Agriculture industry - Revision history

Shawndouglas: Cat

2022-09-17T16:41:45Z

Cat

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	<!---Place all category tags here-->		<!---Place all category tags here-->
	[[Category: ~~Industries~~]]		[[Category: Agriculture industry]]

Shawndouglas: /* Veterinary testing */ Added internal link.

2012-10-11T19:40:55Z

Veterinary testing: Added internal link.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:40, 11 October 2012
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	Another element involves tracking on a larger scale. In particular, this means supporting two key capabilities. One is the animal tracking program within the country of origin for the animal being tested (or between countries as is the case with the EU). For instance, the European Union employs a system known as EuroVet to track animal movement. The system consists of multiple modules, including holding and herd tracking, animal registration, and animal movement<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://mervyntaylor.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Eurovet-Intel-Blueprint-04-07-031.pdf\| title=Livestock Traceability Solution \|publisher=e-blana enterprise group \|date=2003\|accessdate=8 March 2012 \|format=PDF}}</ref>. Animal movement can be key to managing disease outbreaks, as well as stopping outbreaks of food supply contamination that can be either natural or as the result of a bioterrorism event. Knowledge of where the animal has been, and what other animals it has been in contact in the recent past, can be very useful in containing the outbreak or contamination. Within the United States, the US Department of Agriculture has developed its own tracking program. Components of the program include the National Animal Identification System as well as the National Animal Health Laboratory Network, both under the auspices of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. The second capability is support of data exchange.		Another element involves tracking on a larger scale. In particular, this means supporting two key capabilities. One is the animal tracking program within the country of origin for the animal being tested (or between countries as is the case with the EU). For instance, the European Union employs a system known as EuroVet to track animal movement. The system consists of multiple modules, including holding and herd tracking, animal registration, and animal movement<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://mervyntaylor.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Eurovet-Intel-Blueprint-04-07-031.pdf\| title=Livestock Traceability Solution \|publisher=e-blana enterprise group \|date=2003\|accessdate=8 March 2012 \|format=PDF}}</ref>. Animal movement can be key to managing disease outbreaks, as well as stopping outbreaks of food supply contamination that can be either natural or as the result of a bioterrorism event. Knowledge of where the animal has been, and what other animals it has been in contact in the recent past, can be very useful in containing the outbreak or contamination. Within the United States, the US Department of Agriculture has developed its own tracking program. Components of the program include the National Animal Identification System as well as the National Animal Health Laboratory Network, both under the auspices of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. The second capability is support of data exchange.

	Within the United States, participation in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (largely federal, state, and university laboratories) also means that data systems need to support various standards regarding data and terminology. This includes the Health Level 7 (HL7) standard for data exchange and interoperability, as well as Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine--Clinical Terms (SNOMED) and Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) for nomenclature<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahln/NAHLN_IT.shtml\|title=NAHLN Information Technology System\|publisher=USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service\|date=22 November 2010\|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref>.		Within the United States, participation in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (largely federal, state, and university laboratories) also means that data systems need to support various standards regarding data and terminology. This includes the [[Health Level 7]] (HL7) standard for data exchange and interoperability, as well as Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine--Clinical Terms (SNOMED) and Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) for nomenclature<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahln/NAHLN_IT.shtml\|title=NAHLN Information Technology System\|publisher=USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service\|date=22 November 2010\|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref>.

	The veterinary clinical laboratory has to also contend with the fact that it is dealing with multiple different species. This adds an additional dimension to the test selection matrix beyond what you would find in a human clinical laboratory environment. In addition, specifications on test results would vary in many cases, across the different species.		The veterinary clinical laboratory has to also contend with the fact that it is dealing with multiple different species. This adds an additional dimension to the test selection matrix beyond what you would find in a human clinical laboratory environment. In addition, specifications on test results would vary in many cases, across the different species.

Jleecbd: /* Veterinary testing */

2012-03-10T21:22:34Z

Veterinary testing

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:22, 10 March 2012
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	Another element involves tracking on a larger scale. In particular, this means supporting two key capabilities. One is the animal tracking program within the country of origin for the animal being tested (or between countries as is the case with the EU). For instance, the European Union employs a system known as EuroVet to track animal movement. The system consists of multiple modules, including holding and herd tracking, animal registration, and animal movement<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://mervyntaylor.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Eurovet-Intel-Blueprint-04-07-031.pdf\| title=Livestock Traceability Solution \|publisher=e-blana enterprise group \|date=2003\|accessdate=8 March 2012 \|format=PDF}}</ref>. Animal movement can be key to managing disease outbreaks, as well as stopping outbreaks of food supply contamination that can be either natural or as the result of a bioterrorism event. Knowledge of where the animal has been, and what other animals it has been in contact in the recent past, can be very useful in containing the outbreak or contamination. Within the United States, the US Department of Agriculture has developed its own tracking program. Components of the program include the National Animal Identification System as well as the National Animal Health Laboratory Network, both under the auspices of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. The second capability is support of data exchange.		Another element involves tracking on a larger scale. In particular, this means supporting two key capabilities. One is the animal tracking program within the country of origin for the animal being tested (or between countries as is the case with the EU). For instance, the European Union employs a system known as EuroVet to track animal movement. The system consists of multiple modules, including holding and herd tracking, animal registration, and animal movement<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://mervyntaylor.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Eurovet-Intel-Blueprint-04-07-031.pdf\| title=Livestock Traceability Solution \|publisher=e-blana enterprise group \|date=2003\|accessdate=8 March 2012 \|format=PDF}}</ref>. Animal movement can be key to managing disease outbreaks, as well as stopping outbreaks of food supply contamination that can be either natural or as the result of a bioterrorism event. Knowledge of where the animal has been, and what other animals it has been in contact in the recent past, can be very useful in containing the outbreak or contamination. Within the United States, the US Department of Agriculture has developed its own tracking program. Components of the program include the National Animal Identification System as well as the National Animal Health Laboratory Network, both under the auspices of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. The second capability is support of data exchange.

	Within the United States, participation in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (largely federal, state, and university laboratories) also means that data systems need to support various standards regarding data and terminology. This includes the Health Level 7 (HL7) standard for data exchange and interoperability, as well as Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine--Clinical Terms (SNOMED) and Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) for nomenclature.		Within the United States, participation in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (largely federal, state, and university laboratories) also means that data systems need to support various standards regarding data and terminology. This includes the Health Level 7 (HL7) standard for data exchange and interoperability, as well as Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine--Clinical Terms (SNOMED) and Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) for nomenclature<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahln/NAHLN_IT.shtml\|title=NAHLN Information Technology System\|publisher=USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service\|date=22 November 2010\|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref>.

	The veterinary clinical laboratory has to also contend with the fact that it is dealing with multiple different species. This adds an additional dimension to the test selection matrix beyond what you would find in a human clinical laboratory environment. In addition, specifications on test results would vary in many cases, across the different species.		The veterinary clinical laboratory has to also contend with the fact that it is dealing with multiple different species. This adds an additional dimension to the test selection matrix beyond what you would find in a human clinical laboratory environment. In addition, specifications on test results would vary in many cases, across the different species.

Jleecbd: /* Organic food */

2012-03-10T21:16:21Z

Organic food

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	Food that has been produced organically is becoming increasingly popular in the United States<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/content/popularity-organic-foods-grow \|title=Popularity of organic foods grow \|author=Edwards, Victoria \|publisher=The Michigan Daily \|date=1 April 2003 \|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>. The underlying principle is to have food that is more natural, and therefore healthier to eat. In addition, is the interest in employing more sustainable farming techniques<ref name="Organic Info">{{cite web \|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/ofp/ofp.shtml \|title=Organic Production and Organic Food: Information Access Tools \|publisher=USDA National Agricultural Library \|date=June 2007 \|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>. However, defining organic has been notoriously challenging. In 1995, the USDA developed a series of working definitions around organic<ref name="Organic Info" />. The underlying principles are minimization of off-farm inputs, and the attempt at working in an ecologically balanced, sustainable manner. At the same time, the USDA is aware that elimination of all synthetic (i.e. non-natural) residues may be unavoidable, and thus the focus is on limits, rather than the complete absence of certain compounds, as well as on the overall system used to produce, process, and transport the organic product<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://oianorth.com/blog/entry/1925033/managing-environmental-contamination \|title=Managing Environmental Contamination under the USDA National Organic Program \|publisher=OIA North America \|date=20 June 2011 \|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>.		Food that has been produced organically is becoming increasingly popular in the United States<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/content/popularity-organic-foods-grow \|title=Popularity of organic foods grow \|author=Edwards, Victoria \|publisher=The Michigan Daily \|date=1 April 2003 \|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>. The underlying principle is to have food that is more natural, and therefore healthier to eat. In addition, is the interest in employing more sustainable farming techniques<ref name="Organic Info">{{cite web \|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/ofp/ofp.shtml \|title=Organic Production and Organic Food: Information Access Tools \|publisher=USDA National Agricultural Library \|date=June 2007 \|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>. However, defining organic has been notoriously challenging. In 1995, the USDA developed a series of working definitions around organic<ref name="Organic Info" />. The underlying principles are minimization of off-farm inputs, and the attempt at working in an ecologically balanced, sustainable manner. At the same time, the USDA is aware that elimination of all synthetic (i.e. non-natural) residues may be unavoidable, and thus the focus is on limits, rather than the complete absence of certain compounds, as well as on the overall system used to produce, process, and transport the organic product<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://oianorth.com/blog/entry/1925033/managing-environmental-contamination \|title=Managing Environmental Contamination under the USDA National Organic Program \|publisher=OIA North America \|date=20 June 2011 \|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>.

	The production of organic food provides no unique analytical challenges with regard to ongoing operations. However, analysis can provide a key component of the certification process, as the USDA Inspector General’s office has called for certifying agencies to provide actual analytical evidence that food claiming to be pesticide-free actually are. This is part of an overall requirement for the USDA to more closely oversee their organic certifying agencies.		The production of organic food provides no unique analytical challenges with regard to ongoing operations. However, analysis can provide a key component of the certification process, as the USDA Inspector General’s office has called for certifying agencies to provide actual analytical evidence that food claiming to be pesticide-free actually are<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/01601-03-HY.pdf\|title=Oversight of the National Organic Program\|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture Office of Inspector General\|date=March 2010\|accessdate=10 March 2012\|format=PDF}}</ref>. This is part of an overall requirement for the USDA to more closely oversee their organic certifying agencies.

	===Quality testing of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and related items===		===Quality testing of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and related items===

Jleecbd: /* Metrology */

2012-03-10T21:03:41Z

Metrology

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:03, 10 March 2012
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	'''Fuel testing'''		'''Fuel testing'''

	In addition to testing delivery of fuel, many state departments of agriculture are responsible for fuel standards adherence - that is, to octane ratings and similar quality measures.		In addition to testing delivery of fuel, many state departments of agriculture are responsible for fuel standards adherence<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.zeltex.com/oregon.html\|last=Kulongoski\|\|first=Ted\|title=AG explains fuel testing program\|work=The Gasoline Retailers Pipeline\|publisher=Oregon Gasoline Dealers' Association\|date=2003\|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref> - that is, to octane ratings and similar quality measures.

	===Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector===		===Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector===

Jleecbd: /* Metrology */

2012-03-10T20:34:51Z

Metrology

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:34, 10 March 2012
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	'''Weights and measures'''		'''Weights and measures'''

	Although the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (formerly the National Bureau of Standards) has its roots in the Treasury Department, in most states, the Department of Weights and Measures is a division of the Department of Agriculture. Historically, this may have come about as some of the earliest legal standards with regard to weights and measures we see in Europe have to do with standardized measures of corn in the Magna Carta. A standard definition ensures fairness in trade, and for most of human history trade has largely been focused on agricultural products.		Although the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (formerly the National Bureau of Standards) has its roots in the Treasury Department<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology\|title=National Institute of Standards and Technology\|publisher=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\|date=4 February 2012\|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref>, in most states, the Department of Weights and Measures is a division of the Department of Agriculture. Historically, this may have come about as some of the earliest legal standards with regard to weights and measures we see in Europe have to do with standardized measures of corn in the Magna Carta. A standard definition ensures fairness in trade, and for most of human history trade has largely been focused on agricultural products.

	As the need for additional measurement services developed outside the immediate realm of agriculture, these capabilities grew within the Department of Agriculture. Among these services are providing calibration services for laboratories as well as certification for private metrology service companies, a key component of any laboratory organization.		As the need for additional measurement services developed outside the immediate realm of agriculture, these capabilities grew within the Department of Agriculture. Among these services are providing calibration services for laboratories as well as certification for private metrology service companies, a key component of any laboratory organization.
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	'''Fuel testing'''		'''Fuel testing'''

	In addition to testing delivery of fuel, many state departments of agriculture are responsible for fuel standards adherence - that is, to octane ratings and similar quality measures.		In addition to testing delivery of fuel, many state departments of agriculture are responsible for fuel standards adherence - that is, to octane ratings and similar quality measures.

	===Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector===		===Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector===

Jleecbd at 20:14, 10 March 2012

2012-03-10T20:14:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:14, 10 March 2012
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	In addition to testing delivery of fuel, many state departments of agriculture are responsible for fuel standards adherence - that is, to octane ratings and similar quality measures.		In addition to testing delivery of fuel, many state departments of agriculture are responsible for fuel standards adherence - that is, to octane ratings and similar quality measures.

	~~===Unique challenges for the agricultural laboratory===~~

	~~===Government laboratories vs. private laboratories===~~

	===Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector===		===Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector===

Jleecbd: /* Environmental testing */

2012-03-10T20:13:09Z

Environmental testing

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:13, 10 March 2012
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	'''Run off and sludge testing'''		'''Run off and sludge testing'''

	[[File:Buncefield, Emergency fire water pond (2) - geograph.org.uk - 1248740.jpg\|thumb\|240px\|Fire water can be a significant source of agricultural pollution.]]Agriculture is associated with 48% of the impaired river miles in the United States<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/agriculture/agmm_index.cfm \|title=National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agriculture \|publisher=U.S. EPA \|date=July 2003 \|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>, which drives a significant focus on wastewater testing in support of the Agricultural industry. Similar to many other forms of agricultural samples, preparation of wastewater samples is a key to successful completion of the tests. A typical agriculture lab will need to track many aspects of the preparation of a sample for completion of the actual target test {{~~citation needed~~}}. Further, owing to the fact that this is EPA related testing, chain of custody takes on a level of importance that may not be as critical in other industries<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.epa.gov/apti/coc/ \|title=Chain-of-Custody Procedures for Samples and Data \|publisher=U.S. EPA \|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>. The risk of fraud, of course, is what drives this need.		[[File:Buncefield, Emergency fire water pond (2) - geograph.org.uk - 1248740.jpg\|thumb\|240px\|Fire water can be a significant source of agricultural pollution.]]Agriculture is associated with 48% of the impaired river miles in the United States<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/agriculture/agmm_index.cfm \|title=National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agriculture \|publisher=U.S. EPA \|date=July 2003 \|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>, which drives a significant focus on wastewater testing in support of the Agricultural industry. Similar to many other forms of agricultural samples, preparation of wastewater samples is a key to successful completion of the tests. A typical agriculture lab will need to track many aspects of the preparation of a sample for completion of the actual target test <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.malbex.ca/Projects/Technical_Standards/\|title=Malbex - Technical Standards\|publisher=Malbex Resources\|date=2012\|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref>. Further, owing to the fact that this is EPA related testing, chain of custody takes on a level of importance that may not be as critical in other industries<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.epa.gov/apti/coc/ \|title=Chain-of-Custody Procedures for Samples and Data \|publisher=U.S. EPA \|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>. The risk of fraud, of course, is what drives this need.

	Firewater, that is, water used to fight fires on a farm, can prove to be a significant source of pollution, as the various herbicides, fertilizers, and other chemicals that are the fuel source for the fire, then become a component of the runoff firewater.<ref>{{cite book \|url=http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/PMHO600BBUD-E-E.pdf \|title=Managing Fire Water and Major Spillages: PPG 18 \|author=McGlashan, Bruce \|year=2001 \|pages=1 \|publisher=Environment Agency \|format=PDF}}</ref>		Firewater, that is, water used to fight fires on a farm, can prove to be a significant source of pollution, as the various herbicides, fertilizers, and other chemicals that are the fuel source for the fire, then become a component of the runoff firewater.<ref>{{cite book \|url=http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/PMHO600BBUD-E-E.pdf \|title=Managing Fire Water and Major Spillages: PPG 18 \|author=McGlashan, Bruce \|year=2001 \|pages=1 \|publisher=Environment Agency \|format=PDF}}</ref>

Jleecbd: /* Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector */

2012-03-10T19:59:53Z

Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:59, 10 March 2012
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	===Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector===		===Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector===

	The agriculture industry, although only comprising a small part of the U.S. economy at 1.2% of GDP (slightly higher at 1.8% in the European Union)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html\|title=CIA - The World Factbook, United States of America\|publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency\|accessdate=~~10March2012~~}}</ref>, impacts a broad enough spectrum of daily life in the United States, that it comes under a broader range of regulatory oversight than one might expect.		The agriculture industry, although only comprising a small part of the U.S. economy at 1.2% of GDP (slightly higher at 1.8% in the European Union)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html\|title=CIA - The World Factbook, United States of America\|publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency\|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref>, impacts a broad enough spectrum of daily life in the United States, that it comes under a broader range of regulatory oversight than one might expect.

	'''United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)'''		'''United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)'''

Jleecbd: /* Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector */

2012-03-10T19:58:21Z

Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:58, 10 March 2012
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	===Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector===		===Government regulatory agencies governing the agriculture sector===

	The agriculture industry, although only comprising a small part of the U.S. economy at 1.2% of GDP (slightly higher at 1.8% in the European Union)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html\|title=CIA - The World Factbook, United States of America\|publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency\|accessdate=10March2012}}, impacts a broad enough spectrum of daily life in the United States, that it comes under a broader range of regulatory oversight than one might expect.		The agriculture industry, although only comprising a small part of the U.S. economy at 1.2% of GDP (slightly higher at 1.8% in the European Union)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html\|title=CIA - The World Factbook, United States of America\|publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency\|accessdate=10March2012}}</ref>, impacts a broad enough spectrum of daily life in the United States, that it comes under a broader range of regulatory oversight than one might expect.

	'''United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)'''		'''United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)'''