View source for Journal:Rapid development of entity-based data models for bioinformatics with persistence object-oriented design and structured interfaces

{{Infobox journal article
|name         = 
|image        = 
|alt          = <!-- Alternative text for images -->
|caption      = 
|title_full   = Rapid development of entity-based data models for bioinformatics with persistence object-oriented design and structured interfaces
|journal      = ''BioData Mining''
|authors      = Tsur, Elishai Ezra
|affiliations =  Jerusalem College of Technology
|contact      = Email: elishai85 at gmail dot com
|editors      = 
|pub_year     = 2017
|vol_iss      = '''10'''
|pages        = 11
|doi          = [http://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-017-0130-z 10.1186/s13040-017-0130-z]
|issn         = 1756-0381
|license      = [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International]
|website      = [https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13040-017-0130-z https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13040-017-0130-z]
|download     = [https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13040-017-0130-z?site=biodatamining.biomedcentral.com https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13040-017-0130-z] (PDF)
}}
{{ombox	
| type      = content	
| style    = width: 500px;	
| text      = This article should not be considered complete until this message box has been removed. This is a work in progress.	
}}

Databases are imperative for research in [[bioinformatics]] and computational biology. Current challenges in database design include data heterogeneity and context-dependent interconnections between data entities. These challenges drove the development of unified data interfaces and specialized databases. The curation of specialized databases is an ever-growing challenge due to the introduction of new data sources and the emergence of new relational connections between established datasets. Here, an open-source framework for the curation of specialized databases is proposed. The framework supports user-designed models of data encapsulation, object persistence and structured interfaces to local and external data sources such as MalaCards, Biomodels and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) databases. The proposed framework was implemented using Java as the development environment, EclipseLink as the data persistence agent and Apache Derby as the database manager. Syntactic analysis was based on J3D, jsoup, Apache Commons and w3c.dom open libraries. Finally, a construction of a specialized database for aneurysm-associated vascular diseases is demonstrated. This database contains three-dimensional geometries of aneurysms, patients' clinical information, articles, biological models, related diseases and our recently published model of aneurysms’ risk of rapture. The framework is available at: http://nbel-lab.com.

'''Keywords''': specialized databases, object-relational databases, EclipseLink, Apache Derby, object-oriented programming

==Background==
In the last few decades the intersection of computer science and biology has evolved to the point at which answers to fundamental biological questions have emerged.<ref name="KitanoCompu02">{{cite journal |title=Computational systems biology |journal=Nature |author=Kitano, H. |volume=420 |issue=6912 |pages=206–10 |year=2002 |doi=10.1038/nature01254 |pmid=12432404}}</ref> Some of the most important cross-talks between biology and computer science lie within the data-intensive nature of modern biology.<ref name="SteinInteg03">{{cite journal |title=Integrating biological databases |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |author=Stein, L.D. |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=337–45 |year=2003 |doi=10.1038/nrg1065 |pmid=12728276}}</ref> It is currently evident that fields such as computational biology and bioinformatics are practically fueled by the increasing computational resources available and the development of software encapsulation and abstraction layers.<ref name="CannataTime05">{{cite journal |title=Time to organize the bioinformatics resourceome |journal=PLOS Computational Biology |author=Cannata, N.; Merelli, E.; Altman, R.B. |volume=1 |issue=7 |pages=e76 |year=2005 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010076 |pmid=16738704 |pmc=PMC1323464}}</ref> An important corner stone of the computer-science/biology interface is object-centered reductionism where relations between discrete biological entities such as DNA, protein and RNA are investigated.<ref name="KitanoCompu02" /> Data regarding biological entities is stored in databases, which have become the most important corner stone for research in computational biology and bioinformatics.

Biological database designers currently face two main challenges: data heterogeneity and the emergence of new relational connections between data entities. Today, biological data is not limited to sequential information, which is typically stored in primary databases such as NCBI's Nucleotide and Protein data sets. Biological data also encompass graphs<ref name="SharanModel06">{{cite journal |title=Modeling cellular machinery through biological network comparison |journal=Nature Biotechnology |author=Sharan, R.; Ideker, T. |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=427–33 |year=2006 |doi=10.1038/nbt1196 |pmid=16601728}}</ref>, statistical models<ref name="WilkinsonStochastic09">{{cite journal |title=Stochastic modelling for quantitative description of heterogeneous biological systems |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |author=Wilkinson, D.J. |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=122–33 |year=2009 |doi=10.1038/nrg2509 |pmid=19139763}}</ref>, geometric information<ref name="DelpSimbios12">{{cite journal |title=Simbios: An NIH national center for physics-based simulation of biological structures |journal=JAMIA |author=Delp, S.L.; Ku, J.P.; Pande, V.S. et al. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=186–89 |year=2012 |doi=10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000488 |pmid=22081222 |pmc=PMC3277621}}</ref>, vector fields<ref name="EzraNondimens13">{{cite journal |title=Non-dimensional analysis of retinal microaneurysms: Critical threshold for treatment |journal=Integrative Biology |author=Ezra, E.; Keinan, E.; Mandel, Y. et al. |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=474-80 |year=2013 |doi=10.1039/c3ib20259c |pmid=23371018 |pmc=PMC3781337}}</ref>, patterns<ref name="NaumovaDiff12">{{cite journal |title=Differential patterns of whole-genome DNA methylation in institutionalized children and children raised by their biological parents |journal=Development and Psychopathology |author=Naumova, O.Y.; Lee, M.; Koposov, R. et al. |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=143–55 |year=2012 |doi=10.1017/S0954579411000605 |pmid=22123582 |pmc=PMC3470853}}</ref>, images<ref name="AllanOMERO12">{{cite journal |title=OMERO: Flexible, model-driven data management for experimental biology |journal=Nature Methods |author=Allan, C.; Burel, J.M.; Moore, J. et al. |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=245–53 |year=2012 |doi=10.1038/nmeth.1896 |pmid=22373911  |pmc=PMC3437820}}</ref>, computational models<ref name="ChelliahBioModels13">{{cite journal |title=BioModels Database: A repository of mathematical models of biological processes |journal=Methods in Molecular Biology |author=Chelliah, V.; Laibe, C.; Le Novère, N. et al. |volume=1021 |pages=189–99 |year=2013 |doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-450-0_10 |pmid=23715986}}</ref> and others. A recent important advance regarding data heterogeneity was developed by Allan and colleagues, who have developed OMERO, an open-source software platform which uses a server-based middleware application to provide a unified interface for images, matrices and tables.<ref name="AllanOMERO12" /> However, while OMERO provides a unified interface for file types, it is currently limited to microscopy images. Another important effort is the development of Semantic Web languages (SWLs), which promote web-based standardization of data formats by utilizing [[Extensible Markup Language]] (XML) and Resource Description Framework (RDF). SWLs have been implemented by many biological portals such as MGED Ontology, which provides terms for annotating microarray experiments; BioPAX, which provides an exchange format for biological pathway data; and Gene Ontology (GO), which describes biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components of gene products.<ref name="PasquierBiolog08">{{cite journal |title=Biological data integration using Semantic Web technologies |journal=Biochimie |author=Pasquier, C. |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=584–94 |year=2008 |doi=10.1016/j.biochi.2008.02.007 |pmid=18294970}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Notes==
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. Grammar and word use were updated to make the text easier to read.

<!--Place all category tags here-->
[[Category:LIMSwiki journal articles (added in 2017)‎]]
[[Category:LIMSwiki journal articles (all)‎]]
[[Category:LIMSwiki journal articles on bioinformatics‎‎]]