03:01:42Z

Ceramics

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:01, 19 April 2012
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	==Ceramics==		==Ceramics==

	Ceramics have numerous uses, both industrial and otherwise, many somewhat surprising (for instance, bullet resistant materials<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/body-armor.htm\|title=How Body Armor Works\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>, as well as high quality cooking knives<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.myceramicknives.com/ceramic-vs-metal/\|title=Ceramic Knives vs Metal Knives - Pros and Cons\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>). Ceramics can be made from a number of materials, but most frequently are made from aluminum or zirconium oxides. These materials are formed into desired shapes via a number of techniques, such as isostatic pressing, extrusion, injection molding, and mechanical pressing. Following the forming process, parts are machined to get as close as possible to the desired end product before firing, as machining after firing is more complex and generally involves diamond tools. Finally, the material is fired, and finished - which frequently involves glazing with a glass material. In certain cases, such as in the production of ceramic knives, final sharpening has to wait until after the firing process, and thus requires diamond dust coated grinding wheels to create the necessary edge.		Ceramics have numerous uses, both industrial and otherwise, many somewhat surprising (for instance, bullet resistant materials<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/body-armor.htm\|title=How Body Armor Works\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>, as well as high quality cooking knives<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.myceramicknives.com/ceramic-vs-metal/\|title=Ceramic Knives vs Metal Knives - Pros and Cons\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>). Ceramics can be made from a number of materials, but most frequently are made from aluminum or zirconium oxides<ref name=ceramic_methods>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ceramics.net/methods/\|title = Ceramic parts and components - Manufacturing Methods\|publisher=Superior Technical Ceramics, Inc.\|date=2001\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>. These materials are formed into desired shapes via a number of techniques, such as isostatic pressing, extrusion, injection molding, and mechanical pressing. Following the forming process, parts are machined to get as close as possible to the desired end product before firing, as machining after firing is more complex and generally involves diamond tools<ref name=ceramic_methods/>. Finally, the material is fired, and finished - which frequently involves glazing with a glass material. In certain cases, such as in the production of ceramic knives, final sharpening has to wait until after the firing process, and thus requires diamond dust coated grinding wheels to create the necessary edge<ref>{{cite video\|title=Making Super Sharp Ceramic Knives - YouTube\|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFnT5INymiY\|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>.

	The raw materials for producing ceramics, such as aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide, are produced largely from mining activities with some level of chemical purification. In the case of aluminum oxide, a common process is known as the Bayer process, which involves taking bauxite (basically an aluminum oxide ore) and converting the available aluminum oxide to an aluminum hydroxide to facilitate separation, and then converting it back to aluminum oxide via heating.		The raw materials for producing ceramics, such as aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide, are produced largely from mining activities with some level of chemical purification. In the case of aluminum oxide, a common process is known as the Bayer process, which involves taking bauxite (basically an aluminum oxide ore) and converting the available aluminum oxide to an aluminum hydroxide to facilitate separation, and then converting it back to aluminum oxide via heating.

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:20, 19 April 2012
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	Inorganic chemicals are manufactured from salts, metal compounds, minerals as well as from the atmosphere (inorganic manufacturing encompasses production of industrial gases). These chemicals are, in turn, used in a variety of end products.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.careercornerstone.org/industries/chemmanu.htm\|title=Sloane Career Cornerstone Center: Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math and Medicine\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> Many inorganic chemical products are catalysts that are used in other manufacturing processes, and thus will never be seen in a finished product.		Inorganic chemicals are manufactured from salts, metal compounds, minerals as well as from the atmosphere (inorganic manufacturing encompasses production of industrial gases). These chemicals are, in turn, used in a variety of end products.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.careercornerstone.org/industries/chemmanu.htm\|title=Sloane Career Cornerstone Center: Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math and Medicine\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> Many inorganic chemical products are catalysts that are used in other manufacturing processes, and thus will never be seen in a finished product.

	Inorganic chemicals can be used in some of the most sensitive manufacturing applications, for instance the production of silicon wafers and other electronic components. In these applications, extremely high purity is the main focus. Purity of the raw material, low particulate air, and tightly controlled manufacturing processes are fundamental. Integrated circuits require extremely pure silicon to produce (>99.9999% pure), and are produced in facilities that are able to maintain a class 1 or better air rating (1 .5 micron particle per cubic meter of air).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/silicon-disks/index\|title=Science around us: Perfect silicon disks\|publisher=BASF\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> This air rating is 10 times higher than the most stringent environmental requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturing.~~[[File:Silicon single crystal.jpg\|thumb\|Silicon single crystal]]~~		Inorganic chemicals can be used in some of the most sensitive manufacturing applications, for instance the production of silicon wafers and other electronic components. In these applications, extremely high purity is the main focus. Purity of the raw material, low particulate air, and tightly controlled manufacturing processes are fundamental. [[File:Silicon single crystal.jpg\|thumb\|Silicon single crystal]] Integrated circuits require extremely pure silicon to produce (>99.9999% pure), and are produced in facilities that are able to maintain a class 1 or better air rating (1 .5 micron particle per cubic meter of air).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/silicon-disks/index\|title=Science around us: Perfect silicon disks\|publisher=BASF\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> This air rating is 10 times higher than the most stringent environmental requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturing.

	Industrial gases are produced using one of two types of processes - cryogenic and non-cryogenic<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.uigi.com/compair.html\|title=Air Separation Process Technology and Supply System Optimization Overview\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>. As the name implies, cryogenic processes involve very low temperatures, in this case using a distillation process. Similar to the more familiar high temperature distillations involving organic chemicals (such as petrochemicals or alcohol), these separations are based on differences in boiling point between different gases. Non-cryogenic processes involve other differentiators, such as molecular weight. Cryogenic processes are used when high purity gases are required or when throughput is of concern.		Industrial gases are produced using one of two types of processes - cryogenic and non-cryogenic<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.uigi.com/compair.html\|title=Air Separation Process Technology and Supply System Optimization Overview\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>. As the name implies, cryogenic processes involve very low temperatures, in this case using a distillation process. Similar to the more familiar high temperature distillations involving organic chemicals (such as petrochemicals or alcohol), these separations are based on differences in boiling point between different gases. Non-cryogenic processes involve other differentiators, such as molecular weight. Cryogenic processes are used when high purity gases are required or when throughput is of concern.

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:19, 19 April 2012
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	Inorganic chemicals are manufactured from salts, metal compounds, minerals as well as from the atmosphere (inorganic manufacturing encompasses production of industrial gases). These chemicals are, in turn, used in a variety of end products.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.careercornerstone.org/industries/chemmanu.htm\|title=Sloane Career Cornerstone Center: Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math and Medicine\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> Many inorganic chemical products are catalysts that are used in other manufacturing processes, and thus will never be seen in a finished product.		Inorganic chemicals are manufactured from salts, metal compounds, minerals as well as from the atmosphere (inorganic manufacturing encompasses production of industrial gases). These chemicals are, in turn, used in a variety of end products.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.careercornerstone.org/industries/chemmanu.htm\|title=Sloane Career Cornerstone Center: Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math and Medicine\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> Many inorganic chemical products are catalysts that are used in other manufacturing processes, and thus will never be seen in a finished product.

	Inorganic chemicals can be used in some of the most sensitive manufacturing applications, for instance the production of silicon wafers and other electronic components. In these applications, extremely high purity is the main focus. Purity of the raw material, low particulate air, and tightly controlled manufacturing processes are fundamental. Integrated circuits require extremely pure silicon to produce (>99.9999% pure), and are produced in facilities that are able to maintain a class 1 or better air rating (1 .5 micron particle per cubic meter of air).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/silicon-disks/index\|title=Science around us: Perfect silicon disks\|publisher=BASF\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> This air rating is 10 times higher than the most stringent environmental requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturing.		Inorganic chemicals can be used in some of the most sensitive manufacturing applications, for instance the production of silicon wafers and other electronic components. In these applications, extremely high purity is the main focus. Purity of the raw material, low particulate air, and tightly controlled manufacturing processes are fundamental. Integrated circuits require extremely pure silicon to produce (>99.9999% pure), and are produced in facilities that are able to maintain a class 1 or better air rating (1 .5 micron particle per cubic meter of air).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/silicon-disks/index\|title=Science around us: Perfect silicon disks\|publisher=BASF\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> This air rating is 10 times higher than the most stringent environmental requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturing.[[File:Silicon single crystal.jpg\|thumb\|Silicon single crystal]]

	Industrial gases are produced using one of two types of processes - cryogenic and non-cryogenic<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.uigi.com/compair.html\|title=Air Separation Process Technology and Supply System Optimization Overview\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>. As the name implies, cryogenic processes involve very low temperatures, in this case using a distillation process. Similar to the more familiar high temperature distillations involving organic chemicals (such as petrochemicals or alcohol), these separations are based on differences in boiling point between different gases. Non-cryogenic processes involve other differentiators, such as molecular weight. Cryogenic processes are used when high purity gases are required or when throughput is of concern.		Industrial gases are produced using one of two types of processes - cryogenic and non-cryogenic<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.uigi.com/compair.html\|title=Air Separation Process Technology and Supply System Optimization Overview\|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref>. As the name implies, cryogenic processes involve very low temperatures, in this case using a distillation process. Similar to the more familiar high temperature distillations involving organic chemicals (such as petrochemicals or alcohol), these separations are based on differences in boiling point between different gases. Non-cryogenic processes involve other differentiators, such as molecular weight. Cryogenic processes are used when high purity gases are required or when throughput is of concern.