Template:Citation

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The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.

If invoked with the right parameters, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as {{Cite book}} and {{Cite web}}. The default behavior sometimes differs from that of the Cite templates; for example, this template by default generates anchors for Harvard references whereas the Cite templates do not (although they can be made to do so), and this template by default uses commas to separate some fields that the Cite templates separate with periods (full stops).

The template should be inserted after punctuation, such as a period or comma.

All parameter names are lowercase.

Simple citation

The table below gives the most commonly used attributes; you can copy the horizontal form below or vertical form in the left hand column and then add in extra attributes from the full list. Spacing and ordering is irrelevant.

{{Citation|last= |first= |year= |title= |publisher= |publication-place= |page= |url= |accessdate= }}

{{Citation
|last=
|first=
|year=
|title=
|publisher=
| publication-place=
|page=
|url=
| accessdate=
}}
  • last: The author's surname or last name. Don't use with author.
  • first: The author's first or given name(s).
  • year: Year of authorship or publication. Mandatory for use with links from Template:Harvard citation, unless |date= specifies both month and year.
  • title: Title of the work. Mandatory for web references.
  • publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press.
    • publication-place (or place): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office.
  • page: For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages.
  • url: An url of an online location where the item can be found.
    • accessdate: Date when the url was accessed.

Example

{{ Citation
 | last=Turner
 | first=O.
 | title=History of the Pioneer
Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's
Purchase, and Morris' Reserve
 | publisher=William Alling
 | place=Rochester, New York
 | year=1851
 | url = http://olivercowdery.com/texts/1851Trn1.htm#turn1851
 }}
Turner, O., "History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve", {{{website{{{}}}}}} (Rochester, New York: William Alling), http://olivercowdery.com/texts/1851Trn1.htm#turn1851 

Full citation parameters

These can be used for all types of publication except patents. All are optional and indentation is used simply to group related items—these may be mutually exclusive where indicated. Some hyphenated names can also be placed without hyphens.

{{Citation
|author=
| last=
| first=
| author2=
| last2=
| first2=
| author-link=
| author2-link=
| author-separator=
| author-name-separator=
| author=mask=
| display-authors=
| coauthors=
|editor=
| editor-last=
| editor-first=
| editor2=
| editor2-last=
| editor2-first=
| editor-link=
| editor2-link=
|others=
|publication-date=
| year=
|  month=
| origyear=
|title=
|chapter=
| chapter-url=
| contribution=
| contribution-url=
|type=
| journal=
| periodical=
| newspaper=
| magazine=
| work=
|edition=
| series=
| volume=
| issue=
|publisher=
| publication-place=
|  place=
|language=
|page=
| pages=
| nopp=
| at=
|id=
| isbn=
| issn=
| oclc=
| pmid=
| pmc=
|  pmc-embargo-date:
| bibcode=
| doi=
|  doi-inactive=
|url=
| accessdate=
| format=
| archiveurl=
| archivedate=
|quote=
|lay-summary=
| lay-source=
| lay-date=
|separator=
|postscript=
|ref=
}}
  • author (or author1): The author's name. It is preferable to use the last/first attributes below for single or multiple authors.
    • last (or last1): The author's surname or last name.
    • first (or first1): The author's first or given name(s).
    • author2, last2, first2, up to author9 etc.: can be used for multiple authors– up to 8 will be shown before et al. is displayed
    • author-link: Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first author (author2-link etc can also be used).
    • author-separator: override the default semi-colon that separates authors.
    • author-name-separator: override the default comma that separates authors' last and first names.
    • display-authors: Truncate the list of authors at an arbitrary point with "et al". Still include the first 9 authors to allow metadata to be generated.
    • lastauthoramp: If supplied, whether or not assigned a value, places an ampersand (&) before the last name of final author, if more than one author is supplied. Recommended usage is lastauthoramp=yes.
    • coauthors: Names of additional author(s) can be given but author2 or last2, first2 is preferred.
  • editor: Name of editor, placed after date with ,ed. Not required for periodicals.
    • editor-link: link to article about the editor
  • others: Any other associated people (e.g. foreword) placed after editor.
  • publication-date (or date): Date[n 1] of publication.
    • date: Date[n 1] of authorship, if different from date of publication. If only date is used, it will be treated as the date of publication.
    • year: Year of authorship or publication. (Mandatory for use with links from Template:Harvard citation. In some situations, the template may be able to derive a year from the full date.)
      • month: Month of publication (ignored if the date field is used).
    • origyear: Year of first publication, if different.
  • title: Title of the book or article in a periodical. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded as "[" for "[" and "]" for "]"
  • chapter or contribution: title of the chapter or part of a publication will be put in quotes.
    • chapter-url or contribution-url: use to add a link to the chapter or contribution title.
  • type: An optional field which can be used to provide additional information about a publication type. The content appears in parentheses following the title. If the publication is a thesis or dissertation, the type might be specified as type=PhD thesis, If the publication is an audiobook on compact disk, the type might be specified as type=CD.
    • journal or periodical or newspaper or magazine or work: Name of the journal or periodical.
  • edition: Number or name of the edition, if not the first; for example: edition=2nd.
    • series: The book series of which this book is a part.
    • volume: The volume number of a multi-volume book.
    • issue: Issue number of a periodical.
  • publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press. Not needed if issn or doi used.
    • publication-place (or place): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. If the city is not well-known, you may add a county, region, or state. States in the U.S. are denoted by a two-letter code; for example: place=Paris, TX (no period at the end). Where the publisher is a university and the place or location is included in the name of the university, do not use this parameter.
      • place or location: City in which the work was made, if different from the city of publication. If only place is used, it will be treated as the city of publication.
  • language: If not English. e.g. Finnish.
  • page: For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages.
    • pages: For use when multiple pages are cited. Adds "pp." before the page numbers. Do not use with page.
    • nopp: if set to any value, page=/pages= do not generate 'p.' or 'pp.'. E.g. nopp=true. Using at= has the same effect.
    • at: Position within the resource when |page=/|pages= is inappropriate or insufficient. This parameter is ignored if |page=/|pages= is specified. Examples of usage of |at=: |at=para. 14 (when citing a source without page numbers), |at=02:56 (a film or audio timestamp), |at=no. 456 (something in a numbered list), |at=p. 6, col. 2 (for a page and a column because "column" is not a Citation template parameter), or |at=sec. F pp. 4–6 (for a section and a page within the section, "section" not being a parameter).
  • id: A unique identifier for the document, used if none of the below are applicable. In this case, you need to specify the kind of identifier you are using, preferably with a template like {{MR}} / {{MathSciNet}}, {{Zbl}}, {{arXiv}}, {{JSTOR}} or {{JFM}}.
    • isbn: Use this parameter if the book has an ISBN; follow the guidance at Wikipedia:ISBN to use ISBNs with correctly placed dashes, and give the ISBN-13 instead of ISBN-10 when available.
    • issn: The publication's International Standard Serial Number such as 1111-2220. The eight-figure ISSN may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen; but not an N-dash or a space.
    • doi: A digital object identifier such as 10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001.
      • doi_inactivedate: Date[n 1] on which the DOI was observed to be not functioning.
    • oclc: Online Computer Library Center ID number, such as 3185581 (superfluous when ISBN is given).
    • pmid: The document's PubMed Unique Identifier, such as 15128012
    • pmc: The document's PubMed Central article number (PMCID) for full-text free repository of an article, such as 246835
      • pmc-embargo-date: The date that an article will be freely accessible at PubMed central. After this date, the title will automatically link to the free full text at PubMed Central (and the parameter will be removed by a bot).
    • bibcode: The document's bibcode in the Astrophysics Data System, e.g., 1924MNRAS..84..308E
  • url: An url of an online location where the book can be found.
    • This should point to, in descending order of preference:
      1. A free online version of the full text
      2. An online version of the full text, for which subscription is required
      3. An abstract or information page, if no DOI or PMID record is available
    • accessdate: Date[n 1] when the url was accessed.
    • format: format of online documentation if not html (e.g. pdf).
    • archive parameters (if used, both must be used together)
      • archiveurl: The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if (or in case) the url becomes unavailable. Typically used to refer to services like WebCite and Archive.org.
      • archivedate: Date when the item was archived. Should not be wikilinked.
  • separator: specifies the punctuation mark used to separate certain fields. This defaults to a comma; the 'Cite xxx' family of templates uses a period.
  • lay-summary: URL of a lay summary of a technical article, which could be in a popular science magazine or newspaper.
    • lay-source: Name of the source, e.g. The Guardian (UK newspaper) or New Scientist.
    • lay-date: The date[n 1] of publication or, where this is not available, date of retrieval of the lay summary.
  • postscript: Set terminal punctuation. Omit or leave blank to remove the trailing full stop. Punctuation specified by this parameter will appear within the cite span, and consequently before any icons added by metadata-using software (e.g. library browser plugins). Hence this parameter should be used instead of manually appending data to the citation. This parameter is ignored if |quote= is specified, when |postscript=. is forced.
  • ref: An explicit ID for Harvard references; see Anchors for Harvard references

Examples

Books

Three authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name.
{{ Citation
 | last1=Lincoln
 | first1=A.
 | last2=Washington
 | first2=G.
 | last3=Adams
 | first3=J.
 | lastauthoramp=yes
 | title=All the Presidents' Names
 | publisher=The Pentagon
 | place=Home Base, New York
 | volume=XII
 | edition=2nd
 | year=2007
}}
Lincoln, A.; Washington, G.; Adams, J., "All the Presidents' Names", {{{website{{{}}}}}} (Home Base, New York: The Pentagon) XII 

Web

Web page
{{Citation 
|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov 
|title=NPS Focus 
|work=National Register of Historic Places 
|publisher=[[National Park Service]] 
|accessdate=November 30, 2010
}}
"NPS Focus", National Register of Historic Places (National Park Service), http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov. Retrieved November 30, 2010 
archived page
{{citation
|url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
|title=Earth's Atmosphere
|accessdate=October 25, 2007
|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
|year=1995
|author=NASA 
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/
http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html 
|archivedate = October 13, 2007
}}
NASA, "Earth's Atmosphere", {{{website{{{}}}}}} (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), archived from the original on October 13, 2007, http://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html. Retrieved October 25, 2007 

Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals

Journal article
{{Citation
 | last=Hill
 | first=Marvin S.
 | title=Joseph Smith and the 1826
Trial: New Evidence and New
Difficulties
 | journal=BYU Studies
 | volume=12
 | issue=2
 | year=1976
 | pages=1–8
 | url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/
shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf
 }}
Hill, Marvin S., "Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties", BYU Studies 12 (2): 1–8, https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf 
Journal article with multiple authors and identifier
{{citation
|last1=Mandelkern
|first1= M, 
|last2=Elias
|first2= J, 
|last3=Eden
|first3= D, 
|last4=Crothers
|first4= D 
|display-authors=2
|title=The dimensions of DNA in solution 
|journal=J Mol Biol 
|volume=152 
|issue=1 
|pages=153–61 
|year=1981 
|pmid=7338906 
|doi=10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1
}}
Mandelkern, M,; Elias, J, et al.., "The dimensions of DNA in solution", J Mol Biol 152 (1): 153–61, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1, PMID 7338906 


Newspaper article
{{Citation
 | last=Smith
 | first=Joseph III
 | author-link=Joseph Smith III
 | title=Last Testimony of Sister Emma
 | newspaper=The Saints' Herald
 | publication-place=Plano, IL
 | volume=26
 | issue=19
 | date=October 1, 1879
 | year=1879
 | month=October
 | page=289
 | url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/
dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179
 }}
Smith, Joseph III (1 October 1879), "Last Testimony of Sister Emma", {{{website{{{The Saints' Herald}}}}}} (Plano, IL) 26 (19): 289, http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179 
Conference paper
 {{citation
  | last = Sullivan
  | first = D.B.
  | contribution = Time and frequency measurement
 at NIST: The first 100 years
  | year = 2001
  | title = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp.
  | publisher = National Institute of Standards and 
Technology
  | url = 
http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf
  | format = PDF
}}
Sullivan, D.B., Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years, "2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp." (PDF), {{{website{{{}}}}}} (National Institute of Standards and Technology), http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf 

Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles

Manuscript published in an edited compilation
{{Citation
 | last=Bidamon
 | first=Emma Smith
 | author-link=Emma Hale Smith
 | chapter=Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim
 | date=March 27, 1876
 | year=1876
 | editor-last=Vogel
 | editor-first=Dan
 | title=Early Mormon Documents
 | volume=1
 | publisher=Signature Books
 | publication-date=1996
 | isbn=1–56085–072–8
 }}
Bidamon, Emma Smith (27 March 1876), Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim, in Vogel, Dan, "Early Mormon Documents", {{{website{{{}}}}}} (Signature Books) 1, 1996, ISBN 1–56085–072–8 
Work with an editor but no author
{{Citation
 | editor-last=Vogel
 | editor-first=Dan
 | title=Early Mormon Documents
 | volume=1
 | publisher=Signature Books
 | publication-date=1996
 | isbn=1–56085–072–8
 }}
Vogel, Dan, ed., "Early Mormon Documents", {{{website{{{}}}}}} (Signature Books) 1 (published 1996), ISBN 1–56085–072–8 
Encyclopedia article by a named author
{{Citation
  | last = Kramer
  | first = Martin
  | author-link = Martin Kramer
  | contribution = Bernard Lewis
  | editor-last = Boyd
  | editor-first = Kelley
  | title = Encyclopedia of Historians
and Historical Writing
  | volume = 1
  | pages = 719–720
  | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
  | place = London
  | publication-date = 1999
  | contribution-url = http://
www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/
BernardLewis.htm
}}
Kramer, Martin, Bernard Lewis, in Boyd, Kelley, "Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing", {{{website{{{}}}}}} (London: Fitzroy Dearborn) 1: pp. 719–720, 1999, http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm 
Encyclopedia article with no named author
{{Citation
  | contribution = Bernard Lewis
  | editor-last = Boyd
  | editor-first = Kelley
  | title = Encyclopedia of Historians
and Historical Writing
  | volume = 1
  | pages = 719–720
  | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
  | place = London
  | year = 1999
  | contribution-url = http://
www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/
BernardLewis.htm
}}
Boyd, Kelley, ed., Bernard Lewis, "Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing", {{{website{{{}}}}}} (London: Fitzroy Dearborn) 1: pp. 719–720, http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm 

Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article

Manuscript edited and published in a journal
{{Citation
 | last=Knight
 | first=Joseph, Sr.
 | year=1833
 | editor-last=Jessee
 | editor-first=Dean
 | title=Joseph Knight's Recollection
of Early Mormon History
 | journal=BYU Studies
 | volume=17
 | issue=1
 | publication-date=1976
 | pages=35
 | url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/
shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf
 }}
Knight, Joseph, Sr., Jessee, Dean, ed., "Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History", BYU Studies 17 (1): 35, 1976, https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf 
Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor.
{{Citation
 | last=Klingensmith
 | first=Philip
 | contribution=Affidavit
 | year=1872
 | date=September 5, 1872
 | place=Lincoln County, Nevada
 | title=Mountain Meadows Massacre
 | editor-last=Toohy
 | editor-first=Dennis J.
 | journal=Corinne Daily Reporter
 | publication-date=September 24, 1872
 | publication-place=Corinne, Utah
 | volume=5
 | issue=252
 | pages=1
 | contribution-url=http://
udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359
 }}
Klingensmith, Philip (5 September 1872), Affidavit, written at Lincoln County, Nevada, in Toohy, Dennis J., "Mountain Meadows Massacre", Corinne Daily Reporter (Corinne, Utah) 5 (252): 1, September 24, 1872, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359 

Press release

Press release with quotation
{{cite press release
| url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html
| title=Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day
| publisher=Apple Inc| accessdate=April 10, 2010
| quote=in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3}}
Apple Inc. "Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day". Press release. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html. Retrieved April 10, 2010. "in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3" 

Citing patents

Parameters (all are optional)

{{Citation
 | inventor-last =
 | inventor-first =
 | inventorlink =
 | inventor2-last =
 | inventor2-first =
 | inventorlink2 =
 | publication-date =
 | issue-date =
 | title =
 | country-code =
 | description =
 | patent-number =
}}
  • inventor-last (or inventor1-last): The inventor's surname or last name.
  • inventor-first (or inventor1-first): The inventor's first or given name(s).
  • inventorlink (or inventorlink1): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first inventor.
  • inventor2-last, inventor3-last, inventor4-last: The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable.
  • inventor2-first, inventor3-first, inventor4-first: The second, third, and fourth inventors' first or given name(s), if applicable.
  • inventorlink2, inventorlink3, inventorlink4: Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth inventor, if applicable.
  • publication-date: Date of publication or filing.
  • issue-date (or date): Date patent was issued by patent agency.
  • title: Title of the patent. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded as "[" for "[" and "]" for "]"
  • country-code: Two-letter abbreviation of the country issuing the patent.
  • description: Type of patent; shown between country code and number.
  • patent-number: The number of the patent.

Examples

United States patent with multiple inventors
{{Citation
 | inventor1-last = Degermark
 | inventor1-first = Mikael
 | inventor2-last = Brodnik
 | inventor2-first = Andrej
 | inventor3-last = Carlsson
 | inventor3-first = Svante
 | inventor4-last = Pink
 | inventor4-first = Stephen
 | title = Fast routing lookup system
using complete prefix tree, bit vector,
and pointers in a routing table for
determining where to route IP datagrams
 | issue-date = 2001
 | patent-number = 6266706
 | country-code = US}}
US 6266706, Degermark, Mikael; Andrej Brodnik & Svante Carlsson et al., "Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams", issued 2001 

Anchored citations

This template can generate a citation that can be combined with shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing. It does this by creating an HTML anchor containing an ID. The special parameter |ref=harv generates an ID suitable for Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} as specified in the next section; this is the default for the {{citation}} template. If an empty |ref= is given, no anchor is generated; this is the default for the Cite templates such as {{cite book}} and {{cite news}}. You can also specify the ID directly, using the |ref=ID parameter. For example, suppose an article's References section contains the markup:

  • {{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |year=1930 |ref=CivDis}}

which generates the citation:

  • Sigmund Freud, "Civilization and Its Discontents", {{{website{{{}}}}}} 

Then, the markup "([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])" generates a parenthetical reference "(Freud 1930)" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).

Anchors for Harvard referencing templates

IDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} are computed from the last names of the authors and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup "{{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}" generates the Harvard reference "(Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix)", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:

  • {{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R.H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1851 |oclc=59510372 }}
  • Wright, Thomas; Evans, R.H., "Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray", {{{website{{{}}}}}} (London: Henry G. Bohn), OCLC 59510372 

In this example the {{citation}} template defines, and the {{harv}} template uses, the HTML ID "CITEREFWrightEvans1851", composed by concatenating the string "CITEREF" with the last names of the authors and the year. The {{harvid}} template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, {{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}} generates "CITEREFWrightEvans1851".

Related methods which leave only a number in the text are to use the {{harvnb}} template enclosed in the <ref></ref> html code, or to use the {{sfn}} template alone. The example above would be <ref>{{harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</ref> or {{sfn|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}} both of which generate a footnote such as

17. Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix

The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead. For patents, inventor names are used instead of authors or editors. If these names are not given, this template does not generate an anchor.

Last names are used, as specified by the parameters |last1= (or |last=), |last2=, |last3=, and |last4=, and similarly for |editor1-last= etc. and for |inventor1-last= etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in "{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=The Ego and the Id |year=1923}}" no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference "{{harv|Freud|1923}}". To make these {{citation}} and {{harv}} invocations compatible, either replace "|author=Sigmund Freud" with "|first=Sigmund |last=Freud", or add "|ref={{harvid|Freud|1923}}" to the {{citation}} invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, "|ref=EgoId") to both the {{citation}} and the {{harv}} invocations.

Similarly, the year is used, as specified by |year=. If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from |date= (or, if no date is given, from |publication-date=) by applying the MediaWiki #time function. This heuristic works with many common date formats (American, International and YYYY-MM-DD as listed in WP:MOS) but may not work as expected with other formats, so when in doubt it may be safer to use |year=. Note that if only a year, say 2005, is known you must use |year=2005 rather than |date=2005.

IDs must be unique

Names, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with {{harv}}-compatible IDs:


If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID "CITEREFMontesHalterman2008". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, e.g., "|year=2008a" and "|year=2008b", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.

It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the W3C Markup Validation Service; see External links.

Dates

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
    • The format of dates in the references of an article should use a consistent and unambiguous style. Example formats used in Wikipedia citations include:
    • 2009
    • 2009-09-14
    • 14 September 2009
    • September 14, 2009 (with comma)
    • 2009 Sep 14
    • September 2009
    • Sept./Oct. 2009
    • As indicated above, month names are sometimes abbreviated (e.g., September to "Sept" or "Sept." or "Sep" or "Sep.")
    • Dates should not be linked in references.
    • Please see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Dates for more guidance about formatting dates.

Tools

See Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citation templates and tools for a list of tools which can help create a reference in the 'citation' format.

COinS

This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.

Additional parameters

author-mask – This parameter is primarily intended for use in bibliographies where multiple works by a single author are listed. It replaces the name of the first author (which must still be provided to garner metadata) with a strike-thru dash (—) author-mask em in length. So if |author-mask=1 then the dash will be one em in length, if |author-mask=2 it will be two em long and so on. Set author-mask to a text value to display a word instead – for example, 'with'. You must still include |last= and |first= for metadata purposes. ar:قالب:استشهاد da:Skabelon:Citation et:Mall:Viide eo:Ŝablono:Cito es:Plantilla:Obra citada eu:Txantiloi:Erreferentzia gu:ઢાંચો:Citation ko:틀:인용 ja:Template:Citation no:mal:Citation ro:Format:Citation ru:Шаблон:Citation sl:Predloga:Citat sr:Шаблон:Citation sv:Mall:Citation th:แม่แบบ:Citation tr:Şablon:Citation zh:Template:Citation

The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.

Template parameters

This template has custom formatting.

ParameterDescriptionTypeStatus
Last namelast author author1 authors last1

The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

Linesuggested
First namefirst first1

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

Linesuggested
Author linkauthor-link author-link1 author1-link

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

Page nameoptional
Last name 2last2 author2

The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.

Lineoptional
First name 2first2

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 2author-link2 author2-link

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the second author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 3last3 author3

The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.

Lineoptional
First name 3first3

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 3author-link3 author3-link

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the third author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 4last4 author4

The surname of the forth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.

Lineoptional
First name 4first4

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the forth author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 4author-link4 author4-link

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the forth author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 5last5 author5

The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.

Lineoptional
First name 5first5

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 5author-link5 author5-link

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the fifth author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 6last6 author6

The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.

Lineoptional
First name 6first6

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 6author-link6 author6-link

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the sixth author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 7last7 author7

The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.

Lineoptional
First name 7first7

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 7author-link7 author7-link

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the seventh author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 8last8 author8

The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.

Lineoptional
First name 8first8

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 8author-link8 author8-link

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the eighth author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 9last9 author9

The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author.

Lineoptional
First name 9first9

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 9author-link9 author9-link

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the ninth author.

Page nameoptional
Display authorsdisplay-authors

number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used;

Numberoptional
Author maskauthor-mask

Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead

Stringoptional
Source datedate

Date of the source; do not wikilink. As listed in the publication

Datesuggested
Year of publicationyear

Year of the source being referenced; recommended only when date parameter format is YYYY-MM-DD and a CITEREF disambiguator is needed

Numbersuggested
Original yearorig-year

Original year of publication; provide specifics

Stringoptional
Date formatdf

Sets rendered dates to the specified format

Stringoptional
Editor last nameeditor-last editor editor1-last editors

The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-last', 'editor'

Linesuggested
Editor first nameeditor-first editor1-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'

Linesuggested
Editor linkeditor-link editorlink editor1-link

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-link'

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 2editor2-last editor2

The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 2editor2-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 2editor2-link editor-link2

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the second editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 3editor3-last editor3

The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 3editor3-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 3editor3-link editor-link3

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the third editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 4editor4-last editor4

The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 4editor4-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 4editor4-link editor-link4

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the fourth editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 5editor5-last editor5

The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 5editor5-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 5editor5-link editor-link5

Title of existing LIMSwiki article about the fifth editor.

Page nameoptional
Othersothers

Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'

Contentoptional
Title of sourcetitle

Title of source. Works display in italics and articles surrounded in quotation marks.

Contentrequired
Translated titletrans-title

An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended

Contentoptional
Translated chaptertrans-chapter

An English language chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended

Stringoptional
URLurl URL

The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "http://..." or maybe even the &nbsp;protocol relative scheme "//..."

Example
https://www.nytimes.com/...
Linesuggested
Typetype medium

Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case

Stringoptional
Formatformat

Format of the work referred to by 'url' ('url' is required when using 'format'); examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML

Contentoptional
Workwork journal website newspaper magazine encyclopedia dictionary periodical

Name of the work in which the cited title is found

Stringsuggested
Chapterchapter contribution section

The chapter heading of the source

Stringoptional
Chapter URLchapter-url contribution-url section-url

The URL for the source chapter

Lineoptional
Seriesseries version

Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal; alias of 'version'

Contentoptional
Languagelanguage

The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates

Contentoptional
Editionedition

When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.'

Lineoptional
Location of publicationplace location

Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place; alias of 'place'

Stringoptional
Publisherpublisher

Name of the publisher; displays after title

Example
[[University of Chicago Press]]
Contentsuggested
Place of publicationpublication-place place location

Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'

Contentoptional
Publication datepublication-date

Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink

Dateoptional
Volumevolume

For one publication published in several volumes

Lineoptional
Issueissue number

Issue identifier when the source is part of a series that is published periodically

Lineoptional
Pagepage

Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'

Lineoptional
Pagespages

Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.'

Linesuggested
Atat

May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient

Linesuggested
arXiv identifierarxiv

An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers

Lineoptional
ASINasin

Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters

Lineoptional
ASIN TLDasin-tld

ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US

Lineoptional
Bibcodebibcode

Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters

Lineoptional
biorXivbiorxiv

biorXiv identifier; full doi

Lineoptional
CiteSeerXciteseerx

CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter

Lineoptional
DOIdoi

Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'

Stringoptional
DOI broken datedoi-broken-date doi-inactive-date

The date that the DOI was determined to be broken

Dateoptional
ISBNisbn

International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible

Lineoptional
ISSNissn

International Standard Serial Number (print); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen

Lineoptional
jfm codejfm

Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code

Lineoptional
JSTORjstor

JSTOR identifier

Lineoptional
LCCNlccn

Library of Congress Control Number

Lineoptional
MRmr

Mathematical Reviews identifier

Lineoptional
OCLCoclc

Online Computer Library Center number

Numberoptional
OLol

Open Library identifier

Lineoptional
OSTIosti

Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier

Lineoptional
PMCpmc

PubMed Center article number

Numberoptional
PMIDpmid

PubMed Unique Identifier

Lineoptional
RFCrfc

Request for Comments number

Numberoptional
SSRNssrn

Social Science Research Network

Lineoptional
Zblzbl

Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier

Lineoptional
idid

A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable

Lineoptional
Archive URLarchiveurl

The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'

Lineoptional
Archive datearchivedate

Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink

Dateoptional
URL access dateaccessdate

The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink

Dateoptional
Lay summary URLlaysummary

URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source

Lineoptional
Lay sourcelaysource

Name of the source of the lay URL; displays in italics, preceded by an en dash

Stringoptional
Lay datelaydate

Date of the summary; displays in parentheses

Dateoptional
Quotequote

Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation

Contentoptional
Postscriptpostscript

The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'

Default
.
Lineoptional
Refref

An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates

Lineoptional