Anatomical pathology - Revision history

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2021-12-04T22:46:24Z

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	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

			<!---Place all category tags here-->
			[[Category:Branches of science]]

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			[[File:Lymph_node_with_metastatic_melanoma_-_by_Gabriel_Caponetti,_MD.jpg\|thumb\|380px\|right\|Using the knowledge of anatomical pathology, medical scientists were able to discover how this lymph node was almost completely replaced by metastatic melanoma.]]
	'''Anatomical pathology''' (or '''Anatomic pathology''') is a medical specialty that is concerned with the gross, microscopic, chemical, immunologic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (as in autopsy) to determine the presence of disease.<ref name="ForensicMedBook">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x5FftcZOv1UC&pg=PA3 \|title=Forensic Medicine \|author=Adelman, Howard C. \|pages=3–4 \|publisher=Infobase Publishing \|year=2009 \|isbn=1438103816 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref> Italian scientist Giovanni Battista Morgagni is widely considered the founding father of anatomic pathology.<ref name="FoundersGBM">{{cite journal \|author=Adams, Edward W. \|title=Founders of Modern Medicine: Giovanni Battista Morgagni (A.D. 1682-1771) \|journal=Medical Library and Historical Journal \|volume=1 \|issue=4 \|pages=270–7 \|year=1903 \|month=October \|pmid=18340813 \|pmc=1698114 \|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698114/ \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref>		'''Anatomical pathology''' (or '''Anatomic pathology''') is a medical specialty that is concerned with the gross, microscopic, chemical, immunologic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (as in autopsy) to determine the presence of disease.<ref name="ForensicMedBook">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x5FftcZOv1UC&pg=PA3 \|title=Forensic Medicine \|author=Adelman, Howard C. \|pages=3–4 \|publisher=Infobase Publishing \|year=2009 \|isbn=1438103816 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref> Italian scientist Giovanni Battista Morgagni is widely considered the founding father of anatomic pathology.<ref name="FoundersGBM">{{cite journal \|author=Adams, Edward W. \|title=Founders of Modern Medicine: Giovanni Battista Morgagni (A.D. 1682-1771) \|journal=Medical Library and Historical Journal \|volume=1 \|issue=4 \|pages=270–7 \|year=1903 \|month=October \|pmid=18340813 \|pmc=1698114 \|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698114/ \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref>

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2014-04-24T19:02:09Z

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	* [[Pathology]]		* [[Pathology]]
	* [[Clinical pathology]]		* [[Clinical pathology]]

			==Notes==

			Some elements of this article are reused from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomic_pathology the Wikipedia article].

	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

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2014-04-18T20:14:09Z

Skills and procedures: Internal links

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	* Gross examination - the examination of diseased tissues with the naked eye. This is important especially for large tissue fragments, because the disease can often be visually identified. It is also at this step that the pathologist selects areas that will be processed for histopathology. The eye can sometimes be aided with a magnifying glass or a stereo microscope, especially when examining parasitic organisms.		* Gross examination - the examination of diseased tissues with the naked eye. This is important especially for large tissue fragments, because the disease can often be visually identified. It is also at this step that the pathologist selects areas that will be processed for histopathology. The eye can sometimes be aided with a magnifying glass or a stereo microscope, especially when examining parasitic organisms.

	* Histopathology - the microscopic examination of stained tissue sections using histological techniques. The standard stains are haematoxylin and eosin, but many others exist. The use of haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides to provide specific diagnoses based on morphology is considered to be the core skill of anatomic pathology. The science of staining tissues sections is called histochemistry.		* [[Histopathology]] - the microscopic examination of stained tissue sections using histological techniques. The standard stains are haematoxylin and eosin, but many others exist. The use of haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides to provide specific diagnoses based on morphology is considered to be the core skill of anatomic pathology. The science of staining tissues sections is called histochemistry.

	* Immunohistochemistry - the use of antibodies to detect the presence, abundance, and localization of specific proteins. This technique is critical to distinguishing between disorders with similar morphology, as well as characterizing the molecular properties of certain cancers.		* Immunohistochemistry - the use of antibodies to detect the presence, abundance, and localization of specific proteins. This technique is critical to distinguishing between disorders with similar morphology, as well as characterizing the molecular properties of certain cancers.
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	* In situ hybridization - Specific DNA and RNA molecules can be identified on sections using this technique. When the probe is labeled with fluorescent dye, the technique is called fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).		* In situ hybridization - Specific DNA and RNA molecules can be identified on sections using this technique. When the probe is labeled with fluorescent dye, the technique is called fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).

	* Cytopathology - the examination of loose cells spread and stained on glass slides using cytology techniques.		* [[Cytopathology]] - the examination of loose cells spread and stained on glass slides using cytology techniques.

	* Electron microscopy - the examination of tissue with an electron microscope, which allows much greater magnification, enabling the visualization of organelles within the cells. Its use has been largely supplanted by immunohistochemistry, but it is still in common use for certain tasks, including the diagnosis of kidney disease and the identification of immotile cilia syndrome among many others.		* Electron microscopy - the examination of tissue with an electron microscope, which allows much greater magnification, enabling the visualization of organelles within the cells. Its use has been largely supplanted by immunohistochemistry, but it is still in common use for certain tasks, including the diagnosis of kidney disease and the identification of immotile cilia syndrome among many others.

Shawndouglas: /* Differences between anatomic pathology and clinical pathology */ Internal link.

2013-09-13T22:10:23Z

Differences between anatomic pathology and clinical pathology: Internal link.

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	* Specific dictionary-driven tests are found in clinical pathology environments but not so much in anatomic pathology environments.		* Specific dictionary-driven tests are found in clinical pathology environments but not so much in anatomic pathology environments.
	* Ordered anatomic pathology tests typically require more information than clinical pathology tests.		* Ordered anatomic pathology tests typically require more [[information]] than clinical pathology tests.
	* A single anatomic pathology order may be comprised of several tissues from several organs; clinical pathology orders usually do not.		* A single anatomic pathology order may be comprised of several tissues from several organs; clinical pathology orders usually do not.
	* Anatomic pathology specimen collection may be a very procedural, multi-step processes, while clinical pathology specimen collection is routinely more simple.		* Anatomic pathology specimen collection may be a very procedural, multi-step processes, while clinical pathology specimen collection is routinely more simple.

Shawndouglas: Updated references.

2013-06-03T22:35:40Z

Updated references.

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	Clinical pathology is the division that processes the test requests more familiar to the general public; such as blood cell counts, coagulation studies, urinalysis, blood glucose level determinations, and throat cultures. It typically encompasses chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, urinalysis, and blood bank.<ref name="ForensicMedBook" />		Clinical pathology is the division that processes the test requests more familiar to the general public; such as blood cell counts, coagulation studies, urinalysis, blood glucose level determinations, and throat cultures. It typically encompasses chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, urinalysis, and blood bank.<ref name="ForensicMedBook" />

	The differences between the two may appear to be small, but the differentiation in laboratory workflow of these two medical specialties has led to the creation of different functionalities in the [[laboratory information system]]s (LISs) and anatomic pathology computer systems often utilized while practicing these specialties. Specimen collection, receipt, and tracking; work distribution; and report generation may vary — sometimes significantly — between the two types of labs, requiring targeted functionality in the utilized software.<ref name="CPAPLISDiffs">{{cite web \|url=http://www.pathinformatics.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/2012Powerpoints/01HenricksTues.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=LIS Basics: CP and AP LIS Design and Operations \|work=Pathology Informatics 2012 \|author=Henricks, Walter H. \|publisher=Walter H. Henricks, MD \|date=09 October 2012 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="EvolvingLIS">{{cite web \|url=http://www.mlo-online.com/articles/201108/the-evolving-lis-needs-to-be-everything-for-todays-laboratories.php \|title=The evolving LIS needs to be "everything" for today's laboratories \|author=Clifford, Lisa-Jean \|publisher=Medical Laboratory Observer \|date=August 2011 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref> Other differences include<ref name="APLISReview" />:		The differences between the two may appear to be small, but the differentiation in laboratory workflow of these two medical specialties has led to the creation of different functionalities in the [[laboratory information system]]s (LISs) and anatomic pathology computer systems often utilized while practicing these specialties. Specimen collection, receipt, and tracking; work distribution; and report generation may vary — sometimes significantly — between the two types of labs, requiring targeted functionality in the utilized software.<ref name="CPAPLISDiffs">{{cite web \|url=http://www.pathinformatics.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/2012Powerpoints/01HenricksTues.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=LIS Basics: CP and AP LIS Design and Operations \|work=Pathology Informatics 2012 \|author=Henricks, Walter H. \|publisher=Walter H. Henricks, MD \|date=09 October 2012 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="EvolvingLIS">{{cite web \|url=http://www.mlo-online.com/articles/201108/the-evolving-lis-needs-to-be-everything-for-todays-laboratories.php \|title=The evolving LIS needs to be "everything" for today's laboratories \|author=Clifford, Lisa-Jean \|publisher=Medical Laboratory Observer \|date=August 2011 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref> Other differences include<ref name="APLISReview">{{cite journal \|url=http://ebookbrowse.com/anatomic-pathology-laboratory-information-systems-a-review-slpark-et-all-adv-anat-pathol-2012-pdf-d344405134 \|journal=Advances in Anatomic Pathology \|year=March 2012 \|volume=19 \|issue=2 \|page=81–96 \|title=Anatomic Pathology Laboratory Information Systems: A Review \|author=Park, Seung Lyung; Pantanowitz, Liron; Sharma, Guarav; Parwani, Anil Vasdev \|doi=10.1097/PAP.0b013e318248b787 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref>:

	* Specific dictionary-driven tests are found in clinical pathology environments but not so much in anatomic pathology environments.		* Specific dictionary-driven tests are found in clinical pathology environments but not so much in anatomic pathology environments.
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	==Skills and procedures==		==Skills and procedures==

	The procedures used in anatomic pathology include:		The procedures used in anatomic pathology include<ref name="EssAnPath">{{cite book \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HrpNPa37AhcC \|title=Essentials of Anatomic Pathology \|author=Cheng, Liang; Bostwick, David G. \|publisher=Springer \|edition=third \|year=2011 \|pages=1879 \|isbn=1441960430 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref>:

	* Gross examination - the examination of diseased tissues with the naked eye. This is important especially for large tissue fragments, because the disease can often be visually identified. It is also at this step that the pathologist selects areas that will be processed for histopathology. The eye can sometimes be aided with a magnifying glass or a stereo microscope, especially when examining parasitic organisms.		* Gross examination - the examination of diseased tissues with the naked eye. This is important especially for large tissue fragments, because the disease can often be visually identified. It is also at this step that the pathologist selects areas that will be processed for histopathology. The eye can sometimes be aided with a magnifying glass or a stereo microscope, especially when examining parasitic organisms.

Shawndouglas: Updated differences section.

2013-06-03T22:28:42Z

Updated differences section.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:28, 3 June 2013
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	==Differences between anatomic pathology and clinical pathology==		==Differences between anatomic pathology and clinical pathology==

	Anatomic pathology relates to the processing of surgical and gynecological specimens. Its ~~subsections usually~~ include surgical pathology, ~~histology~~, and ~~cytology~~.		Anatomic pathology relates to the processing of surgical and gynecological specimens. Its sub-specialties include surgical pathology (neuropathology, dermatopathology, etc.), cytopathology, and forensic pathology.<ref name="ForensicMedBook" />

	Clinical pathology is the division that processes the test requests more familiar to the general public; such as blood cell counts, coagulation studies, urinalysis, blood glucose level determinations, and throat cultures. ~~Its subsections include~~ chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, urinalysis, and blood bank.		Clinical pathology is the division that processes the test requests more familiar to the general public; such as blood cell counts, coagulation studies, urinalysis, blood glucose level determinations, and throat cultures. It typically encompasses chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, urinalysis, and blood bank.<ref name="ForensicMedBook" />

	~~Anatomical~~ pathology ~~is itself divided~~ in ~~sub~~-~~specialties~~, ~~the main ones being surgical~~ pathology, ~~cytopathology~~, ~~and forensic~~ pathology.		The differences between the two may appear to be small, but the differentiation in laboratory workflow of these two medical specialties has led to the creation of different functionalities in the [[laboratory information system]]s (LISs) and anatomic pathology computer systems often utilized while practicing these specialties. Specimen collection, receipt, and tracking; work distribution; and report generation may vary — sometimes significantly — between the two types of labs, requiring targeted functionality in the utilized software.<ref name="CPAPLISDiffs">{{cite web \|url=http://www.pathinformatics.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/2012Powerpoints/01HenricksTues.pdf \|format=PDF \|title=LIS Basics: CP and AP LIS Design and Operations \|work=Pathology Informatics 2012 \|author=Henricks, Walter H. \|publisher=Walter H. Henricks, MD \|date=09 October 2012 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="EvolvingLIS">{{cite web \|url=http://www.mlo-online.com/articles/201108/the-evolving-lis-needs-to-be-everything-for-todays-laboratories.php \|title=The evolving LIS needs to be "everything" for today's laboratories \|author=Clifford, Lisa-Jean \|publisher=Medical Laboratory Observer \|date=August 2011 \|accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref> Other differences include<ref name="APLISReview" />:

			* Specific dictionary-driven tests are found in clinical pathology environments but not so much in anatomic pathology environments.
			* Ordered anatomic pathology tests typically require more information than clinical pathology tests.
			* A single anatomic pathology order may be comprised of several tissues from several organs; clinical pathology orders usually do not.
			* Anatomic pathology specimen collection may be a very procedural, multi-step processes, while clinical pathology specimen collection is routinely more simple.

	==Skills and procedures==		==Skills and procedures==

Shawndouglas: Created stub article. Editing and adding more references.

2013-06-03T22:17:54Z

Created stub article. Editing and adding more references.

New page

'''Anatomical pathology''' (or '''Anatomic pathology''') is a medical specialty that is concerned with the gross, microscopic, chemical, immunologic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (as in autopsy) to determine the presence of disease.<ref name="ForensicMedBook">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x5FftcZOv1UC&pg=PA3 |title=Forensic Medicine |author=Adelman, Howard C. |pages=3–4 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=1438103816 |accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref> Italian scientist Giovanni Battista Morgagni is widely considered the founding father of anatomic pathology.<ref name="FoundersGBM">{{cite journal |author=Adams, Edward W. |title=Founders of Modern Medicine: Giovanni Battista Morgagni (A.D. 1682-1771) |journal=Medical Library and Historical Journal |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=270–7 |year=1903 |month=October |pmid=18340813 |pmc=1698114 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698114/ |accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref>

Anatomical pathology is one of two branches of pathology, the other being [[clinical pathology]], the diagnosis of disease through the [[laboratory]] analysis of bodily fluids.<ref name="ForensicMedBook" /> Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology.<ref name="GenPathZiegWarth">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WK-aD7wNkQIC&pg=PA1 |title=General Pathology |author=Ziegler, Ernst |editor=Warthin, Aldred Scott |publisher=William Wood and Company |pages=1–3 |year=1903 |accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref> The distinction between anatomic and clinical pathology is increasingly blurred by the introduction of technologies that require new expertise and the need to provide patients and referring physicians with integrated diagnostic reports.<ref name="FSP2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.cvent.com/events/fsp-2013-summer-anatomic-pathology-conference/agenda-dbfdefc1817a4b6dbf3c494ce107af23.aspx |work=2013 Summer Anatomic Pathology Conference |title=Evolving Changes in Health Care and Implications for Pathology and Laboratory Practice |publisher=Florida Society of Pathologists; Cvent |author=Friedberg, Richard |quote=The advent of molecular pathology and molecular imaging tools only serves to further blur the distinction between anatomic and clinical pathology... |accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="CAPUnifying">{{cite web |url=http://www.cap.org/apps/cap.portal?_nfpb=true&cntvwrPtlt_actionOverride=%2Fportlets%2FcontentViewer%2Fshow&cntvwrPtlt%7BactionForm.contentReference%7D=cap_today%2F0211%2F0211a_cp_ap.html |title=All for one—unifying CP and AP data |author=Paxton, Anne |quote=Traditionally, CP systems are based on discrete data elements while AP systems are based on blocks of text. But that distinction is starting to blur, because AP is moving to synoptic reporting, and that includes the creation of discrete data components as well as textual reporting. |publisher=College of American Pathologists |date=February 2011 |accessdate=03 June 2013}}</ref>

Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology.

==Differences between anatomic pathology and clinical pathology==

Anatomic pathology relates to the processing of surgical and gynecological specimens. Its subsections usually include surgical pathology, histology, and cytology.

Clinical pathology is the division that processes the test requests more familiar to the general public; such as blood cell counts, coagulation studies, urinalysis, blood glucose level determinations, and throat cultures. Its subsections include chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, urinalysis, and blood bank.

Anatomical pathology is itself divided in sub-specialties, the main ones being surgical pathology, cytopathology, and forensic pathology.

==Skills and procedures==

The procedures used in anatomic pathology include:

* Gross examination - the examination of diseased tissues with the naked eye. This is important especially for large tissue fragments, because the disease can often be visually identified. It is also at this step that the pathologist selects areas that will be processed for histopathology. The eye can sometimes be aided with a magnifying glass or a stereo microscope, especially when examining parasitic organisms.

* Histopathology - the microscopic examination of stained tissue sections using histological techniques. The standard stains are haematoxylin and eosin, but many others exist. The use of haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides to provide specific diagnoses based on morphology is considered to be the core skill of anatomic pathology. The science of staining tissues sections is called histochemistry.

* Immunohistochemistry - the use of antibodies to detect the presence, abundance, and localization of specific proteins. This technique is critical to distinguishing between disorders with similar morphology, as well as characterizing the molecular properties of certain cancers.

* In situ hybridization - Specific DNA and RNA molecules can be identified on sections using this technique. When the probe is labeled with fluorescent dye, the technique is called fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).

* Cytopathology - the examination of loose cells spread and stained on glass slides using cytology techniques.

* Electron microscopy - the examination of tissue with an electron microscope, which allows much greater magnification, enabling the visualization of organelles within the cells. Its use has been largely supplanted by immunohistochemistry, but it is still in common use for certain tasks, including the diagnosis of kidney disease and the identification of immotile cilia syndrome among many others.

* Tissue cytogenetics - the visualization of chromosomes to identify genetics defects such as chromosomal translocation.

* Flow immunophenotyping - the determination of the immunophenotype of cells using flow cytometry techniques. It is very useful to diagnose the different types of leukemia and lymphoma.

==See also==

* [[Pathology]]
* [[Clinical pathology]]

==References==
<references />

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:46, 4 December 2021
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	==See also==		==See also==

	* [[Pathology]]
	* [[Clinical pathology]]		* [[Clinical pathology]]
			* [[Digital pathology]]

	==Notes==		==Notes==